نشریه فرهنگ معماری و شهرسازی اسلامی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Due to the constant changes in lifestyle, experts in various fields are always looking for the impact of this change on related fields of application. One of the major influences that policymakers and urban planners face is the reflection of the new urban lifestyle on people's preferences and components of housing development. At the same time, considering the characteristics of an Islamic society and the need for a solution to objectify the beliefs in the physical appearance of cities, it seems that a close relationship and inevitable effects, resulting from lifestyle changes on the pattern of housing development, especially "Islamic housing", happen; what is considered as a central concern in this article. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of lifestyle changes on the components of Islamic housing development by descriptive-analytical and applied methods, using library studies and random sampling, among 106 people and by completing questionnaire. The researcher-made questionnaire has 20 main items and its reliability has been proven with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.796. According to the findings, out of the eight components of developing a new urban lifestyle effective in the development of Islamic housing, including: Individual independence, crowdfunding and business, behavioral and cultural transformation, way of life, upbringing, values, means of living and fashions and advertising, the first three components, respectively, have the maximum representation in the development of urban housing and in fact guide the preferences of Respondents Today's housing is considered as a capital and complex commodity that is mixed with the themes of profit, capital, density, benefit, diversity, etc., and today's resident is a human being who, according to his financial ability and based on his preferences, tries to Optimize housing selection. In this process of housing selection, contemporary man has to change some of his desires or by changing the traditional housing and its effective dimensions, to provide maximum adaptation to housing (interaction of money, capital, preferences, tastes, customs, Values and ...). The complexity of the issue of how to develop housing increases when lifestyle also affects the preferences and priorities of individuals, so the diversity of people and individuals occurs in the development of contemporary housing. The tension and contradiction between traditional and modern values, during this complexity and entanglement, is another aspect of the issue that shows a new perspective; what can be a guarantee for the realization of this content in the development of modern housing in the content of Islamic thought and by applying Islamic values. Although more applied research will be needed in this area, it seems that the Islamic content of housing development has been neglected in favor of its material content and individual interests. However, the pattern of housing development can be a companion for human beings on the path of development and perfection by knowing Islamic values and being influenced by the new urban lifestyle.  Knowing the impact of people's preferences on the pattern of housing development and acknowledging the impact of preferences on the new lifestyle, it seems that these preferences should be identified and included in housing development planning. Thus, today's housing conflicts with the Islamic thought that governs society, will be evident that can be effective at the level of urban housing policy and planning.

 The present article is deductive and is based on the analysis of concepts and theory. The paradigm of this research is interpretive and it intends to interpret the phenomenon of subcultural architecture accurately. The approach of the present article is deductive and is based on the analysis of concepts and theory. The method of analysis is based on the careful study of theoretical data based on the semiotic theory of Umberto Eco. Data were collected through library studies. An important and fundamental point of the architecture of Iranian subculture houses for this study is the combination of majority and minority cultures. As mentioned, the method of this integration is different in the geographical areas of Iran. The analyzes showed that the interpretation of architectural buildings in minority culture differs from the interpretation of buildings for three reasons: First. In process, syntactic and semantic codes. In process ciphers, the elements of the first system ciphers are linked to anonymous system ciphers. This anonymity delays Will's formation and therefore allows him to create a creative appearance. In syntactic coding it is possible to have a different coexistence of architectural components. In semantic codes, the expressive forms of majority culture and minority culture are usually interpreted and referred to as minority culture. Second, the knowledge that the machine of those signs refers to the meanings in the mind of the audience is not historically supported in the minority culture and therefore will be vague for the population of the minority group for others and will be clarified only by historical studies and culture. Third is the existence of two groups of audiences. The people of the minority group and the people of the majority group who have the minority culture in their hearts.

