پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی
سال چهاردهم شماره 27 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The field of strategy is dominated by the theory of strategic choice, which is based on strong rational and analytical approaches. As a result, too much agency is attributed to human actors, especially those who are considered strategists.Thus, the influence of broad actors on strategy-making is ignored and less emphasis is placed on the relationship between strategy and organization.The basis of this research is obtained from previous studies in the field of public policy in the public sector (Danaeifard and Abedin, 2016) and the formation of strategies in the field of organization (Abedin et al., 2015 and 1397). The theoretical foundations of this research are based on the theory of strategic situation of Budania (2014) and the theory of social construction of reality, Berger and Luckman (1966). This study is the result of several months of observing the behavior of the research sample and how they make strategic decisions to understand the field of research. During this time, in-depth discussions have taken place with 11 consultants and managers at various levels of a private company active in the construction and financial services industries.The analysis of these interviews, using the Glaser approach of the data research strategy of the Foundation, shows that in the field of formation of organizational strategies, there are streams of meanings and games by actors in this field, which ultimately leads to the formulation of strategies.

The aim of this study was to structure the factors affecting entrepreneurial capacity in the Iranian sport industry. The present study is an applied research that was conducted in the field. The research method was mixed in terms of data collection method which was implemented qualitatively-quantitatively. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part included experts in the field of sports management that in order to identify these samples, purposive sampling method was used. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 14 people were identified as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the statistical population in the quantitative part of the research included all managers of government, quasi-governmental, for-profit, non-profit and non-governmental sectors in Kerman province, which numbered 200 people. Due to the limited population, the statistical sample was equal to 200 people. The research tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire that was used to assess the face validity of ten professors of sports management and the content validity of the questionnaire questions was used using the Lawshe model (CVR = 0.83) and content validity was confirmed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was 0.83 for interpretive structural modeling method questionnaire and 0.86 for structural equation questionnaire. The whole process of analyzing the research data was performed in SPSS and IMOS software version 20. The results of the present study showed that institutional components, environmental improvement, opportunities, regulation, cognition, promotion and promotion of entrepreneurship, economic, social were identified as effective factors on entrepreneurial capacity. In order to improve entrepreneurial capacities and use it to promote and promote entrepreneurship, it is necessary to consider economic and social aspects as infrastructure and key factors.

Researchers believe that in order to ensure their survival in society, companies should consider measures that take into account not only the interests of shareholders, but also the interests of other stakeholders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smart technologies on corporate sustainability with the mediating role of corporate sustainability strategy. The statistical population of the study was all employees of Paxan Company in Tehran, whose number was 982 people by simple random sampling method and 276 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. The main data collection tool was the questionnaire of Sanillo et al. (2019) whose validity was formally and structurally and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The present study was conducted in terms of applied purpose and descriptive-survey. Structural equation model and Smart pls number three software were used to analyze the data. Intelligent technologies have a positive effect on corporate sustainability with the mediating role of corporate sustainability strategy in Paxan Tehran. The results also show the positive effect smart technologies on environmental, social and economic sustainability in Paxan Tehran. Paxan can increase its organizational sustainability by adopting sustainable strategies along with the use of intelligent technologies.

In today’s competitive situation, marketing managers are looking for ways to obtain competitive advantages and to increase market share. Stimulating people’s sweet feelings towards good old days, nostalgic marketing strategy could serve as a way of obtaining such competitive advantages. This study aimed to identify the influential factors of nostalgic marketing and provide a model for it. To this end, of the studies conducted from 2000 to 2019, 107 relevant papers were found, 35 of which were selected for analysis and 31 variables were identified. To assure quality control, the variables were screened using Fuzzy Delphi technique and the opinions of 20 experts. Finally, 18 variables were selected as the most important variables and were presented as a conceptual model within four categories- namely: store features, personal characteristics, psychological traits and product features. Then, the variables were prioritized using experts’ opinions and Fuzzy Analytic Network process. Psychological traits (weight=0.331) and stimulated nostalgia (weight=0.0698) were concluded to be the first priority amongst variables and sub-variables, respectively. The provided model could serve as a foundation for developing nostalgic marketing strategy.

