Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Spring 2020

Growth analysis is a suitable method for plant response to the different environmental conditions during crop life. Nitrogen is the most significant nutrient to improve yield and quality of sunflower seeds. It is an essential plant nutrient to stimulate plant growth and development and ultimately yield and quality. This research was conducted to assessment effect of different levels of irrigation regime and nitrogen fertilizer on growth curves traits of sunflower. Current study was carried out according split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The main factor included irrigation regime and nitrogen fertilizer (N1: 50, N2: 100 and N3: 150 kg.ha-1) belonged to sub factor. Evaluation comparison different level of irrigation regime indicated that maximum amount of studied traits (instead net assimilation rate) was noted for I1 treatment and minimum of that belonged to I2 and I3 treatment, respectively. Compare different level of nitrogen revealed the highest amount of total dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate was belonged to use 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (N3) and the lowest ones was found for 50 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (N1), but net assimilation rate had the reverse trend. The results show apply low irrigation should be done in stages that have less impact on the final yield crop needs less water and less sensitivity at that stage, and nitrogen can also play a constructive role, but it is recommended to use less nitrogen under deficit irrigation. Although I1 treatment had the superior amount of growth indices but under water limitation I3 treatment can considered for producers.

Microelements are inorganic compounds involved in the synthesis of enzymes and biologically active substances.
To evaluate the physiological traits of maize to ZnSO4 and FeSO4 under drought stress, a field experiment was conducted on maize plants grown under different soil moistures and treated with foliar ZnSO4 and FeSO4 applications.
The experiment was laid out as split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The main plot consisted of three levels of water deficit stress comprised of complete irrigation (control), no irrigation at vegetative growth stage (12-14 leaf), and no irrigation at early seed growth stage. Water deficit stress treatment was specific to the above-mentioned stages, after which and until the end of the growth period, the water requirement of the plant was fulfilled. The sub-plot contained foliar solution of zinc sulfate at three concentrations (0, 5 and 10 gr.l-1) and sub-sub-plot included iron sulfate foliar solution at three concentrations (0, 3 and 6 gr.l-1).
Drought stress especially at early seed growth stage significantly decreased grain yield, and Fv/Fm ratio but, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) under drought stress were increased. Foliar applied ZnSO4 and FeSO4 increased grain yield by 15.22, 10.73 and 10.74% under normal irrigation, no irrigation at vegetative growth stage and no irrigation at early seed growth stage, respectively. Also further increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and enhanced total phenol content of maize under drought stress. Combined application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 resulted in alleviating maize plant drought stress by Zn and Fe-mediated improvement in photosynthetic gas exchange attributes. Besides the foliar application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 regulated physiological processes in maize plants and alleviated the adverse effects of water stress. Results showed that ZnSO4 and FeSO4 could be used for improving maize growth under drought stress.
The highest grain yield of maize was recorded for non-drought stress treatment and was followed by foliar application of both ZnSO4 and FeSO4, while severe water stress and non-application of Zn and Fe resulted in the minimum grain yield.

The use of growth-promoting hormones and organic acids is one of the ways to deal with environmental stresses. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of these treatments on saffron vegetative and reproductive traits, to use organic inputs properly, take steps towards sustainable production and increase quality of important medicinal plant. Current research carried out via factorial experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch (2018-2019) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were control, Salicylic acid (1 and 2 mM), humic acid (15 and 30 mM) and Jasmonic acid (5 and 10 μM) with two salinity levels (1 and 4 ds.m-1). The evaluated traits included chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, the number of flowers, flowering stem and leaves, petiole length, fresh and dry weights of leaves, stigma weight, and fresh weight of flowers. The highest levels of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were belonging to humic acid 30 and control treatments under salinity 1. The highest amount of chlorophyll b was observed in humic acid 30 and control treatments under salinity 1 and salicylic acid 2 under salinity 4. The highest number and fresh weight of flowers were obtained from the control treatment under salinity 1. The tallest petioles and flowering stems were observed in Jasmonic acid10 under salinity1. The highest leaf length was belonging to salicylic acid2 under salinity1. The highest leaf fresh weight was belonging to salicylic acid2 under salinity1 whereas of Humic acid15 under salinity1 produced the highest dry weight of plant leaves. The highest stigma weight was observed in Jasmonic acid5 and the control under salinity1. As a result, application of plant growth regulators and humic acid can reduce effect of salinity stress in saffron. As a final conclusion of this study, it can be said that the use of growth-promoting hormones (salicylic acid) and organic acids (humic acid) under environmental stress conditions can improve morphological and vegetative characteristics such as chlorophyll and biomass produced in some plants such as saffron.

