مجله جامعه شناسی نهادهای اجتماعی
پیاپی 20 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Due to the legal or illegal recruitment of Afghan immigrant children in the country's educational system, there is still a dropout rate in these children. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the challenges of the Afghan immigrant children who have dropped out of school in Mashhad, in the form of a qualitative research. A narrative research method has been used to obtain the narrative of the lives of school dropouts. The statistical population of the study included Afghan immigrant children who had dropped out of school and lived in Mashhad. Data was collected through interviews with 20 children until reaching theoretical data saturation. Then, the narratives of each of the children were extracted and their narratives and processes were identified based on common patterns. To identify the challenges of the Afghan immigrant children out of school, the research findings showed that 1- Traditional and religious culture, whether in the acceptance of the religious role by the child or compulsorily by the family, causes the child to miss school; 2- The child's anxiety caused by the experience of war is the second factor that affects the process of her dropping out of school; 3- Labeling a child a delinquent by school officials makes a child proud, who considers delinquency a sign of masculinity. This is due to the subculture in which he grew up and caused him to drop out of school; 4. Due to the departure of the father from the cycle of head of the household due to addiction and disability, the children are studying or due to coercion or sacrifice, leave school and enter the labor market; 5. Among the child's relatives, the existence of unsuccessful educational patterns in Iran and successful non-educational patterns of immigrants migrating to European countries cause the child's family to consider his education useless. The child's educational motivation is lost, her desire to migrate is strengthened, and eventually the child leaves school; 6- A child who studied in Afghanistan and immigrated to Iran in the middle of the school year due to insecurity in Afghanistan is not accepted in the entrance exam of Iranian schools and degrades to lower levels of education because of the lack of educational compatibility between Iran and Afghanistan. In this way, the child's motivation to study is lost and causes him to stop studying.

Social isolation is one of the problems of today's society, and its prevalence among people with special conditions, such as blindness. The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the feeling of social isolation and spiritual health in visually impaired people. The statistical population of this research was the blind people of Shiraz city covered by welfare Institution. The sampling method adopted was random sampling. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis of this research. Two main processing categories were performed on the data, and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for this purpose. The findings showed that the respondents' social isolation is moderate. Also, the findings showed that at the level of inferential analysis, the tests between the variables of age, gender, severity of disability, cause of disability, duration of disability, and social isolation are not significant, but the tests between the variables of income, employment status, marital status, education level, spiritual health, and social isolation are significant. In sum, the results of this research show that in explaining the social isolation of visually impaired people in Shiraz, the explanatory level of acquired social factors is much higher than other factors; therefore, policies must be aimed at improving the social conditions of this people.

The present paper aimed at analyzing the peace education components in the discourse of Iranian education documents with a critical view toward the role of dominant political discourses in the presentment of peace and peace education in Iranian society. To this end, the discourse of education documents in elementary school, middle school, and junior high school levels (between 1994 and 2014) were analyzed and questions like the following were addressed:What is the status of the core components of peace education in the discourse of Iranian education documents and what is the discourse prevailing over them? What are the nodal points and antagonistic boundaries of the aforementioned discourses and what role have they played in the presentment of peace education? This paper used a discourse analysis research method to analyze the existing and produced official documents in Iranian education through a critical look. The findings showed that the peace education components have not been introduced to the education documents of this period. Moreover, the introduction of ideas and themes of war, enmity, and hatred in this period’s educational texts has resulted in negative stereotyping as well as legitimization of violence and war in individuals’ beliefs, besides marginalizing peace through creating a cycle of violence. The ideological discourse with a revolutionary fervor was identified as the discourse prevailing over the education documents. Educational discourse in this period has become hegemonic based on the nodal point of religion as well as support for the oppressed. Furthermore, in the results of these analyses, antagonistic boundaries, nodal points, and moments were presented in the form of a discourse model.

Although the statistics show the growth of the number of NGOs in the country, this quantitative development is not accompanied by qualitative development, and in reality, there is no match between the number of the NGOs and their performance, and they are struggling with many problems on the way to achieving their goals. The purpose of the present research is to identify the most important problems of the NGOs in the field of social problems in Tabriz City and design and validate a questionnaire to rank these problems. Research method To identify the most important problems, the method of practical participation was used, which was achieved through the participation of 49 non-governmental organization managers in the field of social problems in Tabriz City in 2021. The set of problems mentioned by the managers was analyzed through Maxqda Software, and the findings were coded in the form of 254 concept codes, 18 sub-categories, and 4 main categories. Then based on the concept codes written by the participants, items were compiled. Then, the subcategories were the basis for designing the questionnaire items. In the next step, Smart PLS Software was used to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. According to the model fitting results, the designed questionnaire has reliability and validity. The results of rating the problems from the point of view of managers (133 managers) showed that the components, 1- Not having a fixed place and the rent of the place, 2- Lack of teamwork culture in the society and members, 3- Cumbersome laws and lack of unanimity of government institutions, 4- Lack of credit and financial resources and non-payment of costs, and 5- Lack of awareness of the existential philosophy and the nature of the NGOs ARE considered to be the most important problems.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of factors related to the institution of the family on students’ attitudes toward the important social transitions of marriage, continuing education, and entering the labor market.

This study uses a quantitative methodology . The statistical population includes secondary school students of Yasouj City in the academic year of 2014-2016 (8529 individuals). 374 students were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire.

