Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

Salinity is an environmental stress that limits growth and development in plants. Due to high salinity in Khuzestan soils it is necessary to identify cultivars with appropriate yield that are compatible with Khuzestan conditions. This experiment was done to evaluate three rice cultivars for salinity tolerance at seedling stage by measuring the absorption of sodium and potassium ions and the ratio of Na+/K+ in the shoots and roots of the rice crop. Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions and in hydroponics culture media. Treatments included three rice cultivars (Amol3, Anbouri and Shahpasand) and five levels of salinity (control: without salt addition, salinity levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl) according a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Acid digestion method was used to measure sodium and potassium ions in plant tissues. The amount of sodium in the root and also shoot of three cultivars showed a significant difference (p≤ 0.05, p≤ 0.01). Shahpasand showed the lowest amount of sodium in its shoots compare to the other two varieties. The results showed that Na+/K+ ratio was significantly different in three cultivars under salinity conditions. Shahpasand showed the lowest and Anbouri showed the highest ratios. Shahpasand can be considered as a salt tolerant cultivar and also a salt tolerant parent in hybridization and breeding programs for producing new salt tolerant cultivars.

Crop show morphological and physiological responses to microbial, physical or chemical factors which are known as elicitors. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer modified from chitin, which is the main structural component of squid pens, cell walls of some fungi and crab shells. Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects plant physiological and morphological traits. In order to study the effects of chitosan foliar spraying on total chlorophyll, seed yield and its components of wheat under water stress conditions a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Agricultural Research Center of Roudhen Islamic Azad University in 2017. The main plots included different irrigation regime at three levels (I1: normal irrigation, I2: water stress at heading stage, I3: water stress in grain filing period) and chitosan foliar application at tillering and stem elongation stages by three concentrations (C1:0, C2: 0.05%, C3: 0.1% chitosan in acetic acid is 1%) was belonged to sub plots. The results of analysis of variance showed that yield and its components in normal irrigation conditions have the best result and drought causes damage to the plant. The use of chitosan in the form of spraying had positive effects on some of the important characteristics of the wheat. Lowering the plant height, total chlorophyll, yield and yield components, as well as growth and development under drought stress conditions, are partially offset by the use of various concentrations of chitosan. The effect of chitosan on growth and yield of plant can be attributed to the production of plant hormones. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest economic yield was related to consumption of chitosan 0.1% in normal irrigation (6495.199 kg.ha-1) and The largest reduction of economic yield was observed under water stress in seed filing stage and in the absence of chitosan application (1511.49 kg.ha-1). The use of chitosan and normal irrigation has increased 76% to economic yield than control. It is concluded that foliar application of chitosan at vegetative stage enhanced the plant growth and development, which resulted from increased fruit yield in wheat. Among the concentrations, 0.1 percentages had superiority for plant growth, yield components and seed yield than the others. Finally its recommend that in the region under drought stress conditions, foliar application chitosan will be useful.

Sorghum is among the most important forages used in arid and semi-arid regions of south-eastern Iran. Application of some materials such as super absorbent polymer (SAP) in soil can increase soil water storage capacity and increase water use efficiency. The aim of the study was to estimate the relative membrane permeability of sorghum under irrigation regimes and superabsorbent polymer application to find the relationship between antioxidant enzymes, leaf rolling index, compatible solutes with relative membrane permeability. This experiment was conducted in Dashtak region of Zahedan during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The research was arranged as split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included four levels of irrigation regime (40, 60, 80, and 100% of ETc or crop evapotranspiration) and four level of SAP application (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) belonged to subplots. Analysis of regression indicates ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, leaf rolling index and relative membrane permeability showed that by increasing amount of irrigation and superabsorbent polymer, decreased. The results showed that application of SAP reduced RMP by 4.98% under 100% ETc, but it increased the RMP (Relative Membrane Permeability) significantly by 14.14%, 12.18% and 11.48% under 80, 60 and 100% ETc.