The focus on cities as living heritage and on community-led endeavors challenges urban planning and development systems, and poses increasing complexity around decisions on what attributes and values to protect for future generations in a constantly changing environment. In 2011, UNESCO adopted the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendation and called for the application of a landscape approach to ensure the integration of cultural heritage policies and management concerns in the wider goals of sustainable urban development. Although many scholars have cited the HUL as a tool to manage change and reinterpret the values of urban heritage, over the past decade, heritage management tools and practices have faced with limitations in achieving the goals of the HUL approach. These limitations point to a gap between the internal purpose of the HUL approach at the conceptual level and its external reality at the operational level. This paper attempts to address this gap by providing an analytical critique of the values-based decision-making tools, and their guidelines and outcomes. The aim is to determine whether change management tools, particularly the Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), share a common heritage discourse with the action plan of the HUL approach. The methodology applied in this study focuses on the research purpose through a qualitative approach, and uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) with inductive strategy to advance the research process. Critical discourse analysis is a qualitative analytical approach for critically describing, interpreting, and explaining the ways in which discourses construct, maintain, and legitimize social inequalities. CDA is an application of discourse analysis, it stems from a critical theory of language which sees the use of language as a form of social practice. CDA is a useful approach for heritage researchers who explore connections between management practices and social contexts. Results show that while the HUL approach refer to the heterodox heritage discourse at the conceptual level, the tools used at the operational level follow the orthodox heritage discourse. This has led to a practice that preferably focuses on the tangible qualities of fabric and historical facts independently of how people perceive and value about their heritage. Results also show that while the HUL action plan for assessing and manageing urban heritage resources emphasizes a more democratic and participatory approach, a values-based approach, though supposedly placing people at the core of management (through the concept of stakeholder groups), actually tends to promote community involvement within legitimating norms and enforcement of expert rule. We argue that the implicit assumptions in the HIA guidelines derive from the hegemonic discourses in heritage management, rather than from the critical or heterodox discourses. Heterodox heritage studies represent the move away from understanding heritage as an assemblage of artefacts, monuments, sites and manifestations, disconnected from social and political contexts, and towards a contextual understanding of heritage as a discourse. In order to overcome the limitations of conventional change management tools, this study recommends the application of human-centered and context-based approach in values-based decision-making tools. This could make HUL a more effective heritage management tool as a holistic, integrated, and values-based approach.

In addition to the body, architects creates an architectural space with nonvisible but powerful factors. By incorporating soul through the different atmospheres, an all-encompassing and unforgettable quality is added to them, which is received multisensory and immediately without intermediaries. As a result, users had a pleasant feeling by being in the space and accordingly Increase the desire to stay in space. Daylight has a multifaceted nature, especially in Islamic architecture, on the material and semantic structure of space. It is in spite of light that architecture becomes alive and vital, takes on meaning and character. Regarding the atmosphere of light, it is very important to master and recognize it, because light is so effective and strong element in their continuous formation. This research is applied and has been done on the description of philosophical-interpretive research in a method-analytical way and field and library space with a combination of qualitative quantity .After studying the sources on the architectural atmosphere and lighting, the effects that they can have on each other were evaluated. In order to control the results, three mosques from sheikhe jam's tomb with similar contextual were analyzed. After light measurement and field survey, a questionnaire based on Cochran's formula according to the Likert scale, the data were analyzed in SPSS-22 software, then by Spearman correlation tests, multiple regression analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and factor analysis. According to the research results, it can be said that daylight, by combining darkness, offers various interpretations and methods for incorporating different powerful atmospheres. Light with its two physical and semantic characteristics affect the fixed and variable qualities of the atmosphere of space. The physical characteristic of light, which is mostly related to visual and sensory perception, with a higher correlation coefficient of 0.843, which is a good relationship and the semantic and conceptual characteristic of light affects the quality of the atmosphere with a correlation coefficient of 0.786. How to use the invaluable daylight can lead to conflicting results such as solitude or community, vitality or numbness, excitement or depression, lightness or concentration of space, elevation or confusion, purity and mysticism or luxury and disorder, and finally Beauty and presence lead. Due to the low light, Kermaniha Mosque has an atmosphere of calm, solitude, concentration, purity and mysticism. But the NOE mosque with more light, induces the atmosphere of movement, community, lightness and spatial transparency, and this is mostly due to the effect of light and how to use it. The atmosphere of architecture also affects the perception of physical and semantic light. Of course, the quality and atmospheric power of architecture, in addition to the effect of architecture and the power of the architect in recreating and creating such a feature, also depends on the characteristics and perceptual conditions of the audience. The impact of audience factor-due to the ineffectual of the Architectural process- is ignored in this research. It can be examined in future research.