The fndings showed that girls and boys did not have a significant preference difference in choosing the three transitions of education, career, and marriage, and the first preferred transition of both sexes was continuing education. The influence of variables of independence in individual decision-making and the type of socialization in the family on the social transitions of employment, marriage, and continuing education were significant. Also, the explanatory coefficient of transitions of marriage, education, and entering the labor market has been 0.55, 0.10, and 0.13 respectively.

The priority of the preferred transition of teenagers is to continue their education and there is a kind of gender identity of the preferred transition among the teenagers of the studied society.

The current article is formed around the question of which of the approaches of collective behavior and collective action is more capable of explaining the potential of political protest. collective behavior emphasizes the dissatisfaction of the masses as the cause of protests and the collective action approach underscores the rationality of activists and their rational calculation to participate in protests. Variables were extracted from each of these approaches and considered as independent variables to explain the potential of political protest. The assumptions derived from the two approaches of collective behavior and collective action were examined with the findings of a survey study in 6 cities located south of Tehran (Islamshahr, Baharestan, Shahryar, Shahr Quds, Rey, and Pakdasht). Finally, it was clearly determined that the approach of collective action has more able to explain the potential of political protest, in such a way that 17 percent of the changes in the potential of political protest are explained by the variables of the individual's perception of the effectiveness of protests and the individual's perception of the government's power to suppress, both of which are derived from the theory of collective action. Only 2 percent of the dependent variable is explained by the variable of political satisfaction which is derived from the theory of collective behavior.

In today's world, the non-governmental organizations have proven their presence in many fields, including the welfare field, and it seems that they have an indispensable position in the establishment. They have a system of benevolence and charity. The aim of the present research is to investigate the paradoxical nature of independence and dependence of German non-governmental organizations (principle of subordination) and their accountability mechanisms toward regulatory institutions. Study

This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and documentary method.

Based on the results of the research, the contribution of the mentioned organizations in Germany is expanding by maintaining independence from the government in providing services to the needy people, and they use five accountability mechanisms to respond to the government and government agencies. In Iran's peer organizations, however, due to the existence of a non-functional relationship, there is no independence, and due to the absence of a regulatory system and a coordinating mechanism, their performance is practically not evaluated.

based on the findings of the research and to apply these results in the establishment of the charity system, some recommendations can be made about peer organizations in Iran: 1. Services should be provided to the disadvantaged organization involved in the policy making process. 2. The best services should be given to the needy classes, a managed division of work should be done between governmental and non-governmental organizations. 3. The government should maintain its supervisory role and demand periodical reports from the custodian organizations. 4. To prevent parallel work between the custodian institutions, support should be individual-oriented and based on the national code of individuals. 5. The mission and description of the duties of the custodian organizations should be based on their level of empowerment and organizational capability. 6. A specific system should be set up to apply transparency in providing aid to governmental and non-governmental institutions.

A review of the revolutionary discourses critical of the Pahlavi dynasty's systems and institutions reveals two types of ideological interpretations and recreation of rites and literature (mainly children's stories). These works interpreted rites, fairy and folktales and literature with a focus on the importance of a revolutionary rebirth of self of hero-child and its political renewal. This paper uses qualitative approaches and a discourse analysis model to understand and analyze the subject. Discursive structures include redefining and recreating essential literary and ritual elements. These elements are formed through the reinterpretation of ideas and beliefs that significantly impact people's lives and define their worldview in relation to the social environment around them. Revolutions are always accompanied by anti-structural elements, and as a result, they challenge and criticize the established institutions and authority. In this regard, the revolutionary rite of passage is compatible with Victor Turner's normative-existential communitas and ultra-structural community concepts. In this perspective, revolutionary protest and revolutionary speech confront the political institutions that generate inequalities, injustice, and disparities. Behrangi's revolutionary fairy tales and Ali Shariati's revolutionary rite of transition provide an anti-structure and utopian world, a world whose authenticity is in denying the established order, revolutionizing the individual's life, and avoiding systems of discrimination and inequality.

Today, we are facing the widespread and increasing influence of social media in various aspects of people's lives, as well as the occurrence of crime and deviant behaviors in the context of these media. Considering the network structure of social media and the possibility of accessing a huge amount of social data in the last decade, we have seen the increasing interest of researchers in various fields, including social sciences, to use big data and network analysis. Despite the acceptance of this approach by sociology of deviance and criminology abroad, we are facing a lack of such studies in the country. The purpose of this article is to introduce Marvin Krohn's network theory, the application of the network analysis approach, and the use of big data in explaining social deviance in the context of social media.

This paper is a review article and the research method is documentary.

After reviewing concepts such as big data and social media, referring to deviance and crime in social media, the application of big data and network analysis in criminology and sociology of deviance is discussed. Considering the theoretical weakness in the current empirical literature, Marvin Krohn's network theory in the field of sociology of deviance is described as a framework that has the ability to overcome this deficiency. Some suitable tools for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing social media big data are introduced.

The integration of the three fields of sociology of deviance by providing theoretical support, network analysis, and big data can be of great help in describing, explaining, and controlling deviant and criminal behaviors in social media. Therefore, it is suggested to establish interdisciplinary cooperation in domestic universities among researchers of social sciences, computer engineering, computer sciences, and data sciences.