مجله دانش سیاسی
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 38، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

This paper intends to bring to light the undiscovered role of Allame Tabatabai in the genesis of the signifier of “justice” in Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution discourse. Although research relevant to Iran's revolution under the title of " intellectual leaders and ideologues of the revolution" has highlighted the role of thoughts of ‎Ayatollah Khomeini, Motahari, Al-e Ahmed, Shariati, Bazargan, and ‎Taleghani in the development of the discourse of the revolution, no systematic research is done concerning the role of Allame Tabatabai's thoughts. A lot of work has been done about the philosophical, political, social, and moral thoughts of Allame, but no work has been done on the role of the political-social philosophy of Allame Tabataba'i, in the genesis of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. ‎This paper ‎considers one important question: What are the social ‎mechanisms of Allame’s thoughts in relation to Islamic revolution ‎discourse? Through this research, it is evidenced that although Allame is not considered the ideologue of the ‎revolution, he nevertheless unwanted and unplanned, with the centrality of histheory of Edrakat-e E’tebari (Constructional Perceptions), reviving the position of the philosopher and Quran exegetist, he participated in the discourse conflicts of the 30s to 50s, played a direct role (production of texts) and in an indirect role (through his disciples, intellectual circles and discursive communities) in the evolution of the signifier of justice of the Islamic Revolution. To sociologically analyze the relationship between Allame thoughts and Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution discourse, this article identifies and then examines social ‎mechanisms like intellectual circles, intergenerational interactions, discursive ‎communities, and writing genre.

Analyzing the thoughts of political thinkers in the light of religious epistemological foundations and paying attention to the specific requirements of research in this field requires the design of a specific research method. In this article, the " Manžumeh Approach" is presented as a proposed method. The main question is "what is the appropriate research method to understand and analyze the thought of a political thinker?". To answer this question, researchers have designed a new method using the meta-analysis. This method has been explained in five stages: "research design", "data collection", "data analysis", "research report" and "validation". Data analysis in this method is performed in accordance with a special coding logic, including two types of coding: "deductive-inductive" and "deliberative-interpretive". According to this method, data analysis takes place in two steps: "understanding the totality of the intellectual system" of the political thinker and "research under his intellectual system". The research under the political thinker's intellectual system includes three steps: "deliberative coding of central texts", "layer-by-layer interpretive coding of central texts" and "extraction of the comparative model of the subject or theory under the political thinker's intellectual system". In the end, the systematic analysis method has presented its proposal regarding the way of presenting the research report and the methods of research validation according to the specificities of the research in the field of political thinkers' thought. The systematic analysis method has presented its proposal regarding the way of presenting "research report" and the methods of "research validation".

The Historical roots of liberal international order goes back to after the Second World War. Nowadays, it is faced with the problem of decline. While this issue is a multi-layered debate in terms of content, it is also a controversial and controversial issue among thinkers and theoreticians in the field of international relations. Based on this, the current research seeks to answer the main question, why is the international liberal order declining? This research using the theoretical approaches of liberalism in international relations, including the theories of democratic peace,  economic interdependence as well as neoliberal institutionalism as a theoretical research framework is based on the hypothesis that the weakening and degeneration of the triple pillars of the liberal order, including liberal democracy, global free trade, and various international institutions and regimes, have caused the decline of the liberal international order. So that the weakening of the three pillars of the liberal international order has caused the foundation based on political and economic liberalism of this order to be destroyed from within, and as a result, the unique components of the liberal international order will face a serious challenge. Based on historical evidence, this argument can be made. In the meantime, the United States of America has played an important role in the decline of the pillars and components of the liberal order over many years and decades, contrary to some common inferences and stereotypes.

The occurrence of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979 can be considered one of the most important political, social, and religious phenomena in the world in recent decades. A phenomenon that, in addition to disrupting the claim of the monopoly of political possibilities in the era of a bipolar system, also caused profound changes in the system of Shia political jurisprudence. The return of religion to the center of politics and the revival of political religion was the result of this revolution. The central question of the researchers is how, considering the analytical inadequacies of the positivist theories of revolution in the analysis of the occurrence of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, as well as the ambiguities of the postmodern theories of the revolution in the analysis of the religious and monotheistic aspects of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Alain Badiou's theory of the event can be an analytical system for analyzing the occurrence. Provide the present and the future of the Islamic revolution. The results of this research, using the possibilities of the theory of the event in the analysis of the position of truth and the subject, draw the course of action of the subject loyal to the event of the Islamic Revolution in the four ways of politics, art, love, and science. Results of this research, using the possibilities of the theory of event in the analysis of the position of truth and the subject, draw the course of action of the subject loyal to the event of the Islamic Revolution in the four ways of politics, art, love, and science.

