پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 71 (تابستان 1402)

Teymourtash had a fundamental role in transforming the authoritarian power circle of Qajar to Constitutional Monarchy and informing the parliament deputies of the Western states' games of power. He, along with Forooghi, Modarres Taghizade, Davar and other, was one of the lecturers and the leader of Eatedalyon (The Moderates) party in the second parliament (Majlis). He is known as a key figure in being an arbitrator in interaction with other countries and passing legislative resolutions such as establishment of Gendarmerie, opposition with The 1919 Treaty, immigration of parliament deputies from Qom to Kermanshah during 1919 occupation, granting the Northern oil exploitation right to the American company, The Mix Committee decisions, closure of the parliament on the issue of Schuster and also the period of "gap" and serving as the governor of Gilan ,Kerman and Baloochestan, ministry of justice, impartiality on the issue of republicanism, joining Reza Shah's cabinet, establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly) and ousting Qajar dynasty from power. This study, utilizing a desk research method, tries to find an answer to this question: What political roles had Moazezolmolk had from the time of being a parliament deputy to the establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly) and before serving as the Ministry of Court of Pahlavi? We also study his performance during socio-political changes of the period by investigating existing historical documents and sources.

Investigating the role of Arab tribes in the scientific and cultural events of the Islamic world is one of the important topics of Islamic history. In this research, the role of this tribe in historical events, political factions, intellectual and ideological currents, and cultural achievements of the Islamic society in the first two centuries of this Hijri has been studied, and the contexts, causes, and effects of this category have been analyzed. The Mazhaj tribe became Muslims during the lifetime of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and their tendency towards Islam was not unrelated to the cultural and religious records of this tribe on the verge of entering Islam, the internal developments of the Islamic society, and the influence of conquered areas. This tribe had different approaches to the important developments in the history of Islam due to having many clans, dispersion in the vast Islamic territory, and ethnic and local religious and political tendencies and prejudices. Due to the nature of this research, the research sources are library and documents, and the method used in that search is the study and analysis of data. Based on these authentic and authentic sources, it is necessary to use scientific research method to use modern research to achieve further analysis, and the way of expressing content is based on historical development and analysis.

Central Asia is one of the main centers of Sufism and Islamic mysticism. From the second century of Hijri to the eighth century of Hijri, teachings and tariqats such as "Hakimiya" attributed to Hakim al-Tirmidhi, "Kabaruyeh" attributed to Sheikh Najmuddin Kabra, "Khwajgan" attributed to Khwaja Abdul Khaliq Ghajdwani, "Yessowiyya" attributed to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi and "Naqshbandiyya" attributed to Khwaja Bahauddin nurtured Naqshbandiyya in his bosom and thereby contributed greatly to the growth and expansion of Islamic thought in the East of Islam.Khwaja Ahmad Yesavi is considered one of the prominent figures of Sufism and mysticism in the history of mystical teachings of Central Asia. He has a special position in the eyes of the lord of knowledge. Khwaja Ahmad founded a special school called "Yesuyeh" and this school was later welcomed in the entire region of Central Asia, from Turkestan to Trans-Nahr, from the Aq Idel Sea to Eastern Turkestan, Khorasan, Iran, and the Caucasus even to It spread to Rome.

One of the Kurdish tribes of Iran is the Chamshegzak tribe. This tribe lived in the areas of Diar Bakr and south of Arzanjan in the Ottoman Empire before the 11th century AH. Due to the Ottoman government's violent treatment of Shiites in eastern Anatolia, the Chamshgazak Shiite tribe migrated into Iran and settled in and around the Mahabad border region. Simultaneously with the formation of the Safavid Uzbek government, which came to power in Transoxiana, they repeated their attacks, depriving peace and security on the northeastern borders of Iran. Insecurity on the northeastern border of Iran was the main security problem of this government. One of the actions of the Safavid government was the migration of this tribe from northwestern Iran to the northeastern borders of the country. The tribe acted as a strong defensive wall to prevent Uzbek aggression and prevented them from invading central Iran. One of the main purposes of this article is to explain the reasons for the migration of this tribe to the northeastern border region of the country and the other purpose is to explain its defensive role against repeated Uzbek aggression. The study of the success factors of this tribe in achieving the above goals is the subject of this article, which is explained by descriptive-analytical method. Belief in the Shiite religion, racial courage and interest in the land and water of this land seem to have been the main factors in this success.

