Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Spring 2015

In order to investigate the effect of rhizobium bacteria, mycorrhiza fungi and foliar application of urea on qualitative and quantitative traits of soybean an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The experiment included six treatments as: Control (C), Rhizobium bacteria (R), Rhizobium bacteria + Mycorrhiza fungi (R+M), Rhizobium bacteria + Foliar application of Urea (R+U), Rhizobium bacteria+ Mycorrhiza fungi + Foliar application of Urea (R+M+U), Foliar application of Urea (U). Results showed that the effect of rhizobium and mycorrhiza and foliar application of urea on grain yield and yield components of soybean was not significant, but their effect on grain protein, grain oil, and the number of grains per lateral pod was significant. Rhizobium- mycorrhiza symbiosis and foliar application of urea had significant effect on the rate of grain oil, protein, and yield increased number of grains per pod. Combined use of rhizobium, mycorrhiza, and foliar application of urea increased leaf area and the highest leaf area index belonged to rhizobium treatment (R) 80 days after planting and after that (R+U) treatment 90 days after planting. The highest rate of dry matter belonged to rhizobium treatment (R). Stem height, number of nodules, nodule dry weight, and root dry weight during the growth season increased similarly in all treatments. The highest stem height belonged to (R+M) treatment, the lowest stem height belonged to (C) treatment, the highest nodule dry weight and root dry weight belonged to (R) and (R+M+U) treatments, respectively and the lowest one belonged to (C) treatment.

One of the most important issues affecting environmental health and sustainable food production is application of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. This study set out to investigate the effect of application of soil humic acid and fulvic acid on barley plant. To this end a factorial experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Roudehen in 2012. The first factor included four levels of humic acid concentration (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g per kg soil) and the second factor included 4 levels of humic acid concentration (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g per kg pot soil). The results showed that humic acid and fulvic acid had a significant effect on dry weight of stem, leaf, and spike. Moreover, humic acid and fulvic acid had a significant effect on grain yield (at 1% level), biological weight (at 1% level), and 1000-grain weight (at 5% level), but their effect on harvest index was not significant. The highest rate of biological weight was obtained when 1 g humic acid per kg soil and 1 g fulvic acid per kg soil were applied. In general, the results of the research indicated that application of humic acid and fulvic acid had a positive effect on improvement of growth and yield of barley plant.

This study aimed at evaluating some quantitative and qualitative properties of potato as one of the main commercial products in Iran. To this end, a split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete bloke design with silicone and iron was carried out in jiroft as one of the commercial area of planting potatoes. The main factor included different levels of silicon (0, 10, 20, 30 mM.l-1) and sub plot included different levels of Iron (0, 1, 2, 3 g.l-1). The results showed that the highest and the lowest dry and fresh weight of plant, stem diameter, number of tubers per plant, number of tubers above 100 g, and the yield of tuber per hectare were observed in treatments with the interactive effect of iron and silicon at a concentration of 2 g per liter and control treatment, respectively. Tuber yield due to foliar application of 2 g.l-1 iron and 2 g.l-1 silicon was 15-35% more than control treatment. However, the interactive effect of the fertilizers on plant height, number of stems, number of tubers and tuber weight was not significant. In general, iron and silicon fertilizers with concentration of 2 g.l-1 is recommended for producing potato with higher quality and quantity.

This research set out to evaluate the effect of combined biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on some corn hybrids. To this end an experiment was conducted as split plot on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were included: use of chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels: 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 25% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer and sub plots included three corn hybrids: single cross 704 hybrid, Mobin hybrid and Karoun hybrid. Chemical fertilizers used included urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin for biological fertilizer. Results showed that Karoun hybrid in 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer treatment had the highest grain yield, and biological yield and protein percent and the lowest number of grain per row, grain yield, plant height and biological yield belonged to 100% chemical fertilizer and Mobin hybrid treatment. Highest 1000 grain weight belonged to Karoun hybrid and the lowest protein percent was in Mobin hybrid. Finally results revealed that single cross 704 and Karoun hybrids in number of grain per row and protein yield and Mobin hybrid and single cross 704 in 1000-grain weight were not significantly different. Single cross 704 hybrid only in protein percent was higher than other hybrids. Finally consummation of biological fertilizers with 50% organic fertilizer produced the highest grain yield.

