Journal of Radar and Optical Remote Sensing
Volume:5 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

One of the processes that can examine the changes of the city for a period of several years and as a result predict the directions of urban growth and development in order to implement appropriate planning is urban development modeling. Therefore, urban designers and planners need spatial and temporal information related to urban growth patterns obtained through modeling. To discover and evaluate changes and urban development, multi-time remote sensing data can play an essential role due to the cheapness and speed of obtaining data from it, and geographic information system due to its analytical capabilities. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the size of the studied area as well as the required spatial resolution is important in choosing the type of satellite. The purpose of this research is to investigate the urban development situation in the 22nd district of Tehran, which has not been researched in this field using satellite data. In this research, we have analyzed the data of Landsat satellite in 2003 and Landsat 2018 in a period of 16 years. The studied area is the 22nd district of Tehran Municipality and due to the expansion of urbanization in this area, the relevant results showed that the development of urbanization in the 22nd district is increasing significantly and this trend is increasing towards the west of Tehran. In these 16 years, there has been the biggest change in the land use of barren land, which has become an urban area.

The northwest zone of Saveh city is located in the Indes , Kooshk e Nosrat, Avaj and Ipak fault zones. Indes, Kooshk e Nosrat, Avaj and Ipak faults are considered as the major faults in central Iran, which are also active in the Quaternary and the their last movements are attributed to the present time, therefore, the estimation of morphometry in order to identify the effect of active tectonics on the tectonic evolution of drainage basins seems necessary. Therefore, in this study, six important morphotectonic indices were analyzed including longitudinal gradient of the river, asymmetry of drainage basin, hypsometric integral, Drainage basin shape, the ratio of the floor width to the valley height and mountain front. In order to model the formation of basins in the studied area, Arc Hydro software (Arc GIS add ins) has been used based on data derived from a digital elevation model. Then, 6 morphotectonic indices have been compiled and classified on each of the basins. Finally the Active Tectonic Index (IAT) has been calculated, according to which the study area has been classified into 4 categories including very high, high, intermediate and low tectonic activity. According to the IAT index, 5% of the study area shows very high tectonic activity, 25% of the studied area has high tectonic activity, 65% of it has the average tectonic activity and about 5% of the tectonic activity are low. In this study, the highest level of tectonic activity can be seen in the north-eastern part of the area. In most sectors, the level of activity is high and intermediate, which is related to the activity of Kooshk-e-Nosrat, Aipak and Avaj faults.The northwest zone of Saveh city is located in the Indes , Kooshk e Nosrat, Avaj and Ipak fault zones. Indes, Kooshk e Nosrat, Avaj and Ipak faults are considered as the major faults in central Iran, which are also active in the Quaternary and the their last movements are attributed to the present time, therefore, the estimation of morphometry in order to identify the effect of active tectonics on the tectonic evolution of drainage basins seems necessary. Therefore, in this study, six important morphotectonic indices were analyzed including longitudinal gradient of the river, asymmetry of drainage basin, hypsometric integral, Drainage basin shape, the ratio of the floor width to the valley height and mountain front. In order to model the formation of basins in the studied area, Arc Hydro software (Arc GIS add ins) has been used based on data derived from a digital elevation model. Then, 6 morphotectonic indices have been compiled and classified on each of the basins. Finally the Active Tectonic Index (IAT) has been calculated, according to which the study area has been classified into 4 categories including very high, high, intermediate and low tectonic activity. According to the IAT index, 5% of the study area shows very high tectonic activity, 25% of the studied area has high tectonic activity, 65% of it has the average tectonic activity and about 5% of the tectonic activity are low. In this study, the highest level of tectonic activity can be seen in the north-eastern part of the area. In most sectors, the level of activity is high and intermediate, which is related to the activity of Kooshk-e-Nosrat, Aipak and Avaj faults.