Mādayān ī Hazār Dādestān is only imperfect manuscript from the legal collection of the Sassanid period. In this book, in addition to legislators and legal commentators, Zoroastrian religious authorities such as Mowbedān, Hērbedān, Dastwarān and Radān have also appeared in the role of judges and issued rulings. This article was written with the reference to Mādayān's legal book and with the aim of knowing the position of Radān in the Sassanid era in a historical analytical way.The questions of the article are: According to the book, what were the duties of the Radān in the Sassanid era and what are their rulings? Research showed: These religious men have certain duties in the clerical system of the Sassanid period and as assistants of the king, they tried to elevate the religious government and the country. Radān have competent in recapturing ownership and property tax, purchase and exchange issues, and assessing the value of the fire temple property. Determining taxes and collecting those, and dealing with the government's revenue matters were entrusted to Radān.The auditor calculated and prepared the value and price of movable and immovable property, the entry and exit of assets into the royal treasury, the documents of assignment and embargo, etc. Rad should have reviewed and approved the auditor's report. Radān gained a special position during the Anushirvan period and their seal is given to authentic documents along with the Mowbedān seal, and their duties express their power and influence in religion and government.

Akbar Shah as the greatest Mughal king of India, in order to complete his policy of free thinking and religious tolerance in the multi-religious and multi-ethnic society of India, he ordered prominent works of Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and other religions in the fields of religious, historical and literary to be translated into Persian language. In this way, during his period, a translation movement was launched in which Iranians living in India played a prominent role, so that Iranian elites, translators and poets can be considered the main pioneers of this translation movement.The purpose of this article is to study the role of Iranian elites in the scientific-literary movement of Akbar Shah's era, and accordingly, the main question of the research is, in which fields and disciplines did Iranian elites play a role in the scientific-literary movement of Akbar Shah's era?The findings of the research show that the Iranians living in India were not only the promoters of science and literature in the period of Akbar and the subsequent Mughal rulers, but also greatly helped the growth, expansion and deepening of the Persian language in India. The research method in this article is the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information is the library method.

Historical Understanding of the Position of Women in the Timurid Court according to Clavijo's ItineraryAbstractItineraries are important sources of understanding one society’s political, social, economic, and cultural history. The evaluation of social relations in a society is one of the most important issues for itinerary writers; this, apart from gender bias, provides a clear picture of daily lives of women and their experiences that are neglected in most sources and texts. The itineraries from Timurid period provide important information about social history especially about women of harem.The purpose of this study is to assess social status of women of Timurid dynasty according to Clavijo itinerary. The preset study, thus, seeks to understand and visualize the social status, considerations, and conditions of women in the Timurid court. The main question of the present study is: how was the social status of women of Tmurid dynasty? This study is a descriptive-analytical one and the data are collected from library sources

The understanding of political legitimacy in Iran's political thought is based on justice, security and the order governing the universe, and regardless of the simple meaning of security, it has a deeper aspect in connection with the worldview and cosmic order believed by Iranians. dealing with justice and security in any era and describing the conduct of rulers is aimed at order and security, their political legitimacy. Examining the political legitimacy of Sassanid kings is also subject to the same rule. it seems that Yaqoubi, a historian who lived in the third century of Hijri and faced history with a more cultural approach, studied the history of the Sassanids from the same functionalist perspective and based the functions of the government system on the level of attention of its rulers to justice and security. has narrated Yaqoubi, as one of the first Muslim historians, while having a more critical attitude towards the existing reports about the history of the Sassanids and distinguishing between legend and history in the description of their history, in the light of his cultural attitude, relying on judging and confirming good or bad behavior Badroshi narrates the favorable or unfavorable performance of the Sassanid rulers in a way that reminds his audience of the importance of justice and the necessity of providing security. With the descriptive-analytical approach, this article examines the way this historian narrated their political-social behavior with the aim of explaining the political legitimacy of the Sassanid rulers from the Yaqoubi point of view.