International Journal of Applied Arts Studies
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Feb-Mar 2023

After the glorious Islamic revolution, there were unique and diverse discourses to solve existing problems and shortcomings, and each of these discourses have manifested themselves in collective housing in these periods. This research uses a combined method to achieve this How those discourses have appeared in collective housing in each government and to what extent each of them had a contribution in the field of collective housing by using nest by nest method by examining the views of collective housing designers (etic) and by interviewing and extracting indicators and the views of users. The spatial (emic) has been done with a questionnaire. This research has a qualitative and quantitative approach and for the interview and the output of the cascade software from the Atlasti software and the quantitative software used in this research is NCSS, in which factor analysis is done in the Varimax method. The results show that in the physical dimensions of the national housing variable with a value of (0.974), the highest influence is related to the assignment of land in less developed areas with a value of (0.974) and in the spatial dimension, the increase of interactive space with a value of (945.0) 0) and the lowest standard revival is necessary to minimize the construction time (0.561). In the social dimension, studies on failed collective housing (0.814) have the most impact and the standardization of collective housing (414) has the least impact. In the economic dimensions, the highest growth in liquidity and the increase in the ratio of materials (0.811) and the least support for the housing of the former (0.325), in the cultural dimension, the presence of unpleasant odors in the open space (0.223), the least and the most related to the training of the workforce Maher is (0.691). In service-climate, the use of contextual architecture (0.491) and attention to the basics of sustainability in design and implementation (0.161) are the most and the least.

Bridges were built in historical periods to cross floods and rivers and created value after construction. They often had remarkable beauty in terms of proportion and design. They displayed power and kindness, they also kept the functions of tourism and spending time as part of the urban space that accommodated urban life. This study was conducted to extract and categorize the architectural values effective on the shaping of historical bridges and screening them based on fuzzy Delphi, the research method is survey type and based on component screening. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey method. For this purpose, through document analysis and library studies of articles and books, the hidden architectural values effective in shaping the historical bridges of Zayandeh River were extracted, and then a questionnaire was compiled to examine the contribution of each component from the point of view of spatial users and screening among the spatial users of historical Zayandeh river bridges. Questionnaires with a Likert scale are designed and provided to the group of space users. The fuzzy Delphi technique and MATLAB software were used. The Delphi method consists of three steps: Fuzzification, Inference, and De-fuzzification. The results indicate that the color component from the physical dimension has a membership rate of 0.37 and the final class L has the lowest value and meaningful shapes with a value of 0.81 and the VH class has the highest membership degree in the cultural dimension of the component of avoiding futility with a value of 0.87 and the L class related to substance and meaning and the component containing traditions with values of 0.46 and 0.51 and class H related to self-sufficiency with a value of 0.7 and class VH related to flexibility dimension, the sense of place component with a membership value of 0.89 and M class and the medium membership degree is related to spatial elements with a value of 0.56. In the inferential analysis of correlation, it is determined that the spatial dimension can have the greatest impact on other dimensions and also the lowest component is related to this dimension. Paying attention to multiple functions in selected bridges leads to supporting various activities.

Residential houses are one of the most important types of Iranian architecture. The history of Iran's architecture shows that traditional houses in various periods almost kept their structural system in the field of their body and mainly stylistic developments were specific to the hidden concepts in their structural field. Looking at the contemporary architecture, it can be seen that the buildings of the Qajar period, while following the past practices, influenced by the western architecture, are subject to changes in the physical structure that have led to the construction of buildings with an eclectic identity. In this regard, the present research, with the aim of extracting the components of the physical structure, tries to investigate the influence of the residential buildings of that period on the principles and concepts of Western architecture. In this article, a mixed qualitative and quantitative research method has been used. First, the components of the physical structure are extracted from the theoretical foundations, and then interviews are conducted to verify the selected samples. After that, quantitative areas will be used to check the effectiveness. It is worth mentioning that interviews are used to collect information in the qualitative stage and questionnaires are used in the quantitative stage. The software used in the quantitative part is JMP and in the qualitative part ATLASTI. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the components of western architecture and the physical structure of Qajar period houses at the level of 0.01. In this regard, first the break from the past and confinement with the value of correlation (0.952), then the break from the past and fit with the value (0.932) in the second place and the confinement and the use of rotating and diagonal statue forms with the value (0.925). In the third place, they have the highest correlation between physical structures and western architectural components. The lowest correlation is between severe criticism of objects and imitative and structural schools with a value of (0.112).