This research was conducted to evaluate effects of mycorrhiza fungi and nano zinc oxide on agro physiological traits of wheat under salinity stress based on factorial experiment according complete randomized block design with three replications under greenhouse condition at 2014. Treatments included salinity in three levels [no-salt (S0) or control, salinity 40 (S1) and 80 (S2) mM NaCl], two level of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungal [no application (M0), application of mycorrhiza (M1)] and Nano zinc oxide at three levels [(without nano zinc oxide as control (Zn0), application of 0.4 (Zn1) and 0.8 g.lit-1) (Zn2)]. Analysis of variance showed significant effect for the soil salinity on seed yield, chlorophyll index, relative water content, stomata conductance, K+ content. chlorophyll index, stomata conductance, K+ content in plant root were affected by AM fungi and nano zinc oxide application. There was a significant interaction between salinity, AM fungi and nano zinc oxide on Na+ content, Na+/K+ ratio and seed yield. Salinity stress decreased seed yield, chlorophyll index, stomata conductance, and relative water content of wheat. The highest (0.44 g per plant) seed yield was obtained from plants under low salinity level, AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal) and 0.8 g.lit-1 nano zinc oxide. The nutrient uptake Na+ and Na+/K+ ratio increased and potassium was decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl in the present study. However, the inoculated with AMF and application of nano zinc oxide significantly increased K+ and reduced Na+ uptake. Generally, it was concluded that AMF and nano zinc oxide can be as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition.

Nutritional management is an important factor in the success of crop production. In order to evaluate different level of nitrogen, potassium and zinc fertilizers on agro physiological characteristics of green bean a field experiment was conducted as split-plot based randomized complete block design in three replications, in Varamin university field research during 2011. The main plot included urea fertilizer at three levels (n1=250, n2=300, n3=350 kg.ha-1). The sub plots consisted b1 (120 kg K.ha-1 from potassium sulfate), b2 (Zn: foliar application of zinc solution with concentration 6 gr.l-1) and b3 (K+Zn =120 kg K.ha-1 and zinc foliar application with concentration of 6 gr.l-1). The results showed that nitrogen uptake increased green bean yield. The interaction between nitrogen level and K and Zn applications was observed that the highest nitrate uptake was obtained that N3B3 treatment. The highest radiation use efficiency (RUE) and chlorophyll were obtained from 350 kg.ha-1 urea with application of (K*Zn fertilizers) treatment. The highest pod yield (4306.2 kg.ha-1) was presented by application of 250 kg.ha-1 urea with K and Zn fertilizers, however the lowest pod yield (2298 kg.ha-1) was observed at 350 kg.ha-1 urea with K. The results of this experiment showed that the Zn-foliar application increased all features in bean and also, reduced nitrate fertilizer rate without reduction in more plant characteristics.

This research was carried out as pod cultivation to evaluate effect of different level of zinc and cadmium on agro physiological traits of Maize via factorial experiment based on completelly randomized design with three replications along 2012-2013. The factors included different level of Zinc (Zn1=0 or Control, Zn2=15 and Zn3=30 mg.kg-1) and Cadmium (Cd1=0 or control, Cd2=10, Cd3=20 and Cd4=30 mg.kg-1). The results showed that zinc and cadmium yield, chlorophyll a and b, cell membrane stability, malon di aldehyde and tyrosine significantly affect the probability of a percent. In soil treated with increasing concentrations of the increased seed yield and highest performance 30 mg treatment was achieved. Fell sharply with increasing cadmium performance and best results of treatment was observed. Among different concentrations of zinc, the best treatment to improve seed yield and biochemical characteristics was the treatment with 30 mg.kg-1 zinc. In cadmium treatment, contrary to zinc treatment, as the concentration increased the studied traits decreased significantly, so that the best results were obtained by the control treatment. The results of the interaction effect of zinc and cadmium on the studied traits indicated the reduction of adverse effects of cadmium on corn by zinc, but the best results of the interaction effect of zinc and cadmium on all traits were associated with the Zn3Cd1 treatment.