Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences
Volume:6 Issue: 6, Jun 2023

Pain symptoms could affect the quality of life of cancer patients. Quality of sleep and depression were two considerable parameters associated with quality of life. Cancer patients with pain as symptoms would have a higher probability of experiencing depression, which might affect sleep quality. This was an observational research with a cross-sectional study conducted in Haji Adam Malik General Public Hospital from April-September 2021. The severity of depression and quality of sleep was measured with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. There was a significant relationship between pain and depression based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) with p < 0.05. A significant relationship was also seen between pain and the ability to perform activities (symptom-related difficulty) based on the VAS and NRS scale with p < 0.05. However, no significant relationship was found between pain and quality of sleep of the patients in VAS and NRS scales. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in pain scale between VAS and NRS. Pain symptom was one of the factors associated with depression and the ability to perform activities in cancer patients. A more comprehensive interview is required to assess the possible causes of poor sleep quality experienced in most cancer patients.

The synthesis of many new 2-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from creatinine is studied in this research. The ester of creatinine 1a was formed by the reaction of creatinine with ethylchloroacetate, and then with two of alkyl halides to produce compounds 2a-2b. Following that, hydrazide derivatives 3a-3b were produced by compounds 2a-2b with semicarbazide hydrochloride. These hydrazides were cyclized with 5 percent sodium hydroxide to produce 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 4a-4b. The reaction of these compounds with aromatic aldehydes produced Schiff bases 5a-5d. Finally, diazetidine 6a-6h and β-lactam 7a-7d derivatives on position (2) from 1,3,4-oxadiazole were formed by reacting Schiff bases with various reagents. FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR for some synthesized compounds were used to identify the newly synthesized compounds. In vitro, antioxidant activities of some synthesized compounds were also investigated with promising results.

Organotin carboxylates have gotten a lot of attention in recent years because of their structural intrigue and several uses. The production and characterization of organotin carboxylates, as well as their action against cancers, fungi, bacteria, and other microbes have been described by a number of researchers. Some di- and triorganotin carboxylates have been found to have the potential as anticancer drugs. The amount and kind of organic groups bound to the tin core and carboxylate ligand appear to have a significant impact on their anticancer efficacy. Two new organotin complexes of di and triorganotin carboxylate were successfully synthesized by refluxing reaction of 2-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl) amino] benzoic acid (ligand) with tri phenyl tin chloride and dimethyl tin dichloride salts to give the corresponding substituted tin complexes with high yields. The chemical structures of the complexes were confirmed by different techniques included elemental analysis, proton, carbon and Sn119-NMR, and FT-IR-spectra. The activity of each complex has been examined against the target cell line A-172 compared with the ligand alone. It was found that the complex 1 and 2 have higher cellular cytotoxicity than ligand.

In this work, new 1,3-oxazepine derivatives were synthesized from a Schiff base. The latter was prepared by reacting 4-amino antipyrine with 4-amino acetophenone, then the Schiff base, which has an amine group, reacted with maleic anhydride to produce the corresponding amic acid. The prepared amic acid compound has an azomethine group utilized in synthesizing new derivatives of 1,3-oxazepine through reacting the amic acid with different cyclic anhydrides (succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, and citraconic anhydride). Different techniques have been used to confirm the structures of synthesized compounds in terms of physical properties and spectroscopic measurements, where proton nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR and Fourier Transform Infrared FT-IR spectroscopies have been used to confirm the synthesized compounds. In addition, the antibacterial activity of oxazepinederivatives was examined against two types of bacteria, gram-negative and gram-positive.

Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) are used for agricultural purposes, such as developing germination of the seeds and enhancing nutrients in the soil. They are also applied in the synthesis of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers. The current study was carried out to examine the effect of using zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, and other solutions (Gibberellin, Indol acetic acid (IAA), and Naphthol acetic acid (NAA) in the germination of maize seeds. Before germination, the maize seeds weighted as a dry seed, and then they were soaked in a solution of 70% alcohol, then it was sterile by water. After that, the seeds were immersed in one of the 14 solutions for 2 hours. Next, the seeds were weighted as wet seeds, and then the seeds were transferred to petri dishes for 120 hours at 25°C. After the five days, the plants were taken from Petri dishes, studied, and evaluated by calculating the germination percentage, germination rate, and measuring the number, the length of roots, and shots. It is noticed that the best solutions for maize germination are Zirconium 100 + IAA and Yttrium 100 µg both of which had a significant difference (p<0.05) which indicate the highest germination percentage of 100% and the highest germination rate of 0.6. Different concentrations and combinations were prepared successfully and used as treatment solutions in germination of maize seeds. The results were compared and it was found that Zirconium 100 + IAA was the best solution used in the treatment of maize seeds. The test was considered as significant difference at (p<0.05). However, the authors recommend the examination of the effect of temperature and humidity on the germination of maize seeds as a future work.