Nowadays, paying attention to various dimensions of sustainable development and quality of life has led to efforts to achieve social sustainability in urban spaces for increasing livability and social interactions. In this field, the event space is known as an effective tool to create a lively, experiential, creative, livable, andsustainable urban space. This research aimed to evaluate the sustainability and livability of Valiasr Ave. To this end, the potential spaces were initially identified to create event space by three techniques of the questionnaire, field observation, and space syntax. Afterward, the alternatives were suggested for these spaces, by the platform technique. Based on the results obtained from the questionnaire, a large percentage of people tend to stroll and walk (p< 0.05) on Valiasr Ave.; while the results of field observation indicated that this street possesses a commercial-service nature. The results of the space syntax technique also demonstrated that this street has the ability to gather people. The superposition of these 3 techniques led to the determination of forgotten places and the potential spaces to design the places with events of life-giving and consequently increase the sustainability and livability of this street.

Construction industry is one of the wide, decentralized and highly aboriginal industries in any country, therefore this industry considered as an indicator for growth and development or economic recession in many countries. This industry is currently suffering from many inefficiencies. One of the main reasons for this problem is the lack of growth in the technical field. The use of traditional methods is known as one of the main factors inhibiting productivity in the construction industry in Iran, because most of the traditional methods and their nature led to time delay and waste of resources. In addition, on account of increasing complexity of projects, there is a fundamental need to use more integrated, compatible and cost-effective approaches and technologies for the entire project life cycle. Today, one of the most thriving and flourishing technologies in AEC industry is Building Information Modeling (BIM). Despite the many advantages mentioned about the new BIM system, there are also some challenges and problems associated with it, which in some cases they can be very serious and bring great risks. In this research, with the intension of emphasizing and recognizing the barriers to BIM implementation, some challenges and obstacles of using this technique have been investigated. In order to identifying the barriers, questionnaires and interviews were used, and then the barriers were identified and ranked using the fuzzy Delphi technique. Among the sub-criteria, the lack of instructions for the use of BIM in related organizations, which is a sub-criterion of managerial and procedural barriers, ranked first.

Today's buildings are not built with special plans and rules, but based on limited criteria that can be implemented in almost all regions. In these buildings, the idea of ecological design has been neglected, which will gradually create complex problems in the environment. Considering that multi-purpose buildings as a functional development stimulus project affects all aspects of a neighborhood or district, this research, taking into account the basic concepts in ecological architecture, tries to extract and verify the components of ecological design in the functional buildings of the city. Mashhad especially has the Shandiz collection. It is of a nested application and hybrid type that the data collection tool is designed in a qualitative approach and verified and measured in a quantitative approach. Descriptive statistics are used in the qualitative part and inferential statistics are used in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, ATLASTI software was used to extract the components from interviews with experts, and in the quantitative part, to examine and analyze the components of ecosystem architecture from the perspective of space users (visitors) from inferential statistics. And JMP software was used. In the next step, correlation is taken between the results obtained from two perspectives. The results of inferential statistics and descriptive statistics were different from each other, and in order to apply the results, inferential statistics should be used. In general, the average correlation coefficient between experts' responses has a higher correlation than that of space users, which points to the lack of knowledge of users regarding ecological design components. Also, the results of the research show from the point of view of designers and experts, the components with the greatest contribution are Functional independence of the plan and design from details to patterns with a value of (1.000) and the least related to paying attention to the values of the site in design is with a value of (0.211). From the point of view of Space users, the components with the greatest contribution Equality of human rights and nature and attention to the context of the site with a value of (1.000) and the least related Functional independence of the plan is with a value of (0.331).