فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Persian squirrel recently in the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains of Iran, Especially the provinces of Qazvin and Alborz are seen abundantly; the influx of Persian squirrels has caused economic and ecological damage to the region and has become a major public concern. The present study was conducted to model the future distribution of squirrels in the region and to protect desirable areas where invading squirrels have not yet entered. In this study, in order to model the distribution of squirrel infestation in the region, MaxEnt software was used, which uses the maximum entropy model for modeling. Dependent variables included the presence points of the invading Persian squirrel species in the region and the independent variable includes 14 environmental variables consisting of habitat and climatic variables affecting the habitat suitability of Persian squirrel species. The results of the model show that the variables; land use (Regional garden floors, urban and agricultural areas), mean diurnal range (Bio 2) and vegetation (irrigated farming floors and orchards and tree canopy) are the most important variables affecting the habitat suitability of squirrel species. The model output results showed, Regional gardens, urban areas, agriculture and ecologically sensitive areas such as conservation areas (Central Alborz, Bashgol, Alamut, and Taleghan no-hunting area that the invading squirrel has not attacked it is a habitat suitability for this invasive species and has been exposed to the future invasion of this species. Therefore, there is a need for preventive measures to prevent irreparable economic and ecological damage to native species.

The present study aimed to compare the effect of upgrade of alleles by genome editing was investigated on genomic variance, response to selection and coefficient of inbreeding. For this study, a population of dairy cattle was simulated based on over ten generations with an effective size of 100 individuals in the base population. The genomic structure was assumed consisting of 3 chromosomes with a length of 100 cM and On each chromosome were located 1000 markers 2 allelic markers with a frequency of 0.5 and fifty QTL double alleles, in random with equal frequency. Marker effects and variance components were estimated using Bayes Lasso method and additive model. Then, upgrade of alleles was performed on 5 and 10 bulls. In the first stage 1, then 20, 25 and 50 QTN was upgraded by genome editing. The BGLR package in R software was used to estimate the additive effects and variance component. In the next step, the mean inbreeding coefficient for GS+PAGE was calculated and compared with the GS by PLINK software. The effect of upgrade alleles by genome editing was increased additive variance. With 1 QTNe was upgraded and inherited by next generation, additive variance relative to genome selection increased by 0.139. The response to cumulative selection in GS+PAGE model in 5 bulls and 1, 20, 25 and 50 QTNe, increased by 0.07, 0.17, 0.29 and 0.31, respectively. With increasing the number of QTNe, the inbreeding coefficient also increased slightly, but there was no significant. Genome editting improves the genetic variance of the population without increasing inbreeding.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using omega-3 fatty acid and antioxidant sources during flushing period on some blood parameters and lambing performance of breeding ewes. Recent experience has shown that the use of omega-3 and antioxidants improves reproduction performance. 256 ewes were randomly divided into 8 groups with 32 ewes. The ewes daily received diets containing vitamin E (800 IU/day), fish oil (35g/kg DM), and L-carnitine (500mg/kg DM) or a combination of these. The blood samples were collected to investigate HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglycerides and cholesterol. Number of follicles, twinning, viability and abortion were investigated. Adding fish oil into diet, decreased LDL-C and VLDL-C (P<0.05). The highest number of follicles at the time of lambing, the highest number of twinning and the lowest number of abortions were observed in the groups of combined use of fish oil and antioxidants (P<0.05). Also, the lowest number of follicles, the lowest number of twinning and the highest number of abortions were observed in the fish oil group alone (P<0.05). The results showed that a combination of fish oil and antioxidants in the diet during the flushing period is recommended to improve reproduction in ewes during the flushing period.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of oscillating dietary protein concentration on nitrogen balance and daily weight gain in fattening male lambs. Oscillating crude protein in the diet and feeding it intermittently at intervals of one to several days is one of the ways to use crude protein optimally. Three diets were adjusted with 14, 12 and 16% crude protein but with the same energy. 8 male lambs were used in metabolic cages in a 4x4 Latin square design (four treatments with 2 replications). The first treatment received a diet with a crude protein level of 14% constantly. The second to fourth treatments received diets with 12 and 16% crude protein at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Nitrogen balance, feed consumption, digestibility and some rumen and blood parameters were measured. No significant difference was observed in terms of nitrogen consumption and excretion through urine or feces among the treatments. The lowest total excreted nitrogen (urine and feces) was observed in the treatment with 48-hour consumption interval (P=0.031). The retained nitrogen showed a significant increase in this treatment compared to the treatment with constant feeding (P=0.055). The experimental treatments did not show any significant difference in terms of dry matter consumption and daily weight gain. The highest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the treatment with 48-hour consumption interval (P=0.027) but, digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber did not show a significant difference between the experimental treatments. The highest rumen ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were in the treatment with 48-hour crude protein consumption interval (P<0.05). The data indicate that the use of oscillating dietary crude protein concentration strategy in the diet of growing male lambs improves nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementary feeding on productive and reproductive performance of Zel sheep breed, in mating, late pregnancy and lactating periods. For this purpose, 120 ewe Zel, 2-5 years old, average body weight of 33.8 ± 4.78 kg that had reproductive, were selected from the Zel flock of National research station of Gavdashat Mazandaran province and divided to two same group. The treatments contained; The first group (control); the ewes fed with basal diet + 100 gr concentrates in late pregnancy and the first two months of lactating, The second group (Experimental group); the ewes fed with basal diet + 200, 300 and 400 gr concentrates in mating, late pregnancy and the first two months of lactating periods, respectively. Each group was divided to two subgroups of 30 heads, and then entrance to a pen with a ram for 40 days. The results showed that, apparent fertility, prolificacy, ewe reproductive performance, and ewe productive performance of control and experimental groups, were 85% and 90%, 111.8% and 114.8%, 95% and 103.3%, and 91.7% and 107.7%, respectively. The live body weight of ewe after parturition, was not significant between control and experimental groups. The lamb’s birth weight of experimental group (3.4 kg) was significantly higher than control group (3.0 kg, (p<0.05), but the weaning weight of lambs (13.5 and 14.7 kg, in control and experimental group respectively), did not affected by supplementary feed. In general, using supplementary dietary in concentrate form, in mating, late pregnancy, and lactating periods, improves the reproduction performance, and ewe production performance, and economical efficiency of sheep breeding units.

Selenium is an essential trace element for many physiological processes, especially for the functioning of the immune and reproductive systems, the metabolism of thyroid hormones, and antioxidant defense. This study was performed to investigate different sources of selenium on some mineral elements and antioxidants in the blood of Fars kaboodeh lambs. In this experiment, sixteen 4-month-old Fars kaboodeh lambs with an average weight of 35±2 kg were used. At the beginning of this study, the lambs used for plaque were first weighed and subjected to clinical examination. The treatments tested included sodium selenite and nano-selenium orally at the rate of one-tenth of a milligram per kilogram of body weight for ten days, vitamin E selenium (injectable at a rate of 0.005 mg per kilogram of live weight), and the control group (without selenium). Water and salt were provided ad libitum to the animals. The basic diet was performed twice a day (8:00 am and 6:00 pm) based on racial needs and feeding. The duration of the experiment was 30 days and blood sampling of lambs was performed on the days of the experiment (zero), 10 and 30 days. The concentrations of iron, copper and zinc under the influence of different sources of selenium showed a significant difference (P<0.05). In general, the use of different sources of selenium decreased the concentration of iron, copper and increased the concentration of plasma in different periods of the experiment. Blood selenium of lambs during the experiment also showed a significant difference (P<0.05) and its amount increased during the experiment. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase also increased under the influence of different sources of selenium (P<0.05). In general, the use of different sources of selenium decreased the concentration of iron and copper in serum in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd periods and the concentration of zinc in different periods of the experiment showed a significant increase. By raising the expression of transferrin receptors on the surface of tissue cells, selenium enhances the entry of transferrin into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which reduces the serum iron concentration. On the other hand, iron deficiency affects the production of ceruloplasmin and this protein is responsible for copper transport. Copper changes may have an indirect effect on serum concentrations. The absorption of copper on the intestinal surface is impaired by increasing the synthesis of metallothionein. The use of different sources of selenium caused a continuous supply of selenium and reached the desired level of plasma selenium concentration. The increase in glutathione peroxidase levels is due to a direct correlation between selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. In general, the use of selenium improves the performance and health of lambs. 

This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of fattening age and different levels of Waste of date packing factories on the performance and carcass characteristics of fattening lambs. 24 native lambs were fed for 90 days in a randomized complete block design with three levels of Waste of date packing factories (0, 10, and 20% of rations) and 2 fattening ages (4.5 months old, 23.03 ±0.92 kg or 6.5 months old, 31.44 ±3.61 kg). The results showed that the age of fattening had a significant effect on daily weight gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). 6.5-month-old lambs had higher daily weight gain than 4.5-month-old lambs, but due to more dry matter intake, the feed conversion ratio of 4.5-month-old lambs was better. Different levels of Waste of date packing factories had no significant effect on daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and carcass characteristics. 6.5-month-old lambs had higher carcass yields, and the percentage of internal organs weighed less than 4.5-month-old lambs (P<0.01). The interaction between fattening age and Waste of date packing factories had no significant effect on fattening age or carcass characteristics.  In general, 4.5-month-old lambs are fattened better than 6.5-month-old lambs due to their better feed conversion ratio. Also, Waste from date packing plants can be used up to 20% of the dry matter in the diet to feed fattening lambs.

Among tick-borne diseases, bovine babesiosis is considered to be one of the most important in ruminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the risk factors that could be associated with Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis among cattle of the Guilan province, Iran. A total of 162 blood samples were collected via the jugular vein from healthy dairy cattle (Industrial, semi-industrial and traditional) randomly. DNA from blood cells was amplified by Babesia-all primers, which amplify an approximately 400bp DNA fragment from the region of the 18SrRNA gene from various members of the genus Babesia. All cattle positive samples were further analyzed for the presence of B. bigemina and B. bovis by specific semi-nested PCR. Babesia bigemina and B. bovis were identified by specific semi-nested PCR in 16.7% and 21.6% of cattle blood samples, respectively. Chi-square (χ2) tests were used to compare molecular prevalence values relative to season, farm-type, feeding-method, Hygienic-level, presence of ticks, application of ectoparasiticides, distance from other farms, barn-density, breed, age, and sex. Analysis of factors associated with B. bigemina and B. bovis infection revealed that farm type, feeding method application of ectoparasiticides and barn density are risks in cattle in Guilan (P<0.05). Also B. bigemina prevalence in cattle was significantly related to tick infestation and breed (P<0.05). This analysis demonstrated that B. bigemina and B. bovis infection are widespread among cattle in the Guilan province.

One of the problems of sperm production stations and breeding centers is the death of calves. Male bulls that are used in artificial insemination, despite their natural appearance, may have mutated genes. Among these genetic defects can be BLAD, which is a Autosomal recessive genetic disease is caused by a defect in the surface glycoproteins of leukocytes known as integrins. These proteins are responsible for the cell-cell binding reaction that is required for neutrophils to attach to the endothelial network and enter tissues and repel pathogen attacks. And they usually disappear before the age of one. So far, the disease has been seen in Holstein cows, so sperm and embryos need to be screened before use. In order to identify the presence of BLAD disease gene in some bulls in the country, the study of biological samples of 230 bulls in Iranian sperm production stations was evaluated. For this study, primers with lengths of 18 and 29 nucleotides were used to amplify the bp58 fragment and to investigate the presence of the mutant. After observing the 58 bp fragment for the presence or absence of mutations in the PCR product, TaqI and HaeIII enzymes were used by RFLP method. With careful planning and control and identification of mutated alleles, it is possible to eliminate this disease in Iran.

With the increasing use of nanoparticles in pharmaceutical applications, concerns about their possible negative effects on the body have also increased. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of gold nanoparticles on the activity of ALT and AST, ALP enzymes as well as fat profile (TG, Chol, LDL) in male rats. For this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing 200±50 g were divided into 3 groups of ten. The control group, salin and the other two groups were received gold nanoparticles at 100 and 1000 mg / kg body weight by gavage for 3 weeks. The results showed that the level of 100 mg of gold nanoparticles compared to other groups significantly reduced the serum levels of all three liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALP. Meanwhile, the 1000 mg group of gold nanoparticles compared to the other two groups, caused a significant increase in the level of ALT, AST and ALP (p<0.05). In addition, while the 100 mg group of gold nanoparticles had no significant effect on serum lipid parameters, the 1000 mg group caused a significant increase in all three lipid indices of cholesterol, triglyceride and blood LDL (p<0.05). In general, the results of this study showed that the level of 100 mg of gold nanoparticles reduced the serum level of liver enzymes and this level can be successfully used in pharmaceutical applications.

This study was performed to evaluate and compare three types of chromium supplements, including: organic, inorganic and nano-chromium on some blood parameters as well as growth performance. 24 Mehraban male lambs (3-4 months old with an average weight of 30.85±1.78 kg) in a completely randomized design, using four treatments (each treatment contains six repetitions) were used for 60 days. Experimental treatments were included: 1) control group (basic diet) 2) control group + 0.8 mg inorganic chromium 3) control group + 0.8 mg organic chromium 4) control group + 0.8 mg was nano chrome supplement. The use of organic chromium (treatment 3) compared to the control group caused a significant increase in the final weight of lambs (p<0.05), and all three treatments containing chromium increased daily weight and decreased feed conversion ratio. Treatment 4, significantly reduced the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) when compared to other treatments (p<0.05). All three chromium-containing treatments significantly reduced the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the serum concentration of cholesterol (p<0.05) but did not affect on the increase in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity compared to the control group (p>0.05). Treatments 3 and 4 had a significant effect on serum glucose concentration compared to the control group (p<0.05). Organic and nano-organic chromium supplements improved the lambs performance, increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced free radicals.

Experimental and clinical studies have shown that postpartum alcohol exposure causes inflammation in the hippocampus among other areas of the brain. On the other hand, alcohol consumption during pregnancy will cause inflammatory oxidative activation along with extensive apoptotic neurodegenerative disease in brain areas. Different areas of the brain are like the hippocampus. Crocin is the main active ingredient and dye in saffron, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects and can protect the nerves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crocin administration on memory disorders and cell death of necrosis of the hippocampus in the model of alcoholic fetal syndrome. 72 male neonates of male rats on the second day after birth, randomly divided into six groups (12 in each group) including control, sham group, ethanol group and ethanol + Crocin treatment groups) doses of 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg). From the second to the tenth day of birth, ethanol was received at a dose of 5.25 g/kg of milk powder solution, which was divided into two doses of 2.62 g/kg, twice a day for two hours by gavage. Using the novel object recognition test, hippocampal-dependent memory and distance learning were assessed at 36 days after birth. Nissel staining was also used to evaluate cell death. The results of the present study showed that crocin administration significantly reduced ethanol-induced cognitive deficits (p<0.01). Ethanol-induced necrotic cell death was also significantly reduced by crocin administration (p<0.01). Protective effects of Crocin against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the model of alcoholic fetal syndrome, this substance can be considered as a potential treatment for ethanol-induced complications during development.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of anti-Escherichia coli bacteriophages on production performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters in broiler chickens. A total number of 168 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were used to exmaine the effects of 7 experimental treatments in 4 replicates of 10 birds each.  Experimental treatments include oral inoculation of 1 ml of bacteriophage TMU1, TMU2, and their mixtures, intramuscular injection of 1 ml of bacteriophage TMU1, intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml of bacteriophage TMU2, intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml of a mixture of bacteriophages TMU1 and TMU1. The control group received oral gavageing and injection of culture medium without bacteriophage. Serum calcium concentration were higher in the birds injected with TMU1 bacteriophage and mixed bacteriophages. Serum concentration of free fatty acids was greater in the birds recieving TMU1 bacteriophage than those injected with TMU2 bacteriophage. The mean concentration of high-density lipoproteins was elevated in in the birds injected with the mixture of bacteriophages compared with those fed with the same treatment. Hepatic aspartate aminotransferase activity was 23.90% lower in the chickens injected with TMU2 bacteriophage than control birds. It was concluded that oral inoculation and intramuscular injection of pathogenic anti-Escherichia coli bacteriophages into healthy birds exhibited no effect on growth performance and carcass components percentage. However, it may provides certain benefits towards birds health indicated by reduced liver enzymes activity.

Today, due to population growth and the fact that white meat and eggs are cheap and healthy, the industry for the production of these products is expanding. In the laying and broiler industry, the study of the immune system is considered to assess the body's readiness to fight diseases. In this study, fourteen native laying hens, seven 5-week-olds and, seven 50-week-olds were evaluated to assess the immune system. At the end of the course, after blood sampling, macro examination of thymic lymph nodes, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen were performed. Then the parameters of blood, lymphatic organ weight relative to chicken weight, measurement of lymph follicle diameter, number of follicles were evaluated. The most abundant cells in birds were red blood cells. Measuring the length and width of a blood cell was no different from its standard. The lymphatic organs of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were histologically devoid of any lesions. The correlation coefficient between the live weight of chickens and the weight of lymphatic organs did not interfere between any of the groups. The parameters studied can be an indicator of the bird's health, indicating the potential strength of the immune response to common infections on the farm or on the open environment of birds.

Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome (YPDS) is a disorder that results in deaths in domestic and ornamental pigeons, especially after the race. Young pigeons are usually less than one year old are affected and show nonspecific symptoms such as anorexia, diarrhea, and accumulation of water and food in the crop. Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) has recently been suggested as a potential contributor to YPDS. In this study, which was performed for the first time in Khuzestan province, 16 liver samples were collected from 16 dead pigeons in Ahvaz. The clinical symptoms of sick birds in the herd included lethargy, anorexia, weight loss with watery green and yellow diarrhea. Microtubes containing liver samples were sent to the laboratory separately. DNA was extracted for the PCR test. Nested-PCR test was used to identify pigeon circoviruses. The results of this study showed that circovirus was detected in 10 liver samples of dead pigeons (62.5%), which is the first molecular detection of PiCV in liver samples of dead pigeons in Ahvaz. Due to the infection of pigeons in Ahvaz city with PiCV, this issue should be considered during clinical examinations of pigeons that have symptoms such as sudden death, vomiting, acute watery diarrhea, and weight loss, to be differentiated from similar diseases and to use fair supportive medicine and prevent useless treatments.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of using different levels of green grape leaves on performance, egg quality, blood biochemical and immunity parameters of laying hens. Experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 192 laying hens (Hy LineW-36) in 4 treatments and 4 replicates from 65 to 72 weeks. Experimental diets included: 1) control group with no green grape leaves, in 2 until 4 treatments the level of green grape leaves were 1.5, 3, and 4.5%. Adding green grape leaves into laying hens diets significantly affected their performance, egg quality traits, blood biochemical and immunity parameters (P<0.05). The highest amounts of egg production percentage, egg mass, feed intake, the best feed conversion ratio and the lowest price for production per kilogram of egg, the lowest level of blood uric acid were resulted by using 3% green grape leaves. Yolk color index, eggshell, albumin and egg yolk weights improved by using 4% green grape leaves, whereas the eggshell thickness decreased. In contrast with control group, the count of white blood cells by using green grape leaves increased. The overall results showed that using 3% green grape leaves significantly improved the performance and reduced the feed price for production per kilogram of egg in laying hens.

 The present experiment aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil on body weight, yolk sac weight, serum antioxidant capacity, and blood biochemical parameters in broilers under transport stress at times one, four, and eight hrs. The first factor of additive (first group: positive control without additive, second group: negative control using olive oil, third group: vitamin E in the amount of 0.6 mg per chicken and the fourth group of feeding with peppermint essential oil in the amount of 0.5 mg per chick) and the second factor was the transfer time in three-time intervals of one, four and eight hours. The results showed that the use of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil did not have a significant effect on weight loss in chickens under transport stress. However, the use of vitamin E reduced the weight of the yolk sac compared to the positive control treatment (P<0.05). Transfer times of 1, 4 and 8 hours had no significant effect on body weight and yolk sac in broilers. The effect of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil on cholesterol, HDL, and LDL was not significant. Blood triglyceride levels showed a significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). The lowest serum triglyceride was observed in positive control chickens and peppermint. Serum triglyceride levels showed a significant difference between transfer times (P<0.05). The highest amount of triglyceride was observed in the first hour of transfer and the lowest amount of triglyceride was observed eight hours after transfer time. Serum glucose level was significantly affected by transfer time treatment (P<0.05). The highest blood glucose level was observed one hour after transfusion and the lowest at four hr. The effect of additive type on total serum protein content, malondialdehyde content, and antioxidant capacity was not significant. Vitamin E and peppermint essential oil had no significant effect on the activity of T3 and T4 hormones. According to the results of the present study, the use of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil had little effect on improving the antioxidant status and reducing the transport stress of chickens.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of peppermint essential oils on carcass traits, immune parameters and antioxidant status in pre-slaughter feed deprived broiler chicks. The 4×2 factorial experiment was managed in a completely randomized design with 320 broiler chicks in 8 treatments and 4 replicates of 10 birds each. Treatments included different levels of peppermint essential oils (0 and 200 mg/bird) and preslaughter fasting periods (0, 4, 8 and 12 h). The results showed that using of peppermint essential oils and preslaughter fasting periods on live weight loss in broiler chicks were not significant. The highest water uptake in broilers carcasses was obtained after 12 h of starvation (P<0.05). Using of peppermint essential oils significantly decreased hot and cold carcass weight (P<0.05). The effect of peppermint essential oils and preslaughter fasting periods on white blood cell count and antioxidant status were not significant. In conclusion, daily gavage of peppermint essential oils in broiler chickens had no positive effect on reducing the negative effects of pre-slaughter starvation.

Medicinal plant essential oil has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and improve small intestine microbial population and feed digestibility and for this purpose its inclusion to broiler chickens’ diet as antibiotic replacement. Present study was conducted in order to compare the effect of different levels of Tanacetum balsamita hydroalcoholic essential oil with vitamin E and C on Ross-308 broiler chickens’ performance and immunity. Three hundred broiler chickens (equal number of male and female) were used in a completely randomized design in 6 treatments and 5 replicates with 10 birds in each. The dietary treatment consisted of: 1) basal diet as control group, 2 and 3) basal diet supplemented with 200 and 400 mg/kg Tanacetum balsamita hydroalcoholic essential oil, respectively, 4) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg Vitamin E, 5) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin C and 6) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg virginiamycin antibiotic. The results showed that the amount of feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and European production efficiency factor, IgG, IgM and total antibody titter against SRBC, New-castle disease and avian influenza virus’s antibody titer were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). Treatments had no effect on toe web swelling index after 4 and 24h post injection period but broiler chickens fed diets containing 200 and 400 mg/kg Tanacetum balsamita essential oil had higher swelling index at 48h after injection whereas there were no significant differences between vitamin E and antibiotic groups (P<0.05) and chickens fed diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg essential oil and vitamin E and C had higher lymphocyte percentage and lower heterophil percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio compared to control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, although Tanacetum balsamita essential oil improved cell mediated immunity of broiler chickens but the results revealed that due to its non-significant effect on broiler chicken’s performance and immunity, its addition to broiler chickens’ diet is not economically advisable.

The objective of this study was to examine the influenceof quinoa seed-based diets in combination with phytase and protease enzymes on the serum biochemical parameters, nutrient digestibility, intestinal variables, tibia characteristics and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 250 one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 10 birds each. The experimental treatments were a corn-soybean meal diet as control group or control diet supplemented with 150 g/kg of quinoa seed alone olone or supplemented with protease, phytase and combination of protease and phytase. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and AST activity of broilers fed quinoa seed supplemented with protease and phytase than the control group (P<0.05).Jejunum and ileum length enhanced in broiler chickens which received all experimental diets compared with control (P<0.05).Nutrient digestibility coefficients of crude protein calcium and phosphorous were significantly greater in broilers fed on diets supplemented with phytase or phytase +protease (P<0.05).In tibia variables, the highest concentration of calcium and phosphorous was observed in phytase or phytase+protease supplemented diets (P<0.05).the relative weight of bursa and spleen as immunity organs was increased in broilers fed protease or phytase supplemented diets (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of phytase or protease enzymes to quinoa seed-based diet may be a suitable scenario to improve nutrient digestibility, immunity or some tibia characteristics in broiler chickens.

In order to perform studies on the selection of the Syrian woodpecker nesting (Dendrocopus syriacus) in the natural region of Naeen township, the job of finding the nests of this bird was done by a multi-personnel team in the Spring of 2015 by establishing random transects with a length of 2000 meters on a map in the area during field operations. Sixtyfive nests of this bird were indentified on trees and the coordinates of the nests were registered by GPS. Initially, the height and diameter of the opening of the nests were measured and then the habitat variables including type, height, and diameter of plant species for each species, the distance of the nest to the nearest water source and road around the nests were calculated. By randomly distancing the nests from different directions, the job of finding the control points or their absence was done. In these areas, no trace of the Syrian woodpecker nests was found. Sixty- five absence points were also identified for the number of the nests and after registering the coordinates, the above variables were also measured. According to our observations, 75.38 percent of the nests had been established on mulberry trees (Morus alba). Due to its having more nectar, the mulberry tree is a more suitable food source for the Syrian woodpecker chicks. Furthermore, the soft bark of this tree is more economical and easier than that of walnut (Juglan nigra) and almond (Amygdalus sp) trees with hard barks. The results of the t-test showed that there was a meaningful difference between the presence and absence regions in terms of some habitat variables for the Syrian woodpecker’s nests. The average distance of the nests to the nearest water source in the presence regions was meaningfully less than that in the absence regions (p<0.05). Our study region was part of the desert areas of Iran and consequently the need for water was a vital parameter; furthermore, water sources absorb more insects to their surfaces which are a food source for the chicks of this bird bringing about their existence. No meaningful difference was obtained in terms of the height and diameter of mulberry trees as well as the average distance to the road between the presence and absence regions. It can be due to the aged mulberry trees (no obvious external difference) along with low traffic which do not have much effect on the nesting of Syrian woodpecker. To protect the Syrian woodpecker population by paying attention to the important ecological role of this bird in Naeen region for the control of insects and pests, it seems necessary to protect the mulberry trees and prevent the destruction of this bird’s habitat along with the protection and provision of new water sources.

As the only remnants of diverse and wide spread marine turtles from ancient time, modern marine turtles play important ecological, economical and cultural roles in our oceans and related human communities. Green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, referred as the most valuable reptile of the world, and have its popularity and famousness owing the name of the order Chelonian and one of the remaining sea turtle families, Cheloniidae. Totally 139 turtles in different life stages, from different sites and using the mentioned methods, captures and the collected data analyzed. Of all samples, the smallest and largest ones had a juvenile 26 cm and a male mature 96 cm length, respectively, the minimum and maximum weight also were 2.3 and 97 kg respectively. Considering the quality, totally 70 sequences with 694 bps were included in the final genetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic trees, two main clades with 37 and 33 individuals were detected. In both clades, individuals from all sampling sites were present, indicating geographic distinction, convincing to suppose the all individuals as a one group. Total FST for two clades calculated 0.77 (p>0.05) which indicates high level of differentiation. As a whole population or as one group, 17 haplotypes were recognized with haplotype diversity (h) of 0.8977 and nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0149. 13 haplotypes recorded as the new detected ones. Of all the 17 haplotypes, only four haplotypes have already been reported, sharing with six haplotypes including: two from Australia (KJ502589.1 and KJ502588.1), two haplotypes from Saudi Arabia (KP027611.1, KP027608.1), and one from Indonesia (KM357652.1) and one from south East Asia (KX057743.1). Haplotypes of 1 and 9 with 14 individuals had the highest frequency. Haplotype network was drawn to represent the relationship between the all haplotypes of data set which the results and contribution of each locality in the groups. The network shows that the haplotypes form two main groups have 16 mutation steps which indicate their genetic distance and divergence.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing Triple superphosphate chemical fertilizer with biofertilizers as an environmentally friendly approach. The effect of separate and combined triple superphosphate and biofertilizer application under microcosm (Erlenmeyer contains sediment) was evaluated. Gram-positive Phosphate solubilizing bacteria Bacillus aryabhattai strain SB.P3 was used in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation, and phosphate fertilizer in 4 levels of 0, 30, 70 and 100%. In this experiment, soluble phosphorus, pH and density of solvent bacteria were measured at different times (on days zero (before inoculation), 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after inoculation). The results showed that the bacterial density during the experiment in all groups, in first had an increasing trend, then decreased, and again slightly increased. Treatment 6 (70% fertilizer + bacteria) had the highest bacterial density, which in some time periods was significantly different from other treatments. The amount of water soluble phosphate in all groups at first had an increasing trend, then decreased and then increased again. At different time intervals, no significant difference was observed in the mean of dissolved phosphorus in the treatments with the control. Changes in pH of the treatments indicate a sinusoidal trend in different intervals. Although the bacteria grew well under microcosm and showed good stability in the environment, the results showed that chemical fertilizers and phosphate solubilizing bacteria didn't have a significant effect on fluctuations in soluble phosphorus.