Cross Dock operation an execution tactic to deliver cargoes with an aggregation-consolidation approach in such a way that the logistics system faces minimal inventory accumulation or lack of inventory execution. Accordingly in order to increase agility at the supply chain level, logistics engineers are designing and implementing cross docking at the supply chain level. Logistics executives are always striving to find solutions that improve speed and improve supply chain safety. Observing all of these indicators can provide a lean supply chain. Cross Dock as an intermediary warehouse can play an important and influential role in improving the flow of raw materials, products and logistics services. The main purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical model of a trailer scheduling approach with a stochastic planning approach to provide the optimal solution to reduce the expected total logistics operation time and thus reduce logistics costs. These start from the stage of receiving pallets (suppliers) from suppliers or warehouses of other logistics cluster sites at the supply chain level and, following internal logistics processes performed on inlet docks, by reloading in outlet docks. Dock will be completed to fulfill the orders of consumers of these consignments. The mathematical model used is integer programming and genetic algorithm and MATLAB software was used to analyze data.

For a long time Iranian specialized Banks have used the same marketing model as Commercial Banks have done. According to various and wide spread credits and money internal transactions in housing and building market, there are more potential opportunities for exploring marketing goals. In this research, housing & building industry's supply chain is the marketing goal. by using Grounded Theory based on studies, recited researches and documents, The apologist planed Interviews with experts in fields of banking, Economy and building Industry, Identifying informant Factors of Bank Maskan 's conceptualizing marketing model, based on housing & building industry's supply chain. for this identification, It is necessary to find main issues, factors and dimensions through content analysis, Open, Axial and Selective coding method. To do this, researcher had many direct interviews with banking experts, Bank Maskan's top managers, Deputy of Economy Ministry, Deputy of Road & Urban Ministry, Mayor of Tehran, Members of board directors of Bank Maskan, some Building Industry's members of board directors, Builders, some experts in consulting engineers, architects and urban designers. By content analysis through text obtain from all interviews, come from audio & video files, Open, Axial and Selective coding are reachable. during the research using Delphi method, first, Identify Factors, concepts and make 6 dimensions based on Corbin Strauss method are used to form marketing model of Bank Maskan, have been appeared based on Integrated housing and building supply chain That comes from mentioned conceptual and Paradigm model.

The concept of politics in the organization and political behavior of individuals has long been considered by researchers, but for various reasons, in the recent years we are witnessing special attention to the political behavior of individuals in the organization. Considering the structure of holding companies and the parent company's behavior style with subsidiaries, the study of political behavior is significant. Apart from the factors affecting perceptions and political behavior, the mental model of managers has a major role in shaping the style of the political behavior of managers in organizations. The purpose of this study is to identify and present the pattern of political behavior of managers using Q methodology. After forming the concourse and based on the snowball sampling method and Delphi technique, 50 Q statement were collected, then based on the purposive sampling method, Q cards were distributed and Q sets were sorted. From the output of data analysis and its interpretation, the model of managers' political behavior style was presented according to the two dimensions of belief in political behavior and reaction to political behavior. This model can be a convenient strategy for selecting managers in different positions and situations in order to be effective in political behavior in the organization

One of the essential priorities is the supply chain of sensitive and perishable goods such as nutrients and medicine with providing a method as much as possible to increase the speed and health of food products in the distribution network. In the present study, a new model was designed and presented for the perishable food distribution network in the Mazandaran Bank Protein Food Distribution Institute (a case study) based on customer demand by vehicular ad-hoc network using system dynamics method. First, an influential variable on the study's aims was determined, i.e., increasing the order volume and decreasing the delivery time. Then, the relationships between these variables were defined, and the model was designed and tested. Finally, three scenarios were designed, implemented, and analyzed after model verification. Based on the results, the market share can be increased by increasing the order delivery locations. In future works, the feasibility of implementing this strategy and determining the number and optimal location of order delivery locations can be investigated economically.

We could not ignore the impact of innovation, Business Intelligence Capacity, Network Learning on the Performance of Startups. Today, startups are regarded as a new solution to move the cycle of economy and also get out of the enemy sanctions and one of the pioneers of moving towards a resistance economy. Therefore, given the importance of startups, the key to success and prevention of their failure is business intelligence and innovative technology. This study, which is applied in terms of results and descriptive-correlational in terms of purpose, aims to investigate the effect of business intelligence capacity, technological innovation and network learning on increasing the performance of startups. The statistical population of this research was the founders, investors and start-up business experts or employees in these companies. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by AVE criterion which shows the average variance shared between each structure with its own indicators. For the reliability of the questionnaire questions, Cronbach's alpha method was used, which is 0.882. In order to analyze the data, SMART PLS and SPSS16 software were used. KMO index and Bartlett test were used for the adequacy of the samples. Hypotheses were evaluated with linear structured relationships. The findings indicated that network learning, technological innovation and business intelligence have a positive effect on the performance of startups and in some hypotheses this effect is positive and direct and in some hypotheses this effect is indirect and negative.