This research presents a rapid and accurate spectrophotometric method for furosemide determination. This method depended on charge transfer reaction of furosemide with pyrogallol reagent using sodium carbonate. It was observed that a product with a bluish-green color was formed after completing the addition and gave the highest absorption intensity at the wavelength of 610 nm. Following Beer's law, the straight standard curve was obtained in the concentration range of (1-20 µg/mL. The statistical results showed that the method has good accuracy and agreement. The molar absorptivity value was 2.3813×104 l/mol.cm and sensitivity of Sandell's was 0.0138 µg/cm2. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) values ​​ranged from 0.18 to 0.71%, relying on the concentration level. For the furosemide estimation, the suggested method has been successfully applied in its pharmaceutical preparations and pure form.

Students in dentistry colleges in Iraq can prescribe some medications during the fourth and fifth year of their undergraduate study of dentistry under the supervision of their seniors in the dental clinics. Many researches in many countries all over the world has identified the gaps in pharmacotherapeutic knowledge among the dental students but no such researches were made in Iraq. This study aimed to measure the knowledge also awareness of the side effects and drug interactions of the drugs that are mostly prescribed in the dental clinics by the Iraqi dental student.

A cross-sectional study was directed among 890 undergraduate Iraqi dental students using a structured closed-ended online questionnaire regarding their perception, attitude, knowledge and awareness toward drug prescription.The online survey was done during March to April 2022.

The online questionnaires were completed by 890 Iraqi dental students. This study revealed that dental students have made many mistakes during drug prescription due to lack in their pharmacological information especially regarding analgesics and antibiotic prescription. Over and irrational prescription of antibiotics was also found.

Kidney has a hierarchy of nephrons on the vascular arteriole tree consisting of nephron groups that interact with neighbourhoods. The kidney modeling approach for the pressure dynamics is complex in mathematical and simulation models for paired and impaired nephrons. CA rules have been developed for multi nephron kidney model from individual nephron CA rules using cumulative algorithm based on additive cellular automata and modular arithmetic. The global emergent properties obtained from CA rules depict the pressure dynamics of the multi-scaled nephron network mode up to ten lakh nephrons, clearly illustrating the nephron’s behaviour that has been captured from the experimental analysis. Regular oscillation as normotensive behaviour and irregular oscillations as hypertensive behaviour have been observed in 30000 and 1000000 nephron network models for different cases. The chaotic oscillations have been observed in the 30000-nephron kidney which leads to chronic kidney disease. Studying the causes and effects of renal diseases due to impairment of nephrons using CA kidney models leads to improvement in the early diagnosis and treatment.

Despite decades of significant research, task-based functional MRI cannot reliably predict individual differences in cognition. Furthermore, searching for methods with greater predictability alone is insufficient. We need to clarify how these techniques use brain input to create predictions in order to comprehend the links between cognition and the brain. In this study, we have applied the Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) framework to decode cognition from fMRI data and find the significant instants of the voxel time course. We compared the ability of three predictive models to decode cognitive states. The predictive IML models considered in the current study include an explainable boosting machine (EBM), a decision tree (DT) classifier, and linear regression (LR). Furthermore, the classification accuracy of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) classifiers is reported for cognitive state classification. The standard Star plus fMRI dataset with two cognitive tasks has been used in this study. Initially, a few voxels are selected using a clustering-based maximum margin feature engineering framework. Then, the IML models are built with selected voxels from fMRI data. The classification accuracy of 80%, 82%, 80%, 93.7%, and 82% is achieved using EBM, DT, LR, SVM, and GNB classifiers, respectively. Moreover, the IML classifiers EBM, LDT, and LR can identify the significant instants of voxels.

Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of food poisoning in some countries. Salmonella species are the most prevalent causes of foodborne illness in humans and animals. S. enterica virulence genes were identified using PCR on 400 animal and human samples with specified primers. 6.25% percent of samples were examined by bacteriology and 16S rRNA. 12 (6%) animal and 13 (6.5%) human samples had S.enterica. All of isolates had invasive gene invA, Salmonella enterotoxin gene stn, and plasmid-encoded fimbriae pefA. Based on the results, the invA and stn virulence genes are stable in S. enterica cause diarrhea, and could be used on their own as a gene marker to quickly find virulent strains of S. enterica, while the pefA gene was only found in isolates from a few known sources. Testing for virulence genes with PCR revealed that the invA and stn genes are crucial for the serovars of S. enterica to be virulent in the host, demonstrating how harmful it is to feed these zoonotic organisms to people. S. enterica isolates appeared to be easily discovered using PCR assays that included the invA and stn virulence genes. In PCR tests, using the invA, pef, and stn virulence genes appears to be a quick, accurate, and precise way to distinguish S. enterica isolates.

A series of alkynes Mannich bases containing Imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine ring was synthesized from reacting Mannich bases with propargyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate as well as two compounds were evaluated as anti-breast cancer agents using 3-(dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay and other compounds were examined their binding affinities by molecular docking studies. The best molecular docked complex between the Breast cancer gene1 (BRCA1) structure and the 11 derivatives were analyzed based on the Glide docked score and binding orientation for both the standard precision (SP) and the extra precision (XP) mode. The 2D-QSAR analysis reflected a significant correlation between the experimental and the predicted biological activities. The above mentioned compounds were also assessed by various spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR ,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.

Myrtle plant was washed, dried, and powdered after harvesting to produce a fine powder used in water treatment. An alcoholic extract was created from the myrtle plant using ethanol, which was then analyzed using GC-Mass, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to identify the active components. Zinc nanoparticles were created using alcoholic extract. FT-IR, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, and TEM were used to characterize zinc nanoparticles. Using a continuous processing procedure, zinc nanoparticles with myrtle extract and powder were employed to clean polluted water containing pesticides and antibiotic. First, 2 g of zinc nanoparticles was mixed with 20 ml of polluted water and the result was (Tetra 44%, Levo 32%), after that used 4 g (Tetra 100%, Levo 100%). Next, myrtle plant was used to treat water (Tetro 100%, Levo 100%). As compared myrtle powder with zinc nanoparticle, it was found that myrtle plant was preferred in water treatment.

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019, several problems in the world of health have been focused on handling the COVID-19 disease. Hence, it does not spread further out in the world and does not cause severe consequences. As is known, sufferers of the disease are due to the SAR COV-2 virus which infects many patients due to COVID-19. This study aims to depict the incidence rate (IR), Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia, and its comparison of the number of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic.  As many as 452535 DHF cases from 2021 to 2022 were further analysed in this study. The data were analysed using univariate and bivariate analysis. The T-test was used to compare the number of cases in 2021 and 2022. The number of cities in Indonesia reported the DHF reached the highest during the COVID-19 pandemic and spread in 481 urban districts in 2019. The IR in Indonesia in 2021 was considerably higher than in 2022 in the same month. However, this was slightly in contrast to the CFR value in 2022 which has a higher value in 2022 compared with 2021 in the same month. There was a significant comparison between the number of DHF cases in 2021 and 2022 with a p-value <0.05. Several measures can be taken to mitigate the increase in the incidence rate of DHF during the COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter.

Serotonin plays a significant neuro-modulatory role in olfactory neurons and taste receptor cells. This study was conducted to examine and comparison between serum levels of serotonin in active Iraqi COVID-19 patients (with or without anosmia and ageusia) and healthy individuals. Also, the correlation between serotonin serum levels and hyperglycemia in each of the study groups was evaluated and compare it with control group. The participants were divided into three groups: 30 active COVID-19-infected patients who had anosmia and ageusia (Group 1), 30 patients who were infected and had no anosmia and ageusia (Group 2), and 30 healthy subjects who served as controls (Group 3). All the samples were thawed and used to evaluate the levels of serum serotonin. Likewise, a colorimetric approach was employed to measure the levels of serum FBG and the (SPSS, version 25) was used to analyze the data, it was observed that the mean amounts of serum serotonin were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3, while mean, the average serum levels of glucose were significantly higher in group 1 (p < 0.0001), as compared with groups 2 and 3. Serotonin levels was decreased in patients who had COVID-19 infections along with anosmia and ageusia, which helps with the prediction of anosmia and ageusia associated with the other diseases. In addition, there is an inverse relation between blood glucose level and serotonin.