Political science in Iran faces several crises such as disconnection from Iranian tradition, history, and culture, weakness in educational resources, and the issue of Western orientation. Paying attention to Iranian political sources and essential texts can be effective in getting out of this crisis. One of these important texts is Kalila and Damna, whose main purpose is to teach politics, especially to kings and elites, and it seems to have many capabilities in teaching political knowledge even today. Reflecting on the quality of the expression of political secrets in Kalileh and Demaneh shows that this work was written from the beginning with the purpose of teaching politics, governance, and monarchy. The narrative framework of Kalileh and Demaneh shows that it is directly an educational work in which one side is the teacher or narrator and the other is the ruler as a learner and student. The main question of the research is "What are the needs, requirements, and effects of using Kalileh and Damaneh's text in political science education?". With the interview method, we sought the opinions of several prominent professors in this field and summarized their views through thematic analysis. The result of the research is that the political teaching and description of selected parts of the text of Kalileh and Demaneh in different courses of the political science field with the special conditions desired by the professors participating in the research can answer some of the problems of the political science field. The teaching of this text can help to link this field with the history, culture, and tradition of Iranian political thought, attractiveness in education, and to solve the inefficiency and problem of Western-oriented resources. The idea is that by reading and interpreting these texts, students will get to know the basic concepts of political knowledge (such as legitimacy, efficiency, power, sovereignty, meritocracy, justice, etc.)

The first encounter of Danish Vikings with Muslims dates back to a thousand years ago, but the first mass entry of Muslims to Denmark should be traced back to the 1960 as guest workers. After that, the second and third waves of Muslims entered the country as workers, refugees, asylum seekers and displaced persons. In parallel with the arrival of Muslim immigrants in Denmark for the past 60 years, restrictive laws and regulations have been enacted; Laws that have consistently imposed restrictions on Islam, Islamist, Mosques, Imams, and so on. The question that arises here is why Islam has become problematic in Denmark not as a legal religious minority, like Judaism, but as an "anti-Danish" ? In response, while referring to the analytical-theoretical framework of the problematic rupture, we refer to the problematic change of Danish society from the problem of immigrants / workers to the problematic of Muslims / the "anti-Danish phenomenon" to describe the transformation of Muslims as anti-Danish issues.

The evangelistic activity of Christianity has had many ups and downs in the history of Iran. The change from traditional evangelism to organizational evangelism was a big change that was more visible during the Qajar era. It is important to pay attention to these transformations in the sense that the evangelical boards had a political approach due to their dependence on their respective governments, and in this way, they faced the political ideology of the governments for religious and political reasons. The main question of the article is: What are the effects of political ideology in the Qajar period on the flow of Christian preaching? For the analysis a three-level analysis theory of political ideology, has been used. The findings of the research indicate that the evangelization flow during the Qajar rule adopted different approaches in accordance with the political crises. Due to the contradiction in the content and the great alienation of the political ideology of the Qajar government with the evangelization movement, this current has been active in general non-obvious periods and in other periods due to the predominance of financial and political dependence on Western countries and the lack of stability and power of the government.

The typology of capitalist crises in the long-term history of the modern world-system shows that these crises have been reproduced in various subjective and objective dimensions. These crises have a decisive effect on the complex construction of capitalism at the levels of essence, functions, reproduction, survival and possible paths of the future bifurcation of capitalism. Capitalist crises have different forms, which can reveal its structural tendencies and the effects of the crisis in its political, social and economic dimensions in the construction of the world-system by considering its essence. Meanwhile, the role of different countries in capitalist economic crises has a clear relationship with their share in the gross production of the world-economy and their dominance over monopolistic and semi-monopoly production processes, their domination over the politics of the world-system. From this point of view, the problematic analysis of the capitalist crisis in the late long-term period goes back to its complex systemic dimensions. The central question in the current research is: How did the long-term crisis of the late world-system develop and what is its future systemic trend? The late crisis has developed in a network process of economic construction and has created a systemic flux in the whole world-system and the effects of the crisis in the natural system of the planet Earth. The findings of the current research show that the world-economy is in a long-term contraction cycle. From the political point of view, the structural legitimacy of capitalism has been eroded and global geoculture is in crisis with the decline of the dominance of liberalism. On the other hand, the possibility of realizing the fourth hegemonic cycle is the variable of accelerating the crisis. The effort of the current research will be aimed at analyzing the essence of the late crisis of capitalism and its structural tendency based on the method of world-systems analysis and epistemology of complexity.

By the end of 2016, China has cooperated with about 78 countries and 5 regions in 24 types of partnerships. China has created effective networking through its partnerships. China's networking is aimed at advancing the Belt and Road, and one of the most important types of China's partnerships is the comprehensive strategic partnership model. The main question of the research has been, what was China's behavior pattern in comprehensive strategic partnerships? By describing , analyzing and examining the concept of partnership, the concept of ancient Chinese social philosophy of Confucius, the attitude of new Chinese leaders to partnership and examining some comprehensive strategic partnerships, the authors have reached the conclusion that the behavioral pattern of China's comprehensive strategic partnerships is currently economic, which can It is caused by the internal needs of the destination countries that try to operationalize the Belt and Road super project and then this leads to the conclusion that it criticizes American unilateralism in thought and action and promotes a new model of order in which Peace and stability and a kind of win-win game for all parties. Of course, in this type of partnerships, according to the position of each country, a kind of selectivity of China can be witnessed. For example, the role and geopolitical position and the anti-hegemonic approach of I.R.Iran are important, or the UAE is the gateway for China to enter West Asia and North Africa in the belt - is the way Considering the excess production and the urgent need for energy in different parts of the world.

The Iranian Islamic Revolution, as a comprehensive and rooted revolution in the religious culture and belief system of the Iranian people, in addition to its tremendous effects on the construction of a model of political order in the territory, was able to create a wave of awakening among Muslim nations or nations under oppression, tyranny, and colonialism. create and be presented as the beginning of the rise of Islam in the context of the social life of Muslims; Developments that promise the design of a new civilized society in the Islamic world. In this research, using the data base analysis method, we tried to provide an answer to the question that how the discourse of the Islamic Revolution can influence the construction of a modern civilized society? and in this regard, what opportunities and challenges are facing it? The findings of the research indicate that the Islamic revolution, through the manifestation of social capital within and its success in building a model of political order and system within, along with the advantage of the existence of Islamic societies and Islamic states in a significant part of the political geography of the world, has considerable talent in this field, and on the contrary, issues such as the existence of challenges arising from discourse construction and its objectified construction in the field of governance, challenges arising from the constraints of the international system, software challenges in the social environment, challenges arising from the lack of a transformational view in the field Humanities as the basis of social transformations, as well as the challenges arising from the lack of attention to the field of agency and the training of efficient and balanced human resources, can be counted among the most important challenges facing the role-playing of the Islamic Revolution in the field of building a modern civilized society.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its geopolitical position in the West Asian region and adopting a policy of confrontation with hegemonic powers to maintain the independence and security of the country, has always been at the forefront of aggressive actions of these countries and has decreased in importance over the past decade. Geopolitics of the country In order to eliminate the superior advantages, it is on the agenda of the enemy front, which must be examined in order to make political-security policy-making and to avoid strategic surprises. In this research, the authors, using the theory of geopolitical crisis, have addressed the question: What effect do geopolitical developments in Iran's security environment have on the country's position in the region and beyond in the horizon of 2025? By examining the eight geopolitical factors that cause tension (political, geostrategic, geoeconomic, geocultural, hydropolitical, bio-environmental, virtual space and territory), 21 geopolitical areas in Iran's security environment have been identified and it has been shown that the rival powers seek by implementing policies such as fueling the hostility of Iran and the Arabs in the region, changing energy transmission lines from Iran's path, eliminating or reducing the importance of Iran in the world's energy supply, weakening the culture and the resistance front, the emergence of border and territorial conflicts, fueling environmental issues and implementing cognitive warfare; reduce Iran's power in using its geopolitical advantages.

The issue of efficiency is one of the most challenging issues in the field of political science, which is more important in the Islamic Republic of Iran due to the religious nature of the government.  As  regards efficiency is a value category, it is necessary to study it based on the theoretical foundations of any political system. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to study the discourse of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution about the efficiency of the religious political system and answer the question, what are the components of the efficiency of the religious political system in the discourse of the Supreme Leader?. The Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM) has been used as a method. The theoretical model of the research is based on 4-level analysis of efficiency (idea, structure, agent and performance). The analysis of the Supreme Leader's discourse shows that his main idea is the category of Islamic government based on Velayat-e-Faqih, and the efficiency of the political system at the four levels is also based on this idea. Components such as responding to the needs of the time at the idea level, structure based on justice and competence at the structural level, simplicity and courage at the agent level, and legalism at the performance level have been identified as efficiency components.