نشریه پژوهش های علوم تاریخی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، تابستان 1401)

Ayādgār ī Zarērān is one of the oldest epic texts left from the Sasanian era, which has an epic account of the Iranians' battle with the invading tribes in northeastern Iran. Although this book was written during the Sasanian period and in the Sasanian Pahlavi language, but some scholars believe that Ayādgār ī Zarērān belongs to the Parthian period and has been narrated by the Gosans. Although the proper names in this story belong to a very ancient period, but the names of positions and Xionites are clearly related to the Sasanian period. In the present article, the author tries to explain the time of writing or combining the subject of Ayādgār ī Zarērān with the event of the Sasanian period by comparatively examining the content of Ayādgār ī Zarērān with Al-Tanbīh wa l-ishrāf and the Chinese work Weishu. A comparative study of the information related to the political structure in Ayādgār ī Zarērān with the information in Al-Tanbīh and Weishu shows that the text of Ayādgār ī Zarērān contains details of the political structure of Yazdgerd ii’s court and was probably rewritten during the reign of this king. The presence of Yazdgerd II in the northeast of Iran and the special conditions of that region are probably the main motivation for the writing of Ayādgār ī Zarērān.

Sheikh Hossein Yazdi is one of the constitutional jurists of Samarra and Najaf schools and one of the first members of the National Assembly who played an effective role in establishing the jurisprudential and legal system of the political system resulting from the constitutional movement. The drafting of the first constitution and its amendment in the first parliament along with the approval of the first legal institution-building laws such as justice and municipal laws, etc., which emphasize the religious supervision of top scholars on the legislative process, a figure of Sheikh Hossein Yazdi as a legislative jurist It allows the constitutional legislative system to pass through the path of Imami jurisprudence and principles in order to protect the sharia standards in the matter of legislation, and to establish the structures of the new legal system based on the millennial legal tradition of this people Therefore, in addition to the effective role he plays in the formulation and approval of this principle in the first parliament, he has played a special role in explaining and establishing the implementation of its provisions in order to continuously follow its implementation and finally prepare an executive-interpretative bill. It seems that in addition to religious belief, the practical experience of this member of the first parliament in the stability of Sharia-based laws has led to his efforts to establish and implement the second principle of the constitutional amendment.

Unlike the Parthians, the Sassanids from the very beginning pursued an aggressive policy towards the Roman Empire. In fact, they sought to retake the lands of their ancestors to the shores of the Mediterranean. It was because of this policy that Ardeshir Babakan was able to annex territories from the Middle East to Iran at the end of his reign. With the rise of Shapur I, the Romans launched an offensive to retake the lost territories to the east, leading to the Battle of Edessa. The findings of this study, which is based on historical documents and reports and with a descriptive-analytical method, show that the Roman emperor was captured by the Sassanids and due to the power vacuum that had arisen in the Middle East, claimants such as Macrianus and his sons, as well as the ruler of Palmyra, ruled the region. Due to the unrest that followed the capture of Valerian in the West and the Near East, the Roman emperors, with the support of the rulers of Palmyra, were initially able to restore the situation in the region to before the Battle of Edessa, but later the rule of Palmyra They also suppressed and restored their power over the region.

Among the first- class position in the Sassanid imperial court was the commander-in-chief of the corps. The commander-in-chief of the corps was elected by the king, and was often a member of an aristocratic family. According to some scholars, before the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, the commander-in-chief of the corps was in charge of IranSepahbaz, and after Khosrow I’s military reforms, this title was abolished and replaced by four generals.This belief, however, contradicts some surviving reports from historical texts and archaeological evidence. Therefore, in the present article, an attempt has been made to examine the titles and titles of the commander-in-chief of the corps in different periods of the Sassanid era with a descriptive and analytical approach, and using historical and archaeological sources.The findings of this study indicate that the title of IranSepahbaz was not common in the first and middle periods of the Sassanid Empire, and it seems that in the first years, Hezarbod and in the middle period of the ArteshtaranSalar was the commander-in-chief of the corps. Also, in the last years of the Sassanid empire, with the implementation of military reforms by Khosrow Anoshirvan, the title of ArteshtaranSalar was abolished and replaced by four generals with the title of IranSepahbaz. In addition, we will see that the power of the IranSpahbaz’s not onlydid not decrease after Khosrow I’s reforms, but also increased due to their state and military powers.

Following the content of Pahlavi texts (Middle Persian) and the reflection of their information heritage in the historiography of the Islamic period, today there is a consensus that at least since the Sassanid era to the era of modern studies, Cyrus II was not known to the Sassanid court and society, In such a way that his historical identity is described according to archeological documents and written sources. Whether this was due to the natural flow of time and the loss of the ability to read previous lines or the loss of written data, or a coercive decision, is one of the debates of the leading article. This research first examines the possible and documented next developments of the previous historical information to the Sassanid period and then, within this analysis, what signs of knowledge and lack of knowledge can be traced from Cyrus II to the Sassanid era. In this article, it was seen that around the western borders of the Sassanid Empire, it was possible to have a documentary knowledge of the identity of Cyrus in its historical form. Why and how some of the historical information related to the Achaemenid period, and especially the era of Cyrus II, was excluded from court historiography in the early Sassanid era is the basis of a leading study.

Several revolutions and events have converted the Qajar era into a milestone and a golden landmark in Iranian music, which has led to the formation of essential and effective currents based on which Iranian music has been preserved, developed, transferred, and finally transcended.This article tries to identify, introduce and analyze the factors and proofs predisposing and forming the important and influential currents in the progress of Iranian music in this period to investigate as much as possible the role, place, and importance of the Qajar era in Iranian music by using descriptive and analytical methods and referring to historical firsthand sources and books. This research has finally resulted in presenting an analytical model to draw, explain and show the relationship between 10 important events (such as the entrance of military music groups, the establishment of a music school, etc.) with four main currents formed in the music of the Qajar era (such as the promotion of music science and technology, preventing the decay of music, etc.)Undoubtedly, remanent musical works from the Qajar era as a remarkable and undeniable reference will always launch the current generation and the future to refer to the originality, traditions, and qualitative criteria and values of original music of Iran.