Poor oral health may relate to critical conditions in patients with stage renal failure, as aging and medications are the common concurrent cause, besides a state of biochemical, hematological, and immune deficiencies that elevate the risk for systemic consequences leading to the oral pathogen. Twenty-one male patients and nineteen females were enrolled in this research. The age intervals ranged from 22 to 66 years old.   All patients were admitted to the Al-Karama teaching hospital/ Al- Hayate center in Bagdad/Iraq. All patients were subjected to oral clinical and lab analysis; The percentage distribution of oral manifestation in males was 3 % for burning sensation, 46 % for attrition, 20 % for abrasion, and 31 % for gingivitis. The females’ percentage distribution was 1 % burning sensation. 45% attrition, 14 % abrasion and 30 % gingivitis.   The male percentage of oral manifestations distribution were more observed in males than female, except burning sensation and attrition were more observed in females. Oral manifestations are mostly related to abnormal calcium, potassium, Aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, and hematological disorders related to end-stage renal failure patients.

Vitamin D deficiency is widespread and a major global health problem. Dental caries is associated with vitamin D deficiency and its pathophysiologic processes. This research aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on dental caries experience concerning selected physicochemical characteristics (pH, flow rate, calcium ion, and phosphorus ion). A case-control study was carried out. The sample comprised 80 females; the study group involved 40 females with a serum vitamin D concentration of less than 10 ng/ml. In addition to the control group involving 40 females who matched the case in number and age but serum vitamin D concentration 30 ng/mol or more, their age range was 20-30 years old. Data from the current study showed that the mean values of the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surface index and its components (Decayed Surface, Missing Surface) were higher in the study group than those in the control one, highly significant for Decayed Surface. The salivary pH and flow rate were less in the study group than those in the control with statistically significant differences. Both salivary calcium and phosphorous were lower in the study group than in the control with significant differences for phosphorus ions and highly significant for calcium ions. The results of the current study revealed that vitamin D deficiency has a significant effect on dental caries experience in addition to changes in salivary level to selected physicochemical characteristics (pH, flow rate, calcium ion, and phosphorus ion). There is a need for adequate awareness regarding oral hygiene; specifically, the effective preventive measures could help reduce the effect of vitamin D deficiency on oral health.

Rourea minor is a medicinal plant with anti-diabetic properties, and it can be found in South and North Asian countries. The study design involves the preparation of an ethanol Rourea minor stem extract; investigation of its oral glucose tolerance test, body weight, blood glucose, hematological, lipid profile, liver and kidney parameters, enzymatic oxidative parameters, and histopathology of the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg b.w) was given intraperitoneally in a single dose and was used to cause diabetes in male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of Rourea minor stems ethanol extract, and standard Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w/day) for a period of 21 days. Oral administration of Rourea minor stems ethanol extract did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. Rourea minor stems ethanol extract treated diabetic rats significantly (P<0.0001) reduced elevated blood glucose, glycolated heamoglobin, creatinine, urea, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and malondialdehyde levels when compared with diabetic control rats. The body weight, protein, albumin, hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly (P<0.0001) increased in diabetic rats treated with Rourea minor stems ethanol extract, as compared with diabetic control rats. The present study results confirm that Rourea minor stems ethanol extract possesses significant anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities in diabetic conditions.

A molar pregnancy is the result of an abnormally fertilized egg or placental tissue expansion. The goal of this research was to investigate the potential linkage between some biochemical tests, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress, and fatty acid compositions in patients with a molar pregnancy compared with healthy pregnancy subjects. An observational case-control study was conducted in Mosul, Iraq. In this study, 141 women participated, and they were split into three group: 45 patients with molar pregnancy, 47 women with healthy pregnancy, and 49 healthy control women. Antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hCG, ALP, trace elements, and fatty acid compositions were all investigated. The results revealed that MAD and hCG levels were increased in molar pregnancy compared with healthy pregnancy, while paraoxonase and GSH levels were decrease in molar pregnancy women than in healthy pregnant women. Likewise, the results showed that the increase of saturated fatty acids in molar pregnancy women was greater than in healthy pregnancy. This study found a significant rise in oxidative stress and poor monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid status in molar pregnancy as well as increased saturated fatty acids.