Suitable and useful usage of different kind of fertilizers and biofertilizer is the main way for reformation and potential of soil fertility and increasing of crops yield. This research was carried out to evaluate effect of different level of vermicompost and several amount of cow manure on crop production of Cowpea. The current study was conducted according factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2015 year. The first factor included three level of Vermicompost (V1: nonuse of vermicompost or Control, V2: 2 t.ha-1, V3: 4 t.ha-1) and second factor consisted three level of cow manure (M1: nonuse of cow manure or Control, M2: 10 t.ha-1, M3: 15 t.ha-1). Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of vermicompost, cow manure and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead harvest index at 5%) was significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparison result of different level of vermicompost indicated that maximum amount of all measured traits was noted for 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost and minimum of those belonged to control treatment. Also as for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of cow manure maximum and minimum amount of all measured characteristics belonged to 15 t.ha-1 and control. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments indicated maximum amount of seed yield (415.36 gr.m-2), biologic yield (865.6 gr.m-2), number of pod per plant (13), number of seed per pod (14), 100-seed weight (25.3 gr) and harvest index (46.54%) was noted for 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost and 15 t.ha-1 cow manure and lowest ones belonged to control. Finally according results of this study, treatments of 4 t.ha-1 of vermicompost mixed with 15 t.ha-1 of animal manure led to achieve highest amount of seed yield and its components, and can be advised to producers.

Vicia faba L. is a major crop legume that is used as food owing to the high nutrient components in seeds. Development of high yielding and stable cultivars of various legume crops across different environments is very important for their adoption by farmers.
The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different amount and time of apply Gibberellin acid on correlation between characteristics and regression relationship between effective traits on seed yield of Broad bean.
This research was done via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2010 year. The treatments included different concentration of Gibberellin (nonuse of Gibberellin or control, 5 ppm, 50 ppm and 250 ppm) and time of application Gibberellin (Vegetative growth before flowering, flowering until pod emergence, Pod emergence until grain filing).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different Gibberline acid concentration at different growth stage and interaction effect of treatment on all measured traits was significant. Correlation between traits showed the significant correlation between total dry weight (r=0.97**), harvest index (r=0.94**), seed weight (r=0.90**), number of seed per pod (r= 0.85**), number of pod per plant (r= 0.81**), Pod length (r= 0.61**), leaf area index (r= 0.59**) and seed yield was observed. Grain filling rate changes in all three concentrations of gibberellin acid had an increasing trend. Gibberellin acid consumption in the period of vegetative growth compared to apply hormone at other growth stage had the highest grain filling rate.
The highest grain filling rate achieved by use of 50 ppm Gibberellin acid at vegetative growth before flowering.

Knowing about grain yield issue and its components plays an important role for being successful in evaluative programs. Success in breeding and having fruitful varieties of agricultural products with a higher quality depends on knowledge about genetic grain yield controlling and its relation with seed yield components, also to phonologic traits and forage quality.
This study was conducted to predict the most effective traits on sorghum seed yield according correlation between characteristics in response to apply different interval irrigation round and urea fertilizer.
To investigation the effect of different level of Nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation method on crop production of Sorghum (Speed feed cultivar) a farm research was arranged via split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012. Main plots were included apply three levels of interval between irrigation (I1: 8 day; I2: 12 day; I3: 16 day) and the sub plots consisted three level of urea fertilizer (N1: 200, N2: 300, N3: 400 kg.ha-1).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of irrigation regime, urea fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead harvest index) was significant. Simple correlation coefficients between traits were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. The most positive and significant correlation was observed in total dry weight (r=0.91**), fresh forage yield (r=0.85**) and number of seed per panicle (r=0.79**). The traits of Panicle length (0.69*), 1000-seed weight (r=0.67*), number of racemes in panicle (0.64*) number of fertile tiller (r=0.61*) and seed protein content (0.51*) had correlation with the seed yield was significant at 5% probability level.
According to the results of this research, traits of total dry weight, fresh forage yield and number of seed per panicle, had the most positive-direct effects on Sorghum seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.