Personalized Medicine Journal
Volume:7 Issue: 26, Summer 2022

Gene therapy, as an experimental therapy, is applied for the treatment of diseases through modification of genes. Gene therapy corrects the mutated genes. Somatic and germline gene therapy are two main types of gene therapy. In germline editing, normal genes are inserted into the human’s eggs or sperm, zygote, or early embryo. Therefore, the gene is transmitted to the next generation, but in somatic gene therapy, a normal gene is inserted into somatic cells and corrects the defective gene without transmission to children. Personalized medicine is a novel therapeutic protocol for the prevention and treatment of diseases that considers individuals’ responding differences to medications.  So, it raises ethical issues. Ethical concerns regarding gene therapy and personalized medicine are as follows: safety, accessibility, cost-efficiency, genetic enhancement, dignity, autonomy, identity, and social discrimination.

The goal of precision medicine (PM) is to provide each patient with the treatment and therapy with the optimum  results without significant adverse side effects. PM play an  essential role in patient care as well as therapy because it tailores the medicine on the individual basis, thus decreasing  side effect associated with the drug administration and expediting the treatment as well . Antidepressant drug sertraline (SRT) is currently  prescribed to treat mental disorders. This study aimed to determine how much Ganoderma lucidum protects against SRT-induced testicular damage in mice. Mice were given SRT (at a dosage of 30 mg/kg) orally for 35 consecutive days. For 35 days straight, rats receiving SRT were also given G. lucidum extract (at a dosage of 300 mg/kg). SRT therapy caused immediate testicular injury, as evidenced by the significant degeneration and necrosis of the germ cell lining and an increase in sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, evaluation of sperm parameters using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) results demonstrated a substantially lower volume, movement, and survival of sperm in the SRT-treated group (p < 0.001). Administering G. lucidum extracts to animals that had received SRT may have reduced their histological changes. G. lucidum significantly decreased spermatozoa’s lipid peroxidation, and its antioxidant defenses were strengthened. Finally, G. lucidum protects mice›s testicles from harm brought on by SRT, most likely due to its capacity to inhibit reactive oxygen species.

Pharmacogenomics is the application of genetic and other omics data to specific medication selection and application for avoiding adverse drug reactions (ADR) and increasing drug potency. Pharmacists are playing an increasingly important role in optimizing medicine usage based on genetic testing results. Effect elucidation, genotype-guided medication and modification, medication asset, adverse reaction monitoring, and patient education are all tasks performed by pharmacists. Microbial invasion leads to infectious diseases, which have afflicted mankind from the early era, and is still impacting the health and one of the major causes of morbidity as well as mortality in the society. The response to therapy and the prognosis of an illness are also influenced by an individual’s genetic makeup. The data retrieved by genome sequencing of pathogen and humans is one further step forward in examining host-parasite interactions. Consideration of microbial pathogenicity factors, host genetic makeup, and the genetic mechanism involved in disease pathogenesis has paved the way for novel molecular approaches for medications, disease markers, and vaccinations to be discovered. The regulatory approval of amplification tests that are comparable or patronizing to existing gold standard procedures is now assisting the advancement of molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases. Progress in genetics and computation is altering the scale at which biological systems are depicted, and researchers may now expect a precision-focused variety in how they prepare for and respond to infectious diseases. This review will look at the origins and evolution of pharmacogenomics, as well as some of the controversies surrounding its therapeutic applications.

The current study identified pathogenic variables associated with increased mortality risk in infectious diseases using predictive analysis and a combination of genotypic, phenotypic, and medical data. The quick nucleic acid-based clinical assessment might affect the spread of hospital-acquired illnesses, and we think that such life-saving operations should be carried out closer to the individual, preferably in 24/7 medical facilities' specialized labs. Personalized medicine notions are relevant in infections for the (rapid) characterization of a disease-causing microbial community and perseverance of its antibiotic susceptibility characteristic to guide a suitable antibiotic therapy for the proper care of the individual. Personalized medicine aims to interrogate a patient's genetic data, and pharmacodynamics polymorphisms, and guide drug options and dosage. This work demonstrates the potential use of fundamental genetic analysis in treating infectious diseases and theoretically justifies the value of customized therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive and incurable cognitive and behavioral disorders. Personalized medicine, which is also called precision medicine, represents an approach to the treatment of the disease with the aim of improving the effectiveness of the treatment, which stops or slows the disease in an optimal and targeted manner based on a certain time. It enables physician to accurately and efficiently identify the most effective treatment. Personalized medicine is based on molecular knowledge. Genome sequencing by the Human Genome Project (HGP) represents one of the most powerful tools for personalized medicine, as well as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics development which can be used for both disease prediction and better treatment. In this paper, we will review the strategies that personalized medicine offers for the treatment of AD for the future.

Vitamin D (Vit D) ,as an antioxidant contributes to a wide range of diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and certain cancers that oxidative stress plays a vital role in their development. Excessive oxidative stress can damage to DNA and nucleotide pool. Base excision repair and house-cleaning enzymes can protect genome so that any disruption in expression of these genes indicates enhanced susceptibility risk for diseases like cancer. The present study was conducted aimed at evaluating the effect of Vit D on the expression of MYH and MTH1 as DNA repair genes, as well as effect of ViD treatment in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) cell line. To do this, bioinformatics tools were used to predict the interaction of MTH1 and MYH with VDR as a specific transcription factor (TF) for Vit D. The cell line was treated with VitD. Next, viability was evaluated using MTT assay. The mRNA expression of MTH1 and MYH was assessed using real-time PCR at 48h post-treatment with Vit D. Results of the study revealed that Vit D could regulate MTH1 and MYH transcript expression directly through its specific TF; VDR. In response to VitD treatment a different alteration was observed in DNA repair, and non-canonical nucleotide repair genes. Findings of this study showed a new regulation of DNA repair genes in Vit D signaling pathway, and it may be a new perspective for the therapeutic effect of Vit D on related diseases. Variation in interested genes may affect the vitD signaling and personalized medicine should be considered.