The structure of the mosque is a prominent and explicit manifestation of art in the spiritual and sacred realm, which should provide the ground for the transcendence of humans from the lowest to the highest level of existence. The architecture of the mosque, as the bearer of such a collection, if it wants to be in harmony with this ascension and return, must have houses and a hierarchy corresponding to what rules the universe. Many scholars believe that this feature is derived from the wisdom of Iranian-Islamic architecture, so the present article seeks to answer the question that; what is the connection between the values and concepts of Iranian-Islamic wisdom and the spatial arrangement in the architecture of traditional and contemporary mosques?For this purpose, the method of this research is a combination. In the first step, through qualitative research method and descriptive-analytical, first by collecting information through library and documentary studies, the characteristics of the Iranian mosque and the manifested principles of wisdom in Iranian architecture are identified and finally with an analytical approach, the index The manifestations of these principles have been laid down in Iranian architecture.In the second part of the research, which is based on the method of quantitative research, after conducting field observations and preparing a case map of the sample, first by examining the plans of mosques with the help of specialized software " Space Syntax " (Ucl depth map), to analyze Spatial layout indicators and their relationship with the principles of Iranian-Islamic wisdom and at the end, using reasoning and interpretation, spatial layout in the architecture of traditional and contemporary mosques, a case study of Khorasan Razavi was evaluated and finally the results were presented.Since the main essence of architecture is space, in the contemporary period, various methods have been used to analyze the architectural space, including formal, historical and climatic methods. One of the methods that was born to understand the invisible structures and systems behind the architectural forms and phenomena is the "Space Syntax" method, which was based on the studies of Christopher Alexander and Philip Stedman.This method has a thematic and conceptual similarity to the way words are classified in the literature. As in linguistics, the grammar rules of law and logic show how words are arranged side by side to express a specific meaning, Hillier argues, using the method of spatial arrangement, the logic of putting spaces together in Discovered together or spatial arrangements resulting from social relations. According to this view, the meaning of environment is derived from its spatial organizational structure and the spatial structure of an environment has an important role in promoting some social behaviors compared to other behaviors due to the products of society and proven roles. The results of this study indicate that "space syntax" is an effective method in studying the relationship between wisdom and spatial arrangement in the architecture of Iranian mosques and the principles of Iranian-Islamic wisdom (unity in plurality, the journey from the outside to the inside) in a single place. Single spaces of mosques and determining the relationship of each space with other spaces have a direct impact and this decisive role is much more evident in traditional mosques than contemporary mosques.

The entrance of traditional houses, like many other historical buildings in Iran, does not separate outside from inside with just one door and is more of a combination of components and spatial organs. Unlike some types of Iranian architecture, such as mosques and karvanserais, the entrances to traditional houses are not legible or facilitative. The fact that one of the purposes of this effort was to provide privacy has been discussed many times, but this study examines the factor that has been less addressed: time. The purpose was to examine the time duration required to enter and see how the fourth dimension was present in the design of the threshold and entrance space and how it could contribute to the provision of privacy. In total, 37 traditional houses from all over of Iran were selected and their data were taken from drawings and documents. The research method is a comparative comparison; the dimensions and proportions of traditional houses are observed as dependent variables and through quantitative and statistical relationships, their relationship with the time variable- as the independent variable - was tested. Three stages of data analysis were performed. In the first stage, the correlational analysis between aforementioned variables was investigated. The dependent variables that were predominant in this test, were further studied in ANOVA test. Furthermore, the uniformity of distribution was inspected and a follow-up test of LSD was performed. Finally, the variables that had a significant relationship with the Time, were analyzed by independent t-test to determine significance time groups. The findings show a significant relationship between the entrance time and the total area and functional used percentage of the house, which can indicate the use of the role of the entrance space as a factor in providing physical security. Moreover the correlation between the entrance time and the complexity of the entrance space and house decorations can indicate the use of the time factor, for perceptual preparation and to remind the guest, the difference between the outside and inside world. Both findings clearly show that the time interval created in the entrance space has been considered by the designer and architect as a factor to ensure perceptual readiness and more privacy within the space of traditional houses. As a result, the spatial and metaphorical potentials of the threshold and entry space are well-used in the design language to meet the physical and nonphysical requirements of the building. The researcher hopes to show how familiarity with the details of daily life, helps the traditional architect to be able to combine properly religious, social, personal and family life in his plans and designs. According to the researcher, “arrival time” has been designed and controlled in a “non-verbal” way, by creating distance, rotation, deviation of direction, change of visual space, creating mystery, movement, and other methods. It seems by designing the entrance space and creating some time delay in there, architects practices a smart “non-inversional” way of design for the remind mental “adaptation” of the guests, and “preparation” of the family.