Social marketing is a common strategy in global health and its goal is to ensure the improvement of knowledge and reform attitudes in society to establish behavior change to improve public health. The purpose of this study is to use social marketing mix to measure advertising messages in the direction of improving community health. This research is applied in terms of model presentation and descriptive-survey in terms of purpose. The data collection method in this study is a combination of quantitative methods. The statistical population of the research for the model test consists of young people under 25 years old in Mazandaran province who smoke. Using the Cochran's formula, the number of samples was equal to 385 people who were examined. Quantitative data were collected using three questionnaires. Quantitative modeling of structural equations using PLS software was used to analyze the data. The results of the first hypothesis showed that the characteristics of the advertising message affect the respondents' perception of the social marketing mix. Also, the results of the second hypothesis show a positive and significant effect of the characteristics of the advertising message on the normative system of consumers. Finally, the results of the third hypothesis showed that the consumer normative system affects the respondents' perception of the social marketing mix.

One of the most important factors that increasingly shapes the thoughts and behavior of buyers is the observance of ethical marketing in today's businesses. Maintaining a relationship with the consumer and building brand loyalty are the main challenges in the current marketing environment. Creating a good brand image in the customer's mind is essential for companies to survive and gain a competitive advantage in today's turbulent market. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical marketing on brand image through social responsibility mediation in Ardabil food industry. The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of the nature of the method. The statistical population of the present study includes consumers of products of Ardabil food industry companies, from which 384 people were selected based on Morgan table and by available sampling method to answer the questionnaire. To measure the ethical marketing variable, Safari et al. (2017), brand image, Bravo et al. (2010) and social responsibility, Mubarak et al. (2018) were used. The results of structural equation modeling test using PLS software showed that ethical marketing has a positive and significant effect on social responsibility and brand image and social responsibility plays a mediating role between ethical marketing and brand image between ethical marketing and brand image. The findings of this study can be effective in moving companies to pay more attention to the brand image.

Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) is a collaborative approach to sharing and integrating information between business partners in a supply chain. This collaborative strategy due to its unique features is able to overcome many common barriers in a supply chain, including lack of timely and accurate communication between business partners and uncertainty in supply and demand. Based on the benefits of this technique the purpose of this study is to developing a CPFR readiness assessment framework for Iranian automotive companies which has been done in the period from April to November 2019. Following the Meta-Synthesis method of Sandelowski and Barroso we identified important factors affecting implementation of CPFR. Then by conducting the Friedman test by SPSS software and identifying the most important factors, a framework for assessing readiness was developed. After reviewing the content validity of the framework by using Lawshe method, the final framework of readiness assessment in the form of a questionnaire was completed by senior members of 10 automotive companies. The results according to obtained mean and based on 3 defined levels of readiness (low, medium, high), showed that Iranian automotive companies generally have a medium level of readiness to implement CPFR. The results of this study will help Iranian automotive companies to evaluate the level of their readiness and ensure its existence, to implement the CPFR collaborative approach with their business partners and will prevent the failure of the collaboration project and waste of organizational resources.

Online shopping is considered as one of the new ways of buying and selling in non-physical online businesses which is the result of rapid growth and increasing use of computer technology that makes businesses sellers and buyers communicate more effectively through the Internet which makes the exchange process more efficient. The purpose of this study was to provide a framework of factors affecting online shopping in online businesses using the thematic analysis method. In order to conduct the research, a qualitative research approach using semi-structured interviews with online businesses entrepreneurs have been used. The sample size consisted the logic of theoretical and Purposive sampling and the achievement of theoretical saturation included a total of 12 people. Data coding was performed using MAXQDA software. Findings indicate that the effectiveness of online shopping online businesses is determined with 9 factors and 45 components (website infrastructure factors, marketing factors, online shopping experience, political factors, technology-transportation factors, economic factors, security and risk, Social factors and consumer characteristics).

