مجله دراسات فی العلوم الانسانیه
سال سی‌ام شماره 3 (خریف 1445)

One of the important issues in contemporary society is women’s rights and establishing equality between human beings. Like men, women desire to be benefited from their rights. Parts of human rights are stipulated in Quran. Arabic language and language of Quran are gender sensitive languages and masculine conjugation is dominant in words and lexicon because in Arabic literature, masculine and feminine encompass all over the universe ranging from the Highest of the existence that is God to the lowest of them like the solid bodies, plants and animals etc. In this research, the Islamic scholars thought were reviewed in relation to word and meaning in the Quranic text. They believe that there is a distance between word and meaning, and meaning has priority over structure and form and it is prevalent. The research result showed. and the elements of language are inherently unrelated to gender and cannot be marked with male and female or masculine and feminine characteristic.  Therefore, the gendered nature of Arabic has not overshadowed Quranic teachings, and gender in the surface of the vocabulary and word in the text, by no means were meant by the owner of the revelation and Quran has an equal interaction with both genders. Then, using descriptive-analytical research method, the attempt is made to discuss human rights with gendered approach in four domains of life cycle, belief identity, need for security and adornment, so that the we could examine gender equality in Quran between two genders.

The semiotic space is distinguished in a certain period and formed through the cultural signs that are sent by the sender of message. Culture absorbs what is compatible with it in the course of its tremendous influence on the external environment, and then it may change texts that it could not resolve. The study of the semiotic space of the Qur’an includes the vision of the holy book. The Qur’an extracts the prior cultural structures from its historical or psychological context and characteristics and establishes new cultural systems without ignoring or separating these historical and cultural cognitive systems. This process is accomplished only through continuous semiotic breakthroughs. In fact, instