نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1402)

The present research has been carried out with the aim of investigating and explaining the confrontations and conflicts of Hazara Shiites and Abdur Rahman Khan in Afghanistan. Abdul Rahman Khan's cultural, economical and political policies had caused serious dissatisfaction among the Hazaras; In such a way that the period of his rule can be considered as the most difficult period in the history of Shiites and Hazara people in Afghanistan. Dissatisfaction turned into an armed uprising in several stages, and it seems that these uprisings provided a sufficient excuse for the ethnic-religious cleansing of Hazara Shiites of Afghanistan at the disposal of Amir Abdul Rahman. The repression of Hazara Shiites was so widespread that it even caused the Qajar government and Shiite scholars to react in this period. The findings show that: the differences between the Hazaras and the central government are rooted in several factors: the religious difference between the Hazaras and the central government, the conflict of interests between Abdul Rahman Khan and the Hazara Mirs, the forced migration of some Hazaras and Another of the social and economical issues are the most important factors of confrontations and conflicts between Hazara Shiites and Amir Abdul Rahman Khan. The method in this research is historical-analytical and information collection is done by library method. Finally, based on the findings from the sources, inference, explanation and analysis have been made.

Professional ethics, by stating the moral duties and responsibilities of every profession, has a strategic role in the success and reduction of the hindering obstacles of an organization. In Islamic governments, the importance of professional ethics had led to the creation of new organizations. Hasbeh Institution has been one of the most prominent official organizations of governments to monitor the ethics and behavior of profession owners based on Sharia and customary laws. In the Abbasid era, this institution had a more coherent structure and broader tasks. Monitoring the ethical duties of those who have professions related to the field of nutrition is one of the most basic responsibilities of the trustees of this institution. The food industry has had many foundations and ethical components that can be extracted during the most important Hasbeh Writings of this era. This research tries to answer the question using a quantitative method, based on the most important censuses of the Abbasid era, what ethical components were considered in the food sector? The results of the research show that trustworthiness, responsibility and good morals are the most important ethical components of the owners of this trade.

After Sunnis, the Shiites of Pakistan constitute the largest population of this country. But from the cultural and social point of view, they have always been neglected by other religions. Despite the external attacks, there is no coherence in the internal circles to deal with them properly, and this has several factors; One of them is the existence of different thoughts and currents within the Shia religion and their differences with each other; They also have problems from the inside. Among them, not having a sufficient scientific and cultural base and center is a guide. The Shiites of this country do not have the same opinion regarding religious teachings; Rather, different readings can be seen among them, and the lack of a reading and opinion about religious teachings has caused the emergence of various religious currents. For this reason, they have suffered intellectual, ideological and behavioral deviations. The biggest deviation is in the areas of analysis and interpretation of the principles of beliefs, customs, and exaggeration in the expression of the virtues of Imam (a.s.). So far, four important currents have emerged among the Shiites of Pakistan. (History) and this issue has not been researched so far. (Background) How many religious-intellectual currents exist among the Shiites of Pakistan, and in which areas do they have differences and conflicts, and what are their intellectual foundations? It is an issue that should be investigated (question) Akhbaris, Sheikhis, Jamanshahis and reformists are present in this country and most of its disputes and conflicts is in the field of belief, customs and rituals of Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.) (hypothesis). This article tries to identify the currents of thought in Pakistan, explain the factors and areas of their conflicts and disputes, and identify the trend of alignment with the Ahl al-Bayt (A.S.). Target). To achieve this goal, it used descriptive and analytical method (method). According to Shia teachings, Akhbari and Jamanshahi currents have taken the path of deviation and the reformist current has chosen the way and method of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, but the reformation method of this current is also is a matter of reflection. (Found)

Following the conquests of the first caliphs and the introduction of Islam to the plateau of Iran, the footprints of all Islamic religions, including Shiism, can be seen throughout Iran, including Great Khorasan; But from the middle of the second century of Hijri onwards, Shiism gained a better position in Khorasan. The upcoming research aims to answer the question of how Shiism went to the eastern regions of Khorasan (especially the Hazarejat region) and spread there, and what was the contribution of each of the political, cultural and geographical components in this event? Distance from the center of the caliphate, dissatisfaction with the rulers, Sufi tendencies and the existence of numerous tombs provided the grounds for the emergence and expansion of Shiism throughout Greater Khorasan. In this article, the most important factors of the emergence and spread of Shiism and its long-term political, social and cultural effects in East Khorasan have been investigated. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical. One of the achievements of this research is to express the course of transformation and development of Shia Sufi beliefs in the Middle Ages and its transformation into Imami Shia beliefs until the threshold of the Safavid era.

Reference groups as the social capital of a society have a great role in the decline and growth of societies and the fall and strengthening of governments. On the other hand, it should be noted that governments typically seek to gain legitimacy and strengthen themselves by employing reference groups as their social capital, and this study seeks to explain the role of these groups and specifically the role of cultural elements in strengthening Umayyad rule. The result of this research is that the cultural elements of reference groups such as jurists, narrators and poets played a great role in strengthening the Umayyad rule, both in terms of legitimacy and political, spiritual and psychological strengthening. In terms of method, the data processing method in this research is descriptive-analytical and content analysis..

The simultaneous rule of Islamic-Iranian property ideas and the social traditions of the Turks in the political arena of Seljuk era Iran created a situation in which, along with the centralized government established by this dynasty, the Atabaki dynasties also gradually It was formed in the territory of the Seljuks. Atabkan Zangi of Mosul and Sham (521-619 AH) was one of the earliest of these dynasties, which was founded in 521 AH by Imad al-Din Zangi (521-541 AH) in the land of Jazeera and Sham. In such a political structure, it became necessary to establish relations between the central government and the Atabak dynasties that continued to live semi-independently under the supervision of the Seljuk sultans. During the 69-year period of concurrence between the Iraqi Seljuq government and Atabakan Zangi, relations between the parties were formed, which were mostly political in nature. The current research tries to investigate the factors influencing the formation of these relations and the way these factors affect the relations between the two governments by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. The findings show that factors such as the Abbasid caliphate, the Crusades, and the succession disputes of the Iraqi Seljuqs caused the formation of relations between the Iraqi Seljuks and Atabakan Zangi. These factors had caused the transformation in the relations between the two governments from the stage of divergence to convergence and vice versa.