The most important function of human resource management is to attract qualified people and strive to maintain existing human resources. If management fails in this important task, the grounds for qualified employees for leaving organization and reducing productivity will be provided. The purpose of this study was to design employee voluntary turnover model. In this regard, following the method of grounded theory, a number of employees of the world service of IRIB were interviewed in a semi-structured way. In order to analyze data, open, axial and selective coding was used, which resulted in the extraction of 75 concepts, 50 categories and 15 basic theorems in the form of Strauss-Corbin paradigm model. Findings showed that categories such as feelings of injustice, feelings of corruption, autocratic and coercive management style, and etc. In the form of causal conditions lead to the phenomenon of "decision to leave the organization" as a central category in the organization. After that, the person leaves the organization in a planned way or suddenly (actions). Also, categories such as age and Work experience, degree of resilience of the individual, degree of family companionship, type of personality, type of previous job, network status and external communications as contextual factors affect selecting actions of the individual. The intervening category in this study was job embeddedness. The consequences of the actions described were such things as unemployment after leaving the organization, worsening of financial situation after leaving, peace of mind, enduring material and financial losses, and finding a more suitable job.

Nowadays, with the expansion of the Internet, deep changes have been taken place in the traditional structures of service delivery, and the banking industry has entered a new arena not only in line with other industries but also as one of the pioneers in using new technologies. Since the only interface between the bank and the customer is the user interface in the Internet environment, ease of use or usability, which is the key to the success of websites, has also gained special importance and not paying attention to this issue lead to the migration of customers to banks that have more usable websites. The aim of this study was to identify the appropriate dimensions for evaluating the usability of Internet-banks using a qualitative method of theme analysis (based on a comprehensive literature review and interviews with experts) and finally a user-centered Internet-usability evaluation model was designed. In the proposed model, seven dimensions of online service effectiveness, perceived security, user effort, usable design, communicativeness, comprehensiveness and learnability as internal dimensions as well as satisfaction as a result of usability were introduced. The distinguishing feature of this model from previous models is the perceived security dimension in the Internet-Banks’ context. Since overtime the line between usability and other quality factors was blurred, another innovation of the proposed model is classifying such terms as the effectiveness of technical services of the website. In case of Internet-Banks in addition to optimizing usability dimensions, it is recommended to use secure and easy authentication methods.

The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of intellectual capital on performance by emphasizing the mediating role of ambidexterity and organizational voice. This research is an applied research and a descriptive-correlation type, specifically a structural equation model in terms of purpose and data collection method respectively. The statistical population is knowledge-based companies in Khorasan Razavi province and the measurement tool was a standard questionnaire with 47 questions that 87 companies answered. Convergent and divergent validity was used to evaluate its validity and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used for its reliability. Data analysis was performed with SmartPLS3. The results show that intellectual capital doesn’t affect performance directly or through organizational voice, but it does affect ambidexterity and organizational voice. Organizational voice also affects ambidexterity, and ambidexterity mediates the impact of intellectual capital on performance. Therefore, it is suggested that these companies strengthen their intellectual capital by training skills and increasing creativity and innovation, creating a suitable platform for sharing knowledge among employees and learning from each other, formulating necessary programs and improving communication with customers and other stakeholders, not only help nurture creative, courageous, and critical employees but they also increase their capability to exploration and exploitation of opportunities, thereby improving their performance. Considering the role of organizational culture in the formation of organizational voice and intellectual capital, as well as environmental uncertainty and risk-taking in the relationship between ambidexterity and performance, it is suggested that these variables be considered as moderating variables in this field.

Maintaining a competitive position and survival is one of the most important challenges for companies in conditions of high environmental uncertainty. In such circumstances, it is very difficult for companies to analyze and predict the dynamics of cooperation and competition. At the same time, it is a strategic Coopetition that has been considered by many companies in the last two decades in order to gain, maintain and improve its competitive position. The coopetition that results from the combination of two strategies of competition and cooperation is a new type of relationship between organizations that can lead to win-win conditions.In this fundamental research, after conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 8 experts of Dairy Industry of Iran, theoretical saturation was obtained using the research method of grounded developed by Glaser foundation. By performing analyzes related to open coding, axial coding and selective coding, first the concepts and categories of competitive strategy in this industry were identified and a conceptual model was drawn. Thus, 246 codes, 40 concepts and 7 competing strategy categories have been identified and extracted from expert interviews.In the quantitative part, using Morgan table, 80 experts and managers of the dairy and dairy industry of Tehran and Alborz provinces were selected as a sample, and using the fuzzy AHP method, the concepts and categories were ranked, and as a result, the category The following were ranked in organizational, economic, cultural, technological, marketing, political and social categories, respectively.

Recognition and application of rumor indicators and social factors affecting rumor management in the selected Azad University branches of Iran is of great significance. The present study aims to present a social rumor management catch-up model in Azad University branches of Iran. In the first phase, this mixed-method study implemented a qualitative approach through a content analysis and an interview with the experts to detect the rumor management themes. To code the data, the study relied on the MAXQDA10 software.In the second phase, following a Quantitative procedure it used a questionnaire to collect the data. The population (N=15) in the qualitative phase consisted of the chancellors, vice-chancellors, heads of departments and professors of management, and in the quantitative phase the population (N=200) were the Administrative personnel of the selected university branches of Iran. In the qualitative analysis, 8 main themes and 18 subcomponents of rumor management from the effective social factors were detected based on the content analysis of the interviews. To analyze the quantitative data, a Confirmatory factorial analysis was used. The test reliability estimate was 0.7. The results indicated that the Azad University Central Tehran Branch showed the highest standardized factorial loading values (i.e. 0.971) in relation to the other four selected universities Science and Research Branch, Chalous,Allameh Mohaddes Nouri, Maziar in terms of social rumor management catch-up. It is suggested that other universities align Themselves with the Azad University Central Tehran Branch in managing the rumors and act accordingly in order to reach a successful social catch-up

The technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution facilitate knowledge management practices in the banking and financial industry. Therefore, it is necessary to create appropriate platforms and mechanisms for using these technologies in the field of banking. In this research, through Delphi technique and in three stages, the application of emerging technologies with the focus on of Industry 4.0 technologies in the banking and financial industry has been identified. The panel members consisted of 10 experts in the field of information technology and finance. After their consensus, 17 emerging information technologies in the banking and financial sector were identified and their rank was determined through the Kendall test. These technologies include: data mining, bio-identification system, fraud detection technologies, touchless ATM, data mining, cloud computing, Omni-Channel Marketing, artificial intelligence, fintech, Biometric, Block chain, Intelligent Social Networks, Artificial Neural Networks, Remote Monitoring technologies, Business Intelligence, IoT and Digital Accounts. Then, by these experts, the application of these technologies in four areas of banking, namely marketing, human resources, risk management and customer orientation in a three-tier range (low, medium, high) has been determined According to experts, all identified technologies have medium to high application in four areas of banking.

Knowledge-based companies have a very important role in the competitiveness and development of the country. However, due to limited financial resources, designing and choosing a suitable method of providing liquidity for these companies is important. Therefore, the present study has conceptualized the model of factors affecting the crowdfunding of knowledge-based companies. The research approach was a qualitative method and based on grounded theory. The study population was the managers of knowledge-based companies in Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces in the field of information and communication technology and computer software and experts from the private and public sectors. Accordingly, 35 experts were subjected to semi-structured interviews using judgmental and snowball sampling methods to achieve data theoretical saturation. The method of data analysis was the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin. In summary, the results showed that the model of factors affecting crowdfunding of knowledge-based companies includes 73 concepts and 24 subcategories that can be classified in the form of central phenomena, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. The most important strategies of the model are: writing of accurate feasibility plan, development of a coherent organizational structure, design of value creation system, design of financial management system, design of intellectual property protection system. Finally, proposals such as launching indigenous crowdfunding platforms, increasing the number of specialized commercialization services brokerages, introducing successful samples of crowdfunding, and providing transparent financial reports to build trust, in order to develop crowdfunding for knowledge-based companies.

In today's world, entrepreneurship has played an important role in social welfare, job creation, increased investment and economic growth. At present, entrepreneurship among students is one of the most important factors in creating jobs and eliminating their unemployment. The main purpose of researching the development model of entrepreneurial intention with a meta- synthesis approach In Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. It is mixed of qualitative and quantitative type. In the qualitative part, the method of meta- synthesis Sandlowski and Barroso is used, and in the quantitative part, the method of structural equations is used to study the effect of each variable. And is a doctor. The data collection tool in the qualitative part of web browsing in the sites of prestigious domestic and foreign scientific and research journals and publications is that in general 100 suitable articles were extracted and in the quantitative part it is a standard questionnaire. The findings of the qualitative section are 7 categories which are: attitude to behavior, mental norms, innovation, learning motivation, self- employment, and self- efficacy and in the quantitative section the amount of R2 coefficients in the post- test group has increased. The prediction rate of changes in dependent variables by the independent variable (entrepreneurial intention) has increased.