نشریه پژوهش های جامعه شناسی معاصر
سال دوازدهم شماره 22 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Today, the phenomenon of democracy has become a global and widespread phenomenon, but despite this, a number of countries have not yet entered this Jirga, and some that have joined this phenomenon, do not have the same level of growth and prosperity of democracy. . Several factors are effective in the emergence, growth and prosperity of democracy and the attitude towards it. One of these influential factors is “collective identity”. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between collective identity and attitude towards democracy. In order to achieve this goal, Inglehart’s global survey data set was used during the years 2017-2020. The statistical population of this research is Western European countries (Germany, Sweden and Spain), Middle Eastern countries (Iran, Iraq and Egypt) and emerging Asian countries (Turkey, South Korea and Malaysia). The results of the research showed that the dominant type of collective identity affects the attitude and recognition of democracy. Also, the results of the research show a different attitude towards democracy among the three groups of the mentioned countries. According to these results, Western European countries have a higher score, followed by Middle Eastern countries and then emerging Asian countries. Also, the results of the research show that some of the index variables of democracy are in contradiction with the cultural and value structure of societies.

The purpose of the research has been investigating cultural-psychological factors related to the students’ attitude towards social transitions. The statistical population has been the secondary school students in Yasouj city in 1399-1400 that their total number was 8529 students, among them, based on Cochran’s sampling formula, 368 individuals were selected as the research sample. Cluster sampling proportional to volume was used for accessing the sample. Independent and dependent variables of the research, respectively, were gender, normative pressure, familial cultural capital and self- confidence; and preferring social transitions (entrance to the labor market, education and get marriage). Based on the research findings the two most important preferred social transitions of girls, boys and their parents were educational and entrance to labor market respectively. The correlation of the variables of family’s cultural capital and self- confidence with educational transition has been positive and significant; and their correlation with transition to marriage and entrance to labor work was negatively significant. Among all of the research variables the normative pressure has had the most positive effect, respectively, on the transition to marriage (beta=./45) and the entrance to labor market (beta=./28). Results of the research show that there are a kind of gender resemblance among students’ preferred transition; and also, a kind of de standardization of social transition has been emerged. Thus, increasing cultural capital and self- confidence has provided context for increasing students’ tendency towards continuing education as a modern transition; but, in contrast, continuation of the normative pressure lead sample individual’s preferred transition towards choosing the more traditional transitions such as marriage and entrance to the labor market.

Integrative Theory plays a major role in creating new concepts and developing new perspectives. The study aimed to investigate synthesis in process sociology of Norbert Elias by using the theoretical-analytical method. The results show that, Elias has moved towards a process-oriented theoretical and methodical field in his sociology, and it can be said that a combination of theoretical and methodical types is reflected in his work. By mentioning some examples of the macro and micro levels, i.e., open personality and figuration, Elias claims that he has solved the distinction between agency and structure. Since in contrast to the agency and structure that are two separate poles, his concepts are on a continuum and there is not a distinct line between them. Elias can also inspire the modern methodological discussion by Methodological integration in his works, because he used various data and triangulation. Therefore, considering the development of a framework for a process-oriented method, he can be considered as one of the early proponents of mixed method research. One can say that though Elias’ theory has been criticized, it is generally defensible. The privilege of his work is his remarkable approach as a theoretical-experimental product that, going beyond the merely conceptual analysis, can be considered the most successful integrated project in the field of theory and methodology synthesis plan in European tradition of sociology.

Today, every country demands loyalty from its people and considers the stability, strength and maintenance of its system to depend on the national loyalty of its people. All countries have extensive programs to educate people loyal to their system and country. After the family, the country’s education system is the second institution that is influential in educating the future makers of the country and can be effective in forming a sense of national loyalty and increasing it among students. In this direction, teachers play a decisive role as the arms of the country’s education system. From this point of view, measuring the level of national loyalty of teachers and factors affecting it can help policy makers in improving the level of national loyalty of the society. This research tries to answer the question of what are the factors influencing the sense of national loyalty of teachers in Tehran using a survey method. The statistical population of this research is all teachers of public schools in Tehran. Stratified sampling method and statistical sample size are 302 people. The results of the analysis of the structural equations of the research show that there is an inverse relationship between the feeling of national loyalty and the feeling of relative deprivation at the rate of -.186. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between the feeling of national loyalty with the variables of religiosity (.440) and hope to reform the country (.358). These three variables have been able to explain 67% of the variance of the national loyalty of teachers in Tehran.

The purpose of this article is the relationship between cultural capital and health-oriented lifestyle, emphasizing the theory of Bourdieu and Cockerham. The purpose of this article is the relationship between cultural capital and health-oriented lifestyle, emphasizing the theory of Bourdieu and Cockerham. In terms of method, a quantitative approach based on a survey strategy (descriptive-correlation), relying on a standardized questionnaire based on a Likert scale (1 to 7) among 406 citizens aged 20 to 49 in Damghan city as a simple random sampling at the level of the city’s neighbourhoods Damghan findings have been collected. Cronbach’s alpha of the whole questionnaire was equal to (0.930) and the total convergent validity was equal to (0.526). The reliability coefficient of the health-oriented lifestyle variable is equal to (0.930) and the convergent validity value of this variable is (0.540), and for the cultural capital variable, the alpha value is equal to (0.793) and the convergent validity value is (0.508). From the results of descriptive and inferential statistics based on Spss software, the findings have been analysed. Descriptive findings indicate that the averages of the state of cultural capital (4.52) and health-oriented lifestyle (4.29) among the citizens were moderately high, and among the components of the research variables, the component of interpersonal relations (72. 4) and the Institutionalized capital component (5.22) has been more important. The variables of age group, educational group, economic and social base (class) had a significant relationship with the research variables. The results of Pearson correlation (0.588) showed that the relationship between the main variables was medium, positive and significant, and also the assumed relationship between the components of the independent variable and the dependent variable was medium, positive and significant. In the end, cultural assets as tangible goods can be the determining factors of benefiting from healthy life opportunities and the basic choice of factors within the structural framework of a health-oriented lifestyle.

The purpose of this research was to identify and classify the consequences of marital infidelity in Iranian society. In this research, 78 scientific articles in Iran that deal with the issue of marital infidelity were identified and analyzed by qualitative meta-synthesis method. All the findings of these articles were extracted and analyzed and classified in a multi-stage coding process. The results of this research showed that marital infidelity in Iran has various consequences. These consequences can be categorized into at least eight different categories, which include the following: 1. Emotional and Psychological Consequences, 2- Cognitive Consequences, 3- Family Consequences, 4- Social Consequences, 5- Economic Consequences, 6- Individual Consequences, 7- Physical Consequences, and 8- Consequences on Children. Each of these 8 categories of consequences is itself divided into smaller types of consequences. The present study has tried to study and analyze these consequences. Finally, these consequences and its subcategories are presented in the form of a conceptual model.

Disadvantaged settlements encompass areas that face various vulnerabilities and deprivations. These adversities give rise to the recognition of these areas as being plagued by “spatial stigma.” The nature of this spatial stigma is dynamic and permeates individuals, leading to their notoriety. Consequently, residents of these areas bear the burden of place stigma, which results in the attachment of diverse labels to them, prompting the adoption of various strategies to confront these challenges. The objective of this research is to explore the perception of marginalized individuals as seen through the eyes of residents residing in disadvantaged areas and to investigate strategies employed to address urban marginalization in the city of Mashhad. Employing a qualitative approach, the study utilized a semi-structured interview tool and implemented purposeful sampling and sample size determination based on the principle of informational saturation. The analysis of interviews followed the thematic analysis technique proposed by Braun and Clarke. The findings from 21 interviews with residents of disadvantaged areas in Mashhad reveal that marginalized individuals are perceived based on distinctive characteristics, including initial categorization (focused on livelihood, economic marginalization, self-sufficiency, and self-reliance), deviant behavior (undesirable traits and nonconformity), and a culture of marginalization (reactive behavior, self-neglect, informal upbringing, vernacular discourse, actions, and cultural capital of marginalization). These perceptions collectively contribute to the construction of “marginalization stigma.” The establishment and perception of marginalization stigma serve as the foundation for interactions with marginalized individuals, giving rise to two categories of strategies: “social accommodation” strategies, involving acceptance and engagement with marginalized individuals, and “social non-accommodation” strategies, entailing rejection and the establishment of boundaries in interactions with marginalized individuals.

The concept of social mobility is one of the most important concepts that is related to a person’s social life and refers to the movement that people make by moving in different levels of the social hierarchy. Social mobility can provide conditions for better and more effective use of the talents of the members of a society and make it easier to perform social functions. Considering the importance of this concept in people’s social life, this article tries to use two different theoretical approaches including; The approach of modernization and the approach of social reproduction will study the existing dynamics in the field of stratification and social mobility in order to determine the social factors affecting social mobility in the city of Khoy. The study method in this research is quantitative and survey, and the data was collected using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population was all the household heads of Khoy city, 382 people were selected as a sample through Cochran’s formula. The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster and the data was analyzed using Spss software. The findings obtained from the linear regression test indicate that the economic capital variable of the family affects social mobility through the variables of social capital and cultural capital and work ethic. Also, the family’s cultural capital variable has an effect on social mobility through the individual’s cultural capital and work ethic. In general, the multiple regression of the research shows that the two variables of the individual’s cultural capital and the individual’s work ethic explain a total of 23% of the changes in the dependent variable. Also, of these two variables, according to the beta value of 0.29%, cultural capital has a greater impact on people’s social mobility than work ethics.

The bloody play of Varzajang has been common in some regions of Iran and Gilan. It consists of fighting two bulls. Over the past few decades, this play underwent tremendous changes with the transformation of social structures; although apparently, its main core of “Two bulls fighting” remains. Considering that the whole world life of a part of the people of the north of the country in different generations has been so full of natural views on this phenomenon that it is repeated and expanded under the title of preserving the local game, The necessity of defending the tradition insists, this research using the phenomenological method considered by Titchen and Hobson (focusing on the direct approach) and inspired by Mannheim’s theory about generational relations, It has examined the form and content evolution of this phenomenon in different generations. For this purpose, he used the “focus group” data collection method and Moustakas’ phenomenological analysis strategy. The main question is, different generations of people in the north, especially Gilan, what are they experiencing during the ceremony? And in its historical development, what changes has this ceremony created in relations between generations? The result of this research is that the differences between generations have brought changes based on the historical events in space and time around Varzajang, And it has caused its development in social, political, and economic issues (such as phenomena such as celebrations, shows, kings, and gambling).

The current research aims to investigate the livability of rural settlements and the effects of implementing the Rural Guide Plans on the livability of rural settlements. The study was applied and descriptive-analytical. Library and field research methods were used to collect the data. The study area is Chaharborj County. Then, using Cochran’s modified formula, 143 households were selected as samples from the villages with Rural Guide Plans and 121 households without Rural Guide Plans. A random method was used to select the villages’ households according to the community’s size. The reliability level of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.789 using Cronbach’s alpha. We utilized the COPRAS technique for multi-criteria decision-making, cluster analysis, and regression to thoroughly analyze the information. This research showed that Qepchaq and Firouzabad villages have a high level of social livability with (Qi=7.81) and (Qi=7.71), respectively. In addition, implementing Rural Guide Plans had the most impact on employment and income, with a coefficient of 0.718, and social participation, with a coefficient of 0.709. The most minor impacts were on infrastructure facilities and services, with a coefficient of 0.245, and the quality of personal health, with a coefficient of 0.191. Generally, the implementation of the plans had the highest effect on the social dimension (increasing participation, social security, and reducing crime), with a value of 672. 0. Therefore, this dimension is higher than economic and environmental dimensions.

Multiculturalism is growing up in the contemporary political and philosophical thoughts. It is tried to be applied in the many Western countries, has a long history and a rich intellectual root. The main question is that as many intellectual traditions trying to find a very proper political and social setting to live in quiet and healthy, is Multiculturalism addressed a better off defying of the setting? It proves the hypothesis that by focus on the culture and identity in the era of globalization and ever-developing communication globally, it provides a better conceptual possibility in order to feeling a sense of well-being. By means of descriptive- analytical methodology and the library information gathering, it tried to traced its historical roots from the ancient period to the Modern one and then showing that why Multiculturalism provided a better redefinition of the social and political setting for the immigration issue because of its weighting on the cultural recognition and exchanges without leading to the identity crisis in comparison with the other ideas such as Utilitarianism, Cultural Pluralism, Liberalism, and Communitarianism.

This research has investigated the factors and consequences of violence against women in a qualitative manner using grounded theory methodology. In this research, purposeful sampling was used to collect information and select participants for conducting interviews. Until the desired cases and theoretical saturation were reached, 21 women who were subjected to violence, who referred to the social welfare emergency service center of Nahavand city, in-depth interview and Semi-structured to It was done. After analyzing and checking the content of the interviews and statements of the abused women, using open coding, primary concepts were selected and 20 major categories were selected in the axial coding and one central or core category was selected and extracted in the selective coding. The results of this research show that different conditions and contexts are influential in the occurrence and increase of family violence. that factors such as husband’s addiction, patriarchal attitude, wife’s unemployment and gender socialization as causal conditions and factors such as husband’s personality problems and disorders, forced and early marriage, observing and experiencing violence and lack of support from family and surrounding people as underlying conditions and factors such as interference Relatives and friends and education Husband’s inferiority complex has been effective as an intervening condition in husbands’ violence against women.