Wetlands are productive and biologically diverse ecosystems that increase water quality, control soil erosion, maintain stream flow, and absorb carbon. Identifying the fauna of wetlands has always been very important because in various studies it has been estimated that the life cycle of 60 to 90% of economic fish is related to wetlands. In this regard, a study was conducted to investigate and identify the fish of Sarab Maran wetland in Kermanshah province. Sampling was done between 1397 to 1400 with electrofisher. Five families, nine genera and 11 species of fish were identified in this wetland. The family Cyprinidae with four species, Nemacheilidae with three species, Leuciscidae with two species and the families Cobitidae and Poeciliidae each with one species were present in the wetland. Of the 11 identified species, six species were endemic to Iran. Due to the high and unique endemicity of fish in this wetland, in order to protect its fish, it was suggested that the construction of fish farm in this wetland be stopped.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical factors of blood and tissue damage of gills and liver of rainbow trout in 14-day exposure to acetaminophen. For this purpose, 300 pieces of rainbow trout juveniles with an average weight (12.52±2.5) were prepared and experimental treatments including 5 treatments and 3 replications were designed. Based on the obtained results, a significant increase in serum lysozyme and complement (ACH50) enzyme activity was observed in juvenile fish during exposure to acetaminophen. The amount of cortisol and glucose also showed a significant decrease in the amount of these indicators so that the highest amount of cortisol and glucose measured in the control group and the lowest amount was observed and recorded in treatment 5. The results of the study of tissue damage showed that in gill tissue, curvature and club formation of the tip of the secondary gill blade were due to the effects of low concentration (0.01 mg / l) of acetaminophen. At moderate concentrations (0.1 and 1) mg / l, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, clubbing of the tip of the secondary gill blade and welding of the secondary blade were observed. Liver tissue examination showed the most severe liver tissue lesions in fish exposed to 10 mg / l acetaminophen. The presence of acetaminophen caused damage to gill tissue and liver in rainbow trout juveniles. However, it increased blood safety markers such as lysozyme and complement and also significantly reduced cortisol. Which showed a decrease in stress levels in fish exposed to different levels of acetaminophen.

This study was performed in order to the optimization mesh size of Trichiurus lepturus´s gillnet-fishing in Hormozgan province. At first linear relationships between the total length and the different parts of the body of the Ribbonfish were obtained. In order to evaluate the efficiency and determine the appropriate mesh size, the classification of fish caught by this method was compared with the length at first maturity. The percentage of fish caught in different parts of the body was investigated. By using the length at first maturity of this species and proportion coefficient the optimal mesh size was obtained. More than 57% of the fish were caught in the head (around gill) as the highest part of body fish. The length modes of the various parts of the ribbonfish, including head (gilled), body, snout(snagged) circumference and entangled, were in the total length classifications of 50-55, 65-70, 65-70 and 80-85 cm, respectively. The proportion coefficient was equal to 0.036 and the optimal internal mesh (knot to knot opposite) was calculated to be 57 mm. Considering that more than 71% of the ribbonfish caught with common gillnets have been in sizes less than the length of maturity (78.7 cm total length), eliminating these gillnets and using the optimized mesh nets that proposed this research study,  reduces immature fish in the fishing.

In this study, the density and species diversity of sea cucumber in the Pozm bay in the north of the Oman Sea and adjacent to the Chabahar bay of Iran in three seasons of spring, autumn and winter were studied. Sampling was done by diving method in an area of 314 square meters in Pozm bay in five stations with different substrates. The samples were identified after transfer to the laboratory with the help of valid identification keys and the species Holothuria leucospilota, H. arenicola, H. atra and Stichopus variegatus were identified and H. leucospilota was identified as the dominant species in the region. Shannon, Margalf, Simpson and Pilo indices were used to study the species diversity of sea cucumber. The results showed that the highest density was recorded in winter 94 with an average of 4.64 73 0.73 in 314 square meters and the lowest in spring with an average of 0.419. 1.8 in 314 square meters. Also Shannon (0.12 ± 0.97, 0.25 ± 1.16, 0.23 ± 1.16), Margalof (0.11 ± 1.46, 0.09 ± 1.69, 0.21 ± 1.61), Simpson (0.04 ± 0.356, 0.07 ± 0.164, 0.01 ± 0.245) and Pilo ( 0.11 ± 0.112, 0.08 ± 0.837, 0.18 ± 0.91) showed different values in winter, spring and autumn, respectively. Therefore, different species of sea cucumbers in the Pozm bay were identified with species richness and low density that if proper conservation and exploitation measures are not taken, the current stocks of sea cucumber in this ecosystem will be severely reduced.

Metal oxide nanoparticles are among the most widely used compounds among nanoparticles that have wide applications in various fields. Nanoparticles have high chemical and biological reactivity by increasing their surface to volume ratio, which leads to increased production of free radicals. The generated free radicals disrupt the oxidation state and normal regeneration of body cells and cause oxidative damage in organisms and many diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidant effect of nickel oxide nanoparticles and also the antioxidant effect of chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in the model alginate model The fish is goldfish. Accordingly, in this study, 5 groups of fish were used for experiments with 4-week treatments. The study groups included the control group, the treatment group with nickel oxide nanoparticles and 3 groups of simultaneous treatment of nickel oxide nanoparticles and alginate-chitosan nanoparticles containing curcumin. At the end of the period, liver samples were isolated and collected for oxidative damage. Total antioxidant levels, MDA, glutathione and the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase were measured in all groups. The results showed that treatment with nickel oxide nanoparticles decreased the level of total antioxidants and increased the level of MDA in the nickel oxide nanoparticle treatment group, but the groups that received curcumin-containing alginate-chitosan nanoparticles along with nickel oxide nanoparticles had anti-oxidant parameters. They gave. These results showed strong evidence of induction of cellular oxidative stress due to exposure to nickel oxide nanoparticles as well as the protective effect of curcumin-containing alginate-chitosan nanoparticles.

The past studies have shown that the use of some probiotics has improved growth, reproductive and immune systems in crustaceans. Litopenaeus vannamei is the most important culture species of crustaceans in the country and this shrimp grows better than other shrimps. In this study, the effect of both probiotics based on quality indicators includes: larval stage index (LSI), larval condition index (LCI), larval dry weight, larval survival, Simultaneity of larval maturation to post larvae, time of emergence of first post larvae, duration of larval period and salinity and formalin stress tests in order to investigate Improvements in qualitative growth indices and immune system of Vanami shrimp larvae were examined. For this purpose, three concentrations of Bacillus probiotic with dose 6×105, 3×105 and 1×105 and three concentrations of Lactobacillus probiotic with dose 6×106, 3×106 and 1×106   were added to the water tank of Vanami shrimp larvae. The results showed that the larval quality indices at level 3 of both Bacillus and Lactobacillus probiotics were the best response and respectively, respectively 67±3.2 and 62±7.28, dry weight 139±3.99 and 138±22.23, larval stage index 11.55±0.26 and 11.46±0.11, larval condition index 1.86±0.06 and 1.88±0.13, Simultaneity of larval maturation to post larvae 1.45±0.23 and 1.41±0.04, time of emergence of first post larvae 7.5±1.1 and 7.7±1.52, duration of larval period 8.91±0.73 and 9.11±0.6 and salinity and formalin stress tests also show significant differences for all indicators except dry weight index and time of emergence of the first larval post for Bacillus probiotic. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of both probiotics increases growth, faster development, and longer survival and increases the resistance of the immune system.

In present study the effects of short-term starvation and refeeding on growth and feeding performances, body composition and blood biochemical parameters of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) were studied. After 2 weeks adaptation to experimental condition, 6000 fish with an average initial weight of 250±6.0 g in two treatments and one control group were randomly distributed in nine farmed cages. Control treatment fed two times daily to apparent satiation. The first treatment (T1) 3 day starvation & 12 days refeeding and the second treatment (T2) 6 day starvation & 24 days refeeding experienced. The obtained results showed that the value of the weight gain in the control and T2 groups were significantly lower than T1 group, at the end of the experiment (P<0.05). Food conversion ratio and Food conversion efficiency values showed lower and higher in T1 group, while higher and lower their values were observed in the control group (P<0.05). However, short terms starvation and refeeding periods did not seem to exert a profound influence on specific growth rate (P>0.05). Short-term starvation and refeeding did not affect carcass ash and moisture (P>0.05). However, the fat value was significantly (P˂0.05) higher in the control group and protein value was significantly (P˂0.05) lower in the T2 group. There were no significant differences in blood biochemical parameters among different treatments (P>0.05). However, triglycerides and albumin values was higher in T2 and T3 fish than that in the T1 fish, and there was a tendency in glucose and total protein values to decrease with longer starvation periods. The results regarding growth and feeding performances, survival and biochemical parameters indicated that the best compensatory strategy occurred in the deprived fish with 3 days and refed with 12 days and that this species can be subjected to short term starvation without any significant effects on growth and feeding performance.

Due to the limitations of fish oil and its high price, the aquatic feed industry needs to find suitable alternatives to fish oil in the aquaculture industry. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacement of poultry waste fat instead of dietary fish oil with return to main diet strategy on some growth and blood parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in order to find a suitable alternative to fish oil. 120 rainbow trout juveniles weighing 50.72±2.13 g were purchased and after the adaptation period, 25 fish in each pond were released in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Control treatment: fed with normal diet, treatment 1: fed with diet containing mixture of fish oil and poultry fat (50/50) for one month and with normal diet in the second month, treatment 2: fed with diet containing poultry fat for one month and with the normal diet in the second month, treatment 3: fed a diet containing a mixture of fish oil and poultry fat (50/50), treatment 4: fed a diet containing poultry fat. At the end of the two-month period, growth indices and food conversion ratio were measured. Also, 6 fish from each treatment were randomly sampled and blood parameters were measured according to standard methods. There was no significant difference between different treatments in terms of growth, nutrition and red blood cell counts. The amount of hemoglobin in treatments 1 and 4 was significantly lower than the control group. The amount of hematocrit in treatment 4 was significantly lower than treatment 1. The number of white blood cells in treatment 4 was significantly lower than other groups. The lowest percentage of lymphocytes and the highest percentage of neutrophils were observed in the treatment 4, so that the amount of this parameter was significant in treatment 4 with other groups. Replacing poultry waste fat with fish oil and re-feeding with the normal diet due to the high ability of rainbow trout to digest food and convert food into tissue can reduce production costs. Therefore, all treatments except treatment 4 are recommended.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of macroalgae Padina australis and Gracilaria pygmaea extracts on growth performance and blood parameters of juvenile Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Animals were randomly divided into four groups (initial weight 5 g); control group (basal diet without extracts), and three groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg Padina australis, 5g/kg Gracilaria pygmaea and 2/5 g/kg Padina australis + 2/5 g/kg Gracilaria pygmaea for 8 weeks. Fish were hand fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day and for 8 weeks. Results showed that growth factors (final fish weight, specific growth rate, weight gain, condition factor and feed conversion) in fish fed with diet containing macroalgal extracts (Padina australis, Gracilaria pygmaea and Padina australis + Gracilaria pygmaea) was significantly higher than the control group. Hemoglobin level and the weight of hemoglobin in a red blood cell in fish fed with diet containing macroalgal extracts (Padina australis, Gracilaria pygmaea and Padina australis + Gracilaria pygmaea) was significantly higher than the control group. The control group had a higher level of triglycerides and cholesterol compared to the groups fed with diets containing macroalgal extracts (Padina australis, Gracilaria pygmaea and Padina australis + Gracilaria pygmaea).

Probiotics are bacteria that in sufficient quantities have beneficial effects on the host. Today, the use of probiotics as food supplements in the aquatic industry has grown exponentially. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various probiotics on antioxidant factors in the liver and blood serum of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). For this purpose, Asian bass fish with an initial weight of 171.29±8.79 g, for 60 days using four diets including control group (without bacteria), the first group (selected strain isolated from fish in Khuzestan province), the second group (selected strain isolated from fish of Bushehr province) and the third group (selected strain isolated from fish of Hormozgan province) were fed. Fish sampling was performed on days 0, 30, and 60 of the experiment. The results showed that after 60 days of probiotic use, liver superoxide dismutase levels decreased in all groups and glutathione levels in the second and third groups increased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, serum superoxide dismutase levels in all groups and glutathione levels in the first group increased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that the selected strain isolated from fish in Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan provinces can improve the antioxidant indices of the liver and serum of Asian seabass.