In order to study the effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on silage corn under different plant densities, a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized completely block design with three replicates in south western Iran. The main plot included nitrogen fertilizer treatment at three levels (N1: with out chemical and organic fertilizers, N2: 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% organic fertilizer, N3: 100% chemical fertilizer+ 100% organic fertilizer) and the sub plot was density in three levels (D1: 70000 plant.ha-1, D2: 90000 plant.ha-1, D3: 110000 plant.ha-1). The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of forage, stem, and leaf of the corn was related to the treatment with 75% urea and 100% Nitroxin. D1 (70000 plant.ha-1) and D2 (90000 plant.ha-1) had higher yields than the other densities in terms of stem, leaf and forage dry weights, but it was not possible to identify appropriate density in terms of fresh weight of stem, leaf, corn and forage because the effects of different densities on these traits were not significant. N2 treatment had the highest rate of plant height, number of leaves per plant, and corn/plant ratio. N1 treatment without chemical or organic fertilizer had the lowest rate of mentioned features. Moreover, N3 treatment had highest rate of protein and phosphor. Interaction effect of fertilizer and density was not significant on all studied traits. Generally, combined fertilizer treatment with 75% urea and 100% Nitroxin had a significant effect on the increase of forage yield in comparison to control treatment (without chemical and organic fertilizer). The optimum plant density (90000 plant.ha-1) increased yield and more importantly due to competition and shadowing reduced the dry matter and yield in this experiment.

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield components of bread and durum wheat. To this end the experiment was conducted in 2010-2011 in south west of Iran as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot included four levels of nitrogen 60, 120, 180, 240 kg.ha-1 and the sub plot included four wheat genotypes (Chamran, S-85-19, Dena, and Behrang). The results showed that effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biological yield and grain yield was significant at 1% level and on the number of spike per area unit, number of spikelet per spike, number of grain per area unit, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index at 5% probability level was significant. The highest grain yield and biological yield by 554.60 and 1271 g.m-2, belonged to treatment with application of 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, respectively. The highest harvest index by 46.71% belonged to the control treatment. Finally, the results indicated that among the genotypes, the highest number of grains per spike by 30 grain belonged to Dena cultivar and highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 524.34, 1168.80 g.m-2, and 45.42% belonged to Chamran cultivar, respectively

To study the effects of applied nitrogen levels and wild mustard densities on the growth of wheat and wild mustard, a field experiment was conducted at Re-search and Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz-Iran. The effects of three nitrogen levels namely 90, 150 and 210 kg.ha-1 and four wild mustard densities such as 0, 5, 10 and 15 plants.m-2 were evaluated in split plot arrangement with randomized complete block design in three replications. The results indicated that in weed free plots the spike length, plant height, harvest index and grain yield of wheat increased with increasing nitrogen application from 90 to 210 kg.ha-1 by 11.4, 10, 3.7 and 12.5 % respectively, while in the presence of wild mustard these parameters were decreased. Increasing nitrogen level increased the competitive ability of wild mustard and increased loss of wheat grain yield. The results also indicated that the biomass of wild mustard increased by increasing nitrogen level and wild mustard density. The biomass of wild mustard was 108.7, 157.2 and 226.6 g.m-2 under 90, 150 and 210 kg.ha-1 N, respectively.

This study set out to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus on grain yield and yield components of Faba bean. To this end a factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in Behbahan region at South eastern part of Khuzestan Province of Iran. The experimental treatments included Nitroxin containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in three levels of 0, 250, and 500 cc per 1000 m2 and phosphorus bio-fertilizer (fertile 2 phosphates) containing phosphorus-fixing bacteria in three levels of 0, 100, and 150 g.ha-1. The results showed that the effect of treatments with phosphorus bio-fertilizer and Nitroxin on grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of grain per pod, 1000-grain weight, and leaf area index was significant at 1% level. The highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000-grain weight, and leaf area index belonged to the treatment with consumption of 500 cc Nitroxin per 1000 m2 and 150 g.ha-1 phosphorus bio-fertilizer and the lowest rates belonged to the control treatment.

In order to understanding of the VAM effects on functions and nutrition of the corn, a research was conducted in Agricultural Research Center of Safi Abad, Khouzestan. The experiment was carried out based randomized complete block design at four replications. The treatments contain Mycorrhiza Fungi and phosphorous includes: A: Phosphorus according to soil test. B: VAM + Phosphorus according to soil test. C: Phosphorus according to 65% of soil test. D: VAM + Phosphorus according to 65% of soil test. E: Check treatment. This research was done to determine amount of absorbed macro and micro nutritious elements in shoot at early growth stage in corn plant. Result showed amounts of absorbed elements in shoot at any of the treatment levels were not different according to the statistical analysis results. Phosphorus content in plant was variable from 0.12 in treatment 5 to 0.18 % in treatment 1. Plant dry matter was variable from 28.60 in treatment 4 to 36.48 gram in treatment 1 and also the yield of fresh plant was variable from 260 in treatment 5 to 320 gram in treatment 2. The treatment caused plant root to be colonized by Mycorrhiza and using phosphorous fertilizer, compared to soil test (check treatment), was the greatest amount of uptake in corn plant.