Balance of privacy and social interaction is the psychological need of the residents of the apartment units. The lack of such a balance leads to social isolation on the one hand and to the confusion of residents on the other. The types of spatial organization of housing and the factors that shape and influence it have always been discussed by architectural experts and urban planners. The aim of the research is to bring the opinions of experts closer to the views of the people in order to improve the quality of housing. This goal is pursued through the search for a balance between privacy and social interaction in the spatial organization of apartment units. These studies have not shown clear and practical results in relating privacy and social interaction to elements of space organization. The novelty of this research is in studying the balance between privacy and social interaction and paying attention to its impact on the spatial organization of the apartment-residential unit and its elements. The main question is what is the relationship between privacy and social interaction of the types of apartment space organization? What is the significance of such a relationship? And how can this relationship be balanced? A case study is limited to conventional apartment units in Amol city. Conventional apartments are three- to six-story buildings of medium height that have a common staircase and other common areas. The research method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative and was done by completing a questionnaire in a sample of residential apartments in Amol. For this purpose, using the archive of Amol Central Municipality, the residential units were first sorted by area and then the building in terms of space organization. Resibential units, based on existing documents from 2001 to 2018, were classified into twenty types and then into four dominant types. Sample residential units with more than one year of operation were selected. First, 25 questionnaires were distributed among the specialists and based on the values ​​obtained above acceptable, second 30 questionnaires were pre-tested. Cronbach's alpha test was performed to confirm the reliability with SPSS software. The closed-ended and open-ended questions were distributed among the residents in the form of 405 questionnaires. After removing incomplete answers, 384 questionnaires were used for final analysis. Prioritization and ranking were performed by Friedman test. The results showed that the residents of apartment units prefer collective interaction to solitude leading to isolation. Respecting the design arrangements to ensure privacy in the facade, transmitting sound between indoor and outdoor spaces and providing the desired collective interaction is the desire of residents. As a result, the balance between solitude and collective interaction is relative, depending on the spatial organization of the residential units, and changes over time as individuals tend to choose their lifestyle. This tendency can be influenced by life background and adaptation to the spatial organization of new homes .

Frequent signs have been revealed in the context of the development of the neoliberal capitalist city model with the branding strategy and competition of fragmented regions and cities - which has led to the consumerism of the urban community and the consumption of the city for whatever the city consumes and earns large profits; including the commodification of the city, the development of urban commercial services to consume more and the allocation of the best urban land for consumption. In this regard, the paper aims to provide the definition, recognition, identification, and adaptation / non-adaptation in a theoretical and experimental framework. However, the main question is “to what extent is the emergence of a postmodern culture of consumption in the city?  While recognizing the spatial characteristics of a consumer city, the paper aims to investigate how the general trends of urban consumerism are represented in conditions of middle cities in Iran. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and due to its bond to economic, social, and cultural factors and its physical representation, is considered explanatory. CFA is used to extract the spatial characteristics of consumer culture in the city. The initial model obtained in four middle cities of the country is tested with a total population of 1835,000 samples. In the case of Cochran's formula, the minimum required sample size for this statistical population is 385, while the questionnaires distributed among residents were 403.   Referencing the theoretical literature, indicators, and criteria of the consumer city were extracted and then the conceptual model was drawn. The model was validated using confirmatory factor analysis.  The findings show that, however, the spatial features of consumer culture are: large-scale designs, department stores, shopping malls, discount stores, and soft infrastructure. The resulted goodness of fit confirms the desirability of the model and the t-values, which are between first and second-order variables, show that the relationship is significant. Moreover, the path, type, and frequency of the relationship between the above-mentioned latent variables and the latent variable of the consumer city are plotted using structural equations.  Accordingly, the independent variable of department stores with (ß) path coefficient of 0.83 had the highest; and the independent variable of large-scale designs with a path coefficient of 0.14, had the lowest relationship with the consumer city.   The answer to the research question, can be discussed with the help of the spatial model of the consumer city. However, by proving the spatial model of the research in four study samples, it can be said with more confirmation that the consumer city has crossed the border of necessary and middle consumption and entered the scope of luxury consumption; and its spatial representations can be seen at least in the components of large-scale designs, department stores, arcades or shopping malls, discount stores, and soft infrastructure. The results show that the consumption of space in the cities of the country has appeared in different forms and has manifested itself in the levels of body, appearance, and face of the city.