The Badakhshan region in the northeast of Afghanistan has a complex geology that was created as a result of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian blocks. Using EMME seismographic catalogue data, with updates (years 2011-2021), from the website of Harvard University, International Seismic Research Centre (ISC) and USGS, a catalogue of earthquake epicentres. A device has been prepared. Then, according to the last earthquake of magnitude 7.2 in 2015, coefficients a and b have been calculated at the surface and depth. This value for b value is 1.0 in the northern half and a value is 7.9 in the southern half. The numerical increase of a and b in the central and southern half after the 2015 event has been quite evident. Earthquake prediction in the southern half of Badakhshan will increase in the future. According to the trend of earthquakes, the results indicate that contrary to the direction of the main fault in North Badakhshan (North-South), the highest frequency of earthquakes is 4≤ at a depth of 70-150 km, earthquakes are 5≤, and the depth of 150-300km from the earth and finally 6≤ at the depth of 300-700km in the east-west direction. This area is exactly where the Pamir Corridor plate subducts due to the pressure of the Indian plate in the west and southwest of Badakhshan. The tectonic situation of the region subducts to the south and southwest and causes compression and bending in the south of Badakhshan.

In this study, using linear multivariate regression, the relationship between different remote sensing indices (obtained from Landsat satellite images) and surface soil salinity in the study area in 2014 was determined. One of the notable points in the present study is that agricultural areas and rangelands are separated from each other and soil salinity classification has been done only for rangelands. It is inferred that in agricultural lands, soil salinity is a function of farm management, especially irrigation, and it is not possible to determine and model soil salinity without considering this important. Therefore, the soil salinity classification map in this study can be cited in rangeland areas. One of the most important issues that has led to a lack of significant relationship between satellite remote sensing indices and soil salinity of agricultural areas is the type of agricultural cover, which in the study area are mainly perennial pistachio trees. Soil salinity of pistachio orchards at the time of sampling, can not immediately affect the reflections made from the tree surface and computational indicators by these reflections, and this issue creates a significant relationship between soil salinity and remote sensing indicators

The phenomenon of subsidence as one of the geomorphic dangers has sustained a critical stage in some districts of the country in recent years. The frequent and sudden subsidence of the earth's surface is a phenomenon that happens under the effects of natural and artificial developments, gradual subsidence has a slow process and mainly takes place as the results of the extraction of liquids (water and oil) inside the earth. The continuation of subsidence in the long term can create irreparable damage to buildings, roads, bridges, pipelines and transmission lines. There are different methods, such as precise alignment, utilization of GPS (Global Positioning System) and remote sensing technology to monitor subsidence. The use of remote sensing technology in different earth sciences is very common because of the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images and its low cost in comparison to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of radar interferometry is to display and control the displacements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquakes, landslides, and subsidence. The district studied in this research is an oil field located in the south of Ilam province. To meet the purpose of the study, the ALOS Palsar satellite image was used in the period from 2007 to 2010, as well as the DEM of the area that was prepared earlier, to monitor the subsidence phenomenon. SARSCAPE software was used in ENVI 4.8 platform to process the images, and by creating an interferogram and performing filtering operations, the average amount of subsidence was assigned as 3.4 cm per year.

We studied the applicability of data from the ASTER sensor for mapping hydrothermal alteration areas and lithological units associated with Kiruna type mineralization in arid and semi-arid regions. The XIV iron oxide anomalies in the Bafq provience in Central Iran was selected for a case study. The XIV anomalies occur in a northwest–southeast-trending fault zone that is characterized by the presence of a narrow zone of alteration–mineralization. Mineralogical evidences of Kiruna mineralization is mapped by spectral processing techniques. The alteration minerals in the XIV anomalies (the related iron oxide deposit) have been successfully detected by applying ratio images, relative band depth method, false color composite, minimum noise fraction, least square fit, pixel purity index techniques on ASTER imageries. Phyllic, argillic, propylitic, silicic alteration zones and in addition to areas of secondary Fe-oxide formation can be distinguished. Results indicates that ASTER data is capable of delineating alteration footprints of an Kiruna mineral system in deposit scale exploration.