The expression "micro-elements" refers to the fundamental particles existed in biological material in very small amounts. The chronic deficiency of essential microelements in the body leads to the development of pathological problems and morphological changes as a result of a defect in the cellular metabolism process. The aim of the work is to assess the levels and correlations of bio-elements and their coefficients in pre-obese patients. Biomaterial hair samples were taken to characterize the formation of bio-element imbalances among young groups of (100) patients over (18) years old with BMI = (18-24.9) and BMI = (25-29.9). For the first time, the feasibility of using the X-ray fluorescence analysis to monitor the balance of macro-and microelements in the body was demonstrated. In the overweight group of males and females, the values of calcium/potassium coefficient and zinc/copper coefficient are higher than the normal values, as well as an imbalance in the binding of bio-elements with each other and their levels compared with the normal group which leads to a violation of the cellular metabolism process. Bio-elements should not be considered separately since their interaction together produces a biological effect of a new quality. The calcium/potassium ratio can be taken as an indicator of weight gain. The discovered imbalance of macro-and microelements in young patients living in Grodno, Belarus in terms of calcium, zinc, iron, copper, and potassium will allow for the early nutritional correction.

Honey is one of the most products has been used as an antimicrobial agent since the ancient times, nicotine is an important cause of dental caries and oral diseases, the purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of honey and nicotine on the growth, acid production and biofilm formation of salivary mutans streptococci (M.S.). Saliva samples from dentistry students were used to isolate M.S. In this investigation (age range between 21-23 years old). The morphological characteristics and biochemical tests were used to isolate, purify, and identify these microorganisms. The diameter of inhibition zone of honey and nicotine was determined by agar diffusion method and the pH measured by pH meter. Results from an agar diffusion experiment showed that both honey and nicotine inhibited the growth of Mutans streptococci, with the diameter of the inhibition zone growing larger with increasing concentrations of both substances. However, the nicotine effect was significantly weaker than that of honey. Honey had a bactericidal concentration of 90%, whereas nicotine's was 45 mg/ml. Likewise, the honey and nicotine was high significant inhibit (P<0.01) the growth of M.S in vitro. Furthermore, the nicotine have a negative effect on honey activity on inhibition the acid product. In our study, we concluded that honey have indicated strong effects in inhibit M.S acid production. On the other hand, nicotine increased acidity and metabolic activity of M.S in the presence of honey. Therefore, smokers with a high consumption of nicotine should consider to the honey to minimize their chance of developing dental caries by reducing acid production from M.S streptococci.

The enzymes extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) can hydrolyze oxyimino-cephalosporins. The abuse of new antibiotics leads to the emergence of new types of β-lactamases enzymes; because of the emergence of these reasons, this research aims to investigate Klebsiella pneumoniae-producing ESBLs in patients with urinary tract infection and determine the antibiogram pattern furthermore detect the frequency of mutations in the ctx-m gene. Fifty bacterial isolates of K. pneumoniae were isolated and identified phenotypically and chemically from patients with UTI. All isolates were subjected to an antibiogram using the disc diffusion method. MIC for cefotaxime antibiotic was carried out by microdilution method to all resistant isolates to cefotaxime disc; furthermore, screening of ctx-m gene was carried out by conventional PCR. Sequencing of the ctx-m gene and its mutations was done by the dideoxynucleotide sanger method and BioEdit software, respectively. Fifty bacterial isolates confirm K. pneumoniae; these isolates appeared antibiogram diversity to seventeen antibiotics ranging from high resistance to Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefepime, and doxycycline while moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Cefotaxime. Furthermore, there is low resistance toward Tobramycin, gentamicin, Amikacin, Meropenem, Imipenem and no resistance toward Ertapenem. The MIC of most resistant isolates is more than 256μg/ml of cefotaxime. The PCR detection revealed that twelve of twenty-three isolates harbored the ctx-m gene, while the results of sequencing showed that many mutations occurred. Belong to a high incidence of infection with bacteria K. pneumoniae producing ESBL in the studied population, molecular studies in the field of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria become emerging to eradicate and prevent the spread of resistance strains.