In recent years, the toxic metal mercury has become one of the most important metal pollutants in Anzali wetland, so that the health and quality of edible fish in this ecosystem is seriously endangered for consumers. 10 species of four fish including common perch, duck, common carp and carp were caught. Atomic absorption method was used to measure mercury. Non-carcinogenic risk factors (HQ), daily mercury uptake (DI), allowable daily intake of fish (CRlim) and allowable monthly intake (CRmm) for children, women and adults in both fishery and non-fishery families were assessed. The mean concentrations of total mercury in the oral tissues of common perch, duck, common carp and carp were in the range of 8.46±149.93, 4.37±165.17, 8.83±78.92 and 60.7. 5.51 ng/g fresh weight, respectively. Duck species showed the highest mercury in the edible tissue with the lowest allowable amounts of food per month at 6.6, 5.1 and 5.6 for children, women and adults in fishery families, respectively. Health risk assessment showed a non-carcinogenic risk for mercury in duck and perch for adults and women (HQ>1). Therefore, Anzali wetland is heavily contaminated with mercury metal and the accumulation of this metal in the edible tissue of fish consuming this habitat can threaten the health of fishery households more than other people.

Micro and nanoplastic pollution is not only a threat to marine organisms and ecosystems, but also a threat to humans. The consequences of acute and chronic exposure are not yet fully understood. In this review, we have collected recent results on the effects of micro- and nanoplastics on different fish species, including brackish and freshwater. In this model, insights into the risks of plastic particle toxicity for Organisms' health is presented with a focus on long-term exposure to different levels of biological complexity in different tissues and organs. Current scientific evidence shows that the toxicity of plastic particles depends not only on factors such as particle size, concentration, exposure time, shape and type of polymer, but also on other factors such as the type of species, which complicates this issue. In this study, we have examined the possible routes of entry of these particles into the body of fish, as well as the different effects on different tissues in aquatic animals, which indicate negative and destructive effects on different parts of the aquatic body. It can provide useful information for further research as well as background for effects on different tissues in aquatic life.

The aim of this research conducted in the lowermost (lowest) zone of Gorganroud river - southeastern Caspian Sea, in where hatchery-reared juvenile fish were released for stock enhancement, was Determining appropriate site for releasing hatchery-reared juvenile fish using macrobenthos diversity indices. Sampling was undertaken over five surveys, (spring 2018, spring, summer, and autumn 2019 and winter 2020), in three sites (with three replications) including (1) boarder guard station (BGS), (2) Khaje Nafas bridge (KNB), and (3) Khaje Nafas dam (KND). The results of split plot analysis showed that no significant difference was observed in sedimentary organic matter among sampling sites. Biodiversity indices and water physico-chemical factors also showed significant differences among sampling sites, as indices like abundance, species richness and Shannon index in KNB site were significantly higher than those in BGS site  (in where reared juvenile fish were released for stock enhancement). In addition, water quality was significantly better in KNB site (p<0.05), as water in BGS site had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (Do) and lower salinity and total dissloved solid (TDS) than that in BGS site. Thus, it is recommended reared juvenile fish be released in more suitable places (ie., site 2) to increase the survival probability of released juvenile fish.

The aim of this study was investigation sexual dimorphim in morphometric characters and some growth parameters of Austruca sindensis on eastern coast of Bandar Abbas (behind the airport) during January 2017 to December 2018. Samples after collecting were moved to biology laboratory of Hormozgan university for more study. 857 Individuals (457 males and 382 females) have collected. Based on results, carapace width means of male crabs (9.48 ± 2.52 mm) was obtained significantly more than carapace width mean of female crabs (8.47 ± 1.84 mm) (P<0.05). Among the studied parameters, proportion of fifth and sixth abdomen width was significantly more in females (P<0.05). The negative allometric growth was observed for both sex. Also, the exponential value (b) estimated was obtained 2.92 for male crabs and 2.72 for female crabs (P<0.05). In this study, Asymptotic carapace width (CW∞), the theoretical age at length zero (t0), maximum life span estimated 23 mm, -0.13, 2.6 year for male and 19.8 mm, -0.1, 1.9 year for female. Also, growth rate (k) and mortality of female were high in comparison to male crabs. The condition factor value of males (0.042±0.006) was obtained significantly more than of females (0.034±0.006) (P<0.05). In addition, variations in the condition factor rate were correlated with temperature.

In the new approach to ecotourism, as a spatial model of tourism in nature, the purpose of ecotourism is not only for tourism and recreation, but also as a means of environmental protection and economic development. In this view, ecotourism is primarily concerned with environmental considerations and the concept of sustainable development, and recreation is of secondary importance. In this study, conditional valuation method and questionnaire were used to estimate the ecotourism value of Kosalan protected area. For this purpose, logit analytical model was used and based on the maximum likelihood method, the indicators of this model were estimated and evaluated. Respondents' opinions are divided into five groups: completely agree, agree, disagree, disagree and strongly disagree as a percentage. The results show that visitors agree with the following in order to protect the environment: Receipt of value added tax by the government to protect the ecosystem and plant and animal species of the region, the participation of indigenous peoples and in the protection and preservation of habitats And its revival, education and environmental awareness, economic and social development of human societies. The point to be noted is the large number of private investment in the region, which reminds the government of the need for more attention and investment.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most important pests of tomatos and potatos, causes lots of damage and reduces the quality and quantity of the crop. This experiment was performed as completely randomized blocks with 10 replications in Shiraz in 2017-2018 with two factors including plant type (Tomato and Potato) and cultivation conditions (greenhouse and field). The results of analysis of variance of biological parameters of the pest on tomatoes and potatoes in greenhouse and field conditions showed that the type of host plant and cultivation conditions on embryonic, larval, pupal stage (only in host plant type) and female lifespan were significant at the level of 1% and 5%, but their interaction was not significant. The results showed that the maximum and minimum life span of embryonic, larval and pupal stages of the pest were treated by a2b1 with 6.9 and a1b2 with 4.3 days a2b1 with 14.5 and a1b2 with 11.7 days, a2b2 with 9.5 and a1b2 with 4.7 days while the maximum and minimum lifespan of the female belonged to the treatment of a1b2 with 17.2 and a2b1 with 9.9 days. Also, the type of host plant and culture conditions were significant on the average total spawning rate of female insects at the level of 1% but their interaction was significant. Moreover, the results of insect oviposition revealed that the highest and lowest number of eggs were in the treatment of a1b1 with 128.6 and a2b2 with 86.1 eggs, respectively.

