Journal of Nanoanalysis
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Dec 2018

This review focuses on the extensive study of different layered double hydroxides (LDHs)nanostructures and also their biological and physicochemical (in vitro) properties to encapsulateand deliver drugs with a recognized pharmacokinetic profile in a sustained/modified manner forbetter remedial efficacy contrasted to the corresponding conventional treatments using differentdrugs. LDHs known as hydrotalcite like compounds possess positive charges due to isomorphicsubstitutions, which are counterbalanced by hydrated exchangeable anions located in the interlayerregion. Some of the active ingredient molecules can be intercalated into the inner region of the LDHsthrough ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding or van der Waals interaction to form nanohybrids, whichare more potent for their protection and controlled‐release. In addition, this composite materialexhibits a selective release toward cancer cells and good biocompatibility with normal cells, whichwould guarantee its practical applications in cancer therapy.

Diopside (DS) is a monoclinic pyroxene mineral with composition MgCaSi2O6. Lately,diopside (DS) has beenintroduced as a bioceramics due to its best bioactivity and biocompatibility. It has a good strength andtoughness than those of hydroxyapatite (HT). In this project, bioactivity of diopside (DS) powder wereevaluated and investigated. For synthesized of diopside (DS) powder, magnesium (Mg), calcite (CaCO3)and nano silicium (SiO2) powders was mechanically activate for different times. After that, the preparedpowders were blended with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and put on various temperatures. In this part, forsurvey of bioactivity evaluation, the obtained dioside (DS) powders were pressed and immersed in Kukobosolution (SBF)The results indicated that nano-struacture diopside powder with crystalline size is 40 nm.The apatite formation ability, bioactivity and better mechanical behavior make it a good candidate in boneimplant materials and open new insights in biomedicalapplications.

Today, despite the increasing demands for the products of chemical industries and the relatedfactories, the challenges of environmental pollution have not been improved and it is approaching avery dangerous stage. In this regard, the role of dyeing industries in contaminating the environment isundeniable. In this research, ZnO and ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation andsol-gel methods, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD and FE-SEMtechniques and their band gap energy were determined using the UV-Vis spectrum obtained from thesuspension of nanoparticles. By using synthesized nanoparticles, degradation of malachite green underirradiation of the UV (A) -Visible mixture light from aqueous solution were evaluated and the effect ofdifferent parameters such as amount of photo catalyst, time of light irradiation and dose of H2O2hasbeen studied. The destruction amount was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy method. Based on thereported results, the maximum degradation efficiency of about 99% was obtained in the optimal valuesof experimental conditions.

There is a growing interest in the development of new methods for extraction of REEs from nuclear wastes.In this study, we fabricated a novel material composed of 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxilic acid (PDA)functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4/GO) for extraction of Sm(III) from aqueous solutions. Ourinterest in selection of carboxyl-containing ligand was due to its good coordination characteristic with Sm(III) which can be used to design a new sorbent. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the calibrationgraph for Sm (III) was linear in a concentration range of 6.2-784.5 μg L-1 with a correlation coefficient of0.9900. A detection limit of 1.4 μg L−1 with an enrichment factor of 125 was obtained. Precisions, expressedas relative standard deviation for single-sorbent repeatability and sorbent-to-sorbent reproducibility,were 5.9% and 8.7% (n =5), respectively. Finally, spiked sea and river waters were analyzed to evaluate theperformance of the proposed method. The high recoveries (>%97) indicate that the suggested protocol isacceptable for determination of Sm (III) ions in the water samples.

First, crystalline NiFe2O4 powder was synthesized on a nanoscale dimension by a simple one-step coprecipitationchemical route, and then used to produce activated carbon/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite. Thestructure and morphology of the as-prepared composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD)pattern, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.Eventually, the as-prepared composite was used for exclusion of heavy cations from wastewater indifferent conditions. A significant absorption capacity (250 mg g-1) showed that this nanocomposite couldbe useful for the removal of heavy cations from wastewater.

The first principles were calculated to study the adsorption behaviors of caffeine molecules on the pristineand N-doped TiO2 anatase nanoparticles. Both oxygen and nitrogen in the caffeine molecule can reactstrongly with TiO2 nanoparticle. Thus, the binding sites were located on the oxygen or nitrogen atom ofthe caffeine, while the binding site of the TiO2 nanoparticle occurs on the fivefold coordinated titaniumatoms. Counting van der Waals (vdW) interactions showed that adsorption on the N-doped TiO2 is morefavorable in energy than the adsorption on the undoped one that indicates the high sensitivity of N-dopedTiO2 nanoparticles towards caffeine molecules. This condition refers to a dominant effect of nitrogendoping on the adsorption properties of pristine TiO2. The existence of large overlaps in the PDOS spectraof the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the caffeine and titanium atom of TiO2 represent forming Ti-O andTi-N bonds between them. The results of molecular orbital calculation demonstrate that the HOMOsare strongly localized on the caffeine. Charge analysis based on Mulliken charges reveals a considerablecharge transfer from the caffeine to the TiO2 nanoparticle.

In this study, we were synthesized Fe3O4@LDH@Lamivudine and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,XRD and TEM. The interaction of this nanoparticle with CT-DNA was investigated by viscosity, circulardichroism (CD), Uv-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Among all nanocarriers which applied as drugdelivery vectors, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with exchangeable anions in the positive brucitelikeinterlayers have been attracting much attentions in the field of cellular delivery of anionic drug andother bio-functional molecules, due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, high stability, pH dependentsolubility and enhanced cellular uptake behavior compared with the conventional drug carriers. UVVisibleabsorption studies indicated hyperchromism with the binding constant of 4.9×103 M-1. In thefluorimetric investigation, this nanocomposite can bind to DNA and creates a new non-fluorescenceadduct. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔHand nanocomposite is hydrogen bond and Vander-Waals force. The process of binding was spontaneous,in which Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) was negative. Furthermore, viscosity measurements did not showany changes by increasing the amount of the mentioned nanocomposite. In Circular dichroism, bothpositive and negative bands illustrate little changes, which imply a non-intercalative mode of binding. Theexperimental results demonstrated that Fe3O4@LDH@Lamivudine interact with DNA by groove bindingmode. As an evidenced, increasing the fluorescence intensity of Hoechst–DNA solutions in the presence ofdifferent amounts of Fe3O4@LDH@Lamivudine nanoparticles are able to displace the Hoechst molecules,which was grooved into DNA completely as to indicate groove binding mode.

Caffeine loaded magnetic nanoparticle was successfully synthesized and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The resulting nanocomposite is shown to be an efficient catalyst in Knoevenagel condensation of various aldehydes under ultrasound irradiation.