As men age, a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or enlargement of the prostate gland, becomes more prevalent. The technique of transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) involves splitting the bladder outlet to relieve inferior urinary tract symptoms related to BPH with no need to remove tissues. Likewise, the surgery to remove portions of the prostate gland through the penis is known as a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). No cuts are required. By inserting a tool via the urethra and into the penis, the surgeon can access the prostate. The primary objective of the current study is to assess and compare the results of each procedure in a case reference study using a sample of Iraqi patients who had surgery to treat BPH. A total of 78 males with symptomatic BPH participated in this study, 31 of whom underwent TUIP, and the rest got TURP. The main outcomes to be evaluated were the periods of operation, hospital admission, catheterization, the international prostate symptom score (IPSS), the Q max, the post-voiding residual volume, and the ejaculation preservation. The mean durations of operation, hospital stay, and catheterization was significantly shorter in TUIP patients in comparison with TURP patients (P<0.05). The frequency of patients with preserved ejaculation was significantly more in TUIP patients compared with TURP patients (64.5 % vs. 37.0%) (P<0.018). TUIP was significantly better compared with TURP concerning the shorter durations of operation, hospital stays, catheterization, and preservation of ejaculation in optimally selected patients.

Heart failure in children causes substantial morbidity and mortality, so we need an inotropic agent like levosimendan that improves the hemodynamics and relief of symptoms without adverse effects on survival. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of levosimendan vs. dobutamine in children with heart failure. Fifty patients with heart failure caused on by dilated cardiomyopathy, severe critical aortic stenosis, or coarctation of aorta (COA), as well as those who experienced heart failure after cardiac surgery were considered for this study. Patients received either levosimendan or dobutamine infusion for 4-5 days, after they were split into two equal groups. After three months of treatment, the effectiveness of the treatment is evaluated based on changes in the patients' left ventricular (LV) function, heart rate, blood pressure, pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, degree of mitral valve regurgitation, and need for re-hospitalization. The ejection fraction, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure improved in the patients who received the levosimendan and more in those with congenital heart disease of those post-cardiac surgery heart failure. The pulmonary artery pressure and degree of mitral valve regurgitation decreased significantly when levosimendan was used (from 50.92 to 30.38 mmHg and from 80% to 24%, respectively). The period of follow-up for patients of both treatments extended for three months, 15 patients needed another admission in patients on dobutamine infusion, and only 2 patients using levosimendan infusion had needed another admission, no patients developed arrhythmia from those on levosimendan but 6 patients developed arrhythmia in dobutamine group. It was concluded that Levosimendan is an effective drug in improving the survival of children with heart failure, delaying need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), cardiac transplantation, and decreasing the hospitalization.

This study aimed to synthesize new ferulic acid derivatives through preparing new compounds containing a heterocyclic group that are expected to be biologically effective for diagnosis and studying pharmacological efficacy through these groups. These new compounds are primarily screened (in vitro) for their cytotoxic activity against human lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell line, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectra. Pharm kinetic study by Swiss ADME suite was examined, utilizing molecular docking software (GOLD suite v. 5.7.1), the selectivity for EGFR and ER-receptors, cytotoxicity evaluation tested compounds in vitro IC50 showed compounds (4a and 4b) are more active anticancer (478.32 and 561.12 µg/mL), respectively than reference erlotinib (582.73), while the compounds 4a, 4b, and 4c, respectively is the more active anticancer than standard tamoxifen (392.3 µg/mL).

Congenital kidney and urinary tract abnormalities are considered among common congenital anomalies in people, resulting in loss of renal function and progression to the kidney disease terminal stage. The aim of this study was to determinate the frequency of the urinary tract congenital anomalies among Kosovo people and the variability in Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using renal scintigraphy. In a prospective study, spanning a one-year period, September 2018 to September 2019, we examined a group of 509 patients referred for renal scintigraphy in the Department of Nuclear Medicine at the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo. Dynamic renal scintigraphy with 99mTc DTPA was performed in all referred patients, while the static scintigraphy with 99mTc DMSA only in patients with kidney congenital anomalies and lower urinary tract. Among 509 patients, 228 (44.8%) were found to have congenital urinary tract anomalies. The most frequent congenital anomaly was renal hypoplasia (71 cases) followed by ureter-pelvic junction stenosis (45 cases). The elevated urea and creatinine values were found in 18 (7.9%) patients with the congenital urinary tract anomalies. The decreased GFR determined using DTPA scintigraphy was found in 99 (43.42 %) patients, despite the fact urea and creatinine values in 81 patients were normal. Our study found that patients with congenital renal and urinary tract abnormalities are at high risk for compromised glomerular renal function, particularity in those with horseshoe-shaped kidney, renal hypoplasia, and unilateral renal agenesis.