With the expansion and intensification of competitive environment in today's world, supply chain management has become one of the key issues facing businesses. It has influenced all the activities of organizations to produce products, improve quality, reduce costs and provide the services required by customers. On the other hand, as the volume of pollutants increased, the researchers sought to design networks that, in addition to economic optimization, focused on environmental factors in all sectors. Supply chain network design is a strategic and critical issue that provides an optimal framework for effective and efficient supply chain management. One of the most suitable areas for integration in supply chain networks is the design of closed-loop supply chain networks, which can prevent the overlap caused by the design of separate direct and reverse networks. In this paper, a mixed integer linear programming model for closed loop supply chain network design is presented. The latter model seeks to minimize costs, minimize environmental impact, maximize the amount of worn-out product collected, and maximize supply chain social responsiveness. The proposed model is implemented by Saba Battery Company, which produces various types of batteries. Since the proposed model belongs to the NP-hard category, an exact solution method and two multi-objective genetic algorithms and a multicomponent particle swarm were used to solve the model. Based on the research results, the cost objective function tends to create a supply chain network with a centralized structure in order to achieve a lower cost. The environmental objective function tends to create a network with a decentralized structure to reduce environmental impacts. The proposed models are able to provide a range of Pareto optimal solutions according to the different levels of applying fuzzy constraints to determine the final decision. The two algorithms differ in terms of time; NSGA-II is superior to MOPSO. Also, two algorithms are different in the MID criterion, MOPSO is superior to NSGA-II, and in the rest of the criteria, they are not significantly superior to each other. The proposed model was determined with Jimenez's deterministic approach and a deterministic auxiliary model was proposed. This model was solved using the epsilon constraint method and two multi-objective genetic algorithms and multi-objective particle swarm

Considering human activities, especially industrial development, pollution with heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) is becoming a critical challenge for the environment, which may endanger human life. Nowadays, Mycoremediation is mentioned as a useful, economic and efficient way to reduce heavy metal pollution. In this study, the efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii in refining heavy metals Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in a liquid growth medium was investigated. ]n order to evaluate the performance of the above fungus, the amount of heavy metals uptake, protein concentration, the amount of catalase enzyme, and the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the presence of heavy metals (Lead and Cadmium) in four experimental groups with dilution levels of 0, 150, 250 and 350 ppm was measured. The highest absorption rates of heavy metals for lead and cadmium were 52.33±0.57 and 50.00±1.20, respectively. Also, the results increased the concentrations of phenols, flavonoids, proteins, and catalase by increasing the concentrations of the mentioned metals respectively (3.23±0.50, 3.50±0.08) and (27.26±0.12, 28.76±0.08) mgg-1, (0.65±0.01, 0.65±0.01) mgml-1, (0.20±0.05, 0.50±0.05) protein unit min-1mg-1 showed that the results. According to the results, a significant difference was observed between the control group and the experimental groups (P<0.001). In general, according to the obtained results, it seems that P. eryngii can be used as a suitable candidate for mycoremediation

Heavy metals are especially important because of the toxic effects of the environment, the accumulation of biodiversity in various aquatic species and the creation of biological magnification in food chains. The present study was conducted to compare the toxicity of heavy metals of cadmium and lead in different concentrations (500, 250, 100, 50, 5 μg/L) on microorganism growth of Isochrysis galbana during 15 days in F2 culture media. The results showed that the effect of two metals on growth of I. galbana was dependent on two factors of time and concentration. Observations showed that concentrations of 500 micrograms per liter of cadmium on day 4 significantly inhibited the growth of I. galbana. The highest growth rate was obtained at a concentration of 5 μg/L for both tested metals. In this experiment, the highest content of chlorophyll a for cadmium and lead was 5 g/L and the lowest content of chlorophyll was in two concentrations of 250 and 500 μg/L. Also, by studying the effect of cadmium and lead on the amount of alfalfa protein, low concentrations increased protein levels and high concentrations reduced the amount of microalgae protein.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing fish meal with plant protein sources on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity and also introducing a diet suitable for cultured Asian sea bass species in terms of biological efficiency. A total of 600 juveniles with an average weight of 54±2.5 gr were distributed in 15 tanks (500 liters) with a density of 40 pieces in each tank and were fed with prepared diets for 60 days. The composition of plant proteins (soybean meal, wheat gluten and corn gluten) was used at two levels of 35 and 70% to replace fish meal and the growth performance and activity of digestive enzymes were examined.The results showed that T1 (fish meal) and T2 (35% replacement) had the best performance in specific growth factor, weight gain percentage, relative growth rate, weight gain. Also, replacement of 70% fish meal with plant protein sources led to a significant reduction in specific growth rate, daily weight gain and relative growth rate compared to T1 (P<0.05).The results of gastrointestinal enzymes activity showed that the T4 (commercial 1) in alkaline phosphatase, lipase, α-amylase and the T2 in trypsin activity had a significant difference compared to other treatments (P<0.05). It can be inferred that Asian sea bass can easily have good growth performance by replacing 35% fish meal with plant protein sources.

Water quality management in culture ponds is the most important factor in the proper growth of shrimp and achieving proper production, which can help to improve the quality of the conditions of the pool floor and achieve the desired production. Poor quality water causes stress and illness. Today, ozone technology can be used in areas with viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Due to the high oxidation potential, ozone oxidizes the cellular components of the bacterial cell wall to reduce the number of inactive microorganisms. In this study, chronic ozone concentrations (0.02, 0.04, 0.06 mg/l) were applied serially to western white-leg shrimp for 60 days two hours after each diet. During the experiment, quality factors were measured, and at the end, growth factors and Body composition were performed. The results showed that salinity and temperature were in the optimal range of western white-leg shrimp and there was no significant difference between treatments (p>0.05). With increasing ozone concentration between treatments, dissolved oxygen, pH and nitrate increased and total ammonia, suspended solids, and nitrite decreased. Also, according to Body composition, there was a significant difference between the treatments in protein and ash levels with a decreasing trend and fat and moisture with an increasing trend concerning ozone concentration. The results of growth factors showed a significant difference between ozone levels, indicating the optimal level of growth factors in concentrations of 0.02 and 0.04, respectively.

Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is one of the important ectoparasitoid on larval stage of many lepidopterous pests especially Noctuidae and Pyralidae. These wasps are used widely in biological control programs. Every year a variety of pesticides are used in cotton fields, which affects natural enemies such as B. hebetor. In this research, lethal and sub-lethal effects of commonly used pesticides in cotton fields such as Phosalone, Pyridalil and Fenpyroximate, on B. hebetor were evaluated under laboratory conditions (25±1ºC, 60±5 r.h. and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D h). In this research, lethal and sub-lethal effects of commonly used pesticides in cotton fields such as Phosalone, Pyridalil, and Fenpyroximate, on B. hebetor were evaluated under laboratory conditions (25±1ºC, 60±5 r.h. and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D h). In the next stage of study, bioassay experiments by application of dipping were carried out on immature B. hebetor. The effects of field recommended concentrations of the pesticides were assessed on the larval and pupal stages of B. hebetor according to IOBC standard methods‚ thus the results showed that every of three pesticides were classified as slightly harmful. Assessment of pesticides sub lethal effects on adult warps which were exposed to LC25 revealed, stable population parameters, biological and reproductive parameters were influenced by this pesticide. The mean value of Net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) for phosalone, pyridalil and fenpyroximate, were calculated 33.78±0.71, 26.35± 0.45 and 40.76±2.43 female/female/generation and 0.21, 0.18 and 0.23 female/female/day, respectively. Comparison of means using Tukey's test (p<0.05) shows that, different between the means is significant. Also negative effects of pesticides on parasitoids unknow well but our results showed that the order of toxicities of the insecticides on B. hebetor was as follows: phosalone > pyridalil > fenpyroximate and fenpyroximate is suitable pesticide for interment pest managements.