There is a strong argument among conservation architects that the concept of heritage itself means using the past for present and future needs. Hence, the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings has become one of the most important goals of conservation. Reuse planning requires solving complex problems and deciding how to preserve valuable tangible and intangible features while meeting the current needs of society. To solve these problems, researchers have chosen several methods to reuse architectural heritage. However, in Iran, especially by government agencies in charge of protection, these methods have not been well studied and introduced. Therefore, the present study has investigated the multi-criteria decision-making method to find the most appropriate function in the reuse process by studying the case of Nima Yooshij's house in Tehran. The research method is qualitative when reviewing the literature of the subject and studying the case, which has been done through interviews with experts and library and field studies. A quantitative approach was adopted using questionnaires and Expert Choice software for evaluation of the proposed criteria and alternatives. This research indicates that the conservation of heritage values and increase the lifespan and durability are the most important criteria that should be considered when choosing a new function for Nima Yooshij’s house. Also, according to the evaluations, it was determined that the most suitable use for this building is house-museum. Also, the results show that using this heritage building as a house-museum leads to the fulfillment of economic and environmental criteria to the least extent. According to the case study, this research indicates that multi-criteria decision-making method can help conservation architects as an optimal tool in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. Based on the opinions of experts, "Nima Gallery Cafe", "Nima Book House" and "Nima House Museum" have been introduced as three proposed alternatives for reusing this house. Regarding a multi-criteria decision-making method based on cultural, architectural, social, economic, and environmental factors, the "Gallery-Cafe," the "Book House," and the "House Museum" scored 6.10, 6.66, and 7.38 of 10, respectively. As a result, among the proposed options, "Nima House Museum" is the most suitable use for this heritage house. According to the analysis of questionnaires regarding the cultural and architectural criteria, this new purpose will preserve its authenticity and is the most compatible option with Nima Yoshij's house with the least intervention measures. In addition, the use of the museum house is more suitable in terms of "social criteria" due to providing services to the community, helping to participate and raising awareness, and increasing the level of interaction between different segments of society compared to two other alternatives. However, the results show that the use of the museum house is less effective in terms of economic and environmental criteria. Eventually, based on the evaluations, this option will keep tangible and intangible heritage alive and indicate contemporary ideas and approaches to adaptive reuse. This house will narrate Nima's life in Tehran, his literary identity, and the socio-artistic activities of his lovers from the past to the future.

Rethinking the concept of Iranian house in an Iranian house is the subject of the present study, which, based on the adaptation of historical descriptions and physical structure, evaluates the components that shape this concept and the physical approaches that affect it in cases of study. The research question is that the physical descriptions of the Iranian house represent which physical components in shaping the concept of housing? How does the adaptation of historical descriptions and the physical identity of the Iranian house prioritize the role of the components of the housing concept? The research approach includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects with a combination of descriptive analytical, historical, interpretive and logical reasoning methods that has been done in three main steps including theoretical studies of the housing concept, historical studies of the Iranian house and theoretical and syntactic indicators of research in selected house samples. Examples include 6 houses in 2 cities of Yazd and Isfahan from Safavid and Qajar periods. The results indicate that the five components of the concept of Iranian house corresponding to the syntactic indicators of the research in comparison with the houses of Yazd and Isfahan have different priorities; So that Isfahan houses with a small spatial depth and high axial view of the stages of entering the arenas, compared to Yazd houses have a lower level of internal / external confrontation and a higher rate of visual diversity and blending of natural / artificial arenas. Also, centralism or multiple functional centralities, formulation of cultural / ritual index spaces and blending of internal degrees in terms of the role of activity / semantic factors have differences in the formation of Yazd and Isfahan houses' bodies, which are discussed in the analysis of findings.

The relationship between an individual and housing has constantly been mutual; however, the impact of housing on the lifestyle of its inhabitants has not been sufficiently studied so far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of home on the farness or proximity of inhabitants from the dimensions of Iranian-Islamic life. The information of religious and national sources was initially studied in order to have the various characteristics of Iranian-Islamic life, and after they were summarized, they were placed in the formats defined by Amos Rapaport, Alfred Adler and Edward Hall.  The research method is qualitative. Accordingly, samples were selected from three residential types of apartments, middle courtyard house and traditional houses. In addition to observing and taking the map, semi-structured interviews were conducted with households. The number of samples in each category continued as much as the information reached a saturation level. The total number of cases was 12. Each household experienced living in at least one other house structure in the past, and the diversity of existing homes also provided the possibility of comparing different locative contexts.   The output in the form of Rapoport environment-behavior model diagrams indicated that apartments have caused their inhabitants to be away from the principles of entertaining guests, collective activities, such as games and collective amusement, as well as the type of interactions.  Courtyard houses in a medieval period and apartments have not properly defined privacy for individual works. Residential environments have not had a significant effect on the way of relationship with neighbors and the women's position. In current habitations, conditions for health affairs and access to service space have improved. The spatial relations of apartments in the first place and middle houses in the second place have the most difference with the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle.

The structure of historical cities has been formed over time based on the identity features of each city, manifested in its historical elements and relations. Besides, squares in historical cities have influential roles in reading and perceiving open urban spaces. Open spaces and squares are the main place of interactions and social relations. Designing urban squares with appropriate spatial features and qualities is also one of the concerns of urban landscape designers, especially in historical cities, and knowing which spatial features affect using open space, their methods and reasons are considered by researchers, designers and managers of urban space. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of urban open space, especially living quarters, focusing on three features of shape, confinement and topography. So, field studies of urban spaces and squares around Cumhuriyet Street in Erzurum have been conducted, focused on its application and spatial elements and their arrangement in terms of meeting the people's needs. Erzurum city is a historical and important city of Turkey, whose identity and structure has changed throughout history due to interventions in different historical periods, and the current structure is the result of these changes. Most of historical developments of Erzurum city have occurred in ​​Cumhuriyet Street in the central part of Erzurum for the formation of the initial city core in this area. First, spatial and physical characteristics, including degree of spatial confinement, the height and topography of the designated sections in the area are examined and analyzed and focusing on the effect of spatial characteristics of each section on the use of space and meeting the needs and expectations of people, the space uses were observed, collected, and analyzed at different hours of the day, days of the week, seasons and weather conditions. The analyses include the spatial features of Cumhuriyet Street squares, sidewalks, and the number of people who use these spaces and the relationship between the space features and the uses by the users of these spaces. The observations of each section were made on different occasions during 10 months and the data collected through these observations allow us to draw the conditions of occupying different spaces in Cumhuriyet Street squares according to the changes of different days, seasons, and weather conditions during the year. The findings will help to explore approaches to revitalizing the area, evaluating and changing urban open space. The studies showed that the physical characteristics of an open space are the most important elements, determining the use of space by people. Therefore, one of the basic principles of design is to create a public open space in the city with physical features that respond to the diverse needs of society. The key to a success of an open public space is the good physical features of that space. In other words, in order to design outdoor space for different activities, more attention should be paid to this particular field of research and a deeper understanding of the relationship between outdoor features and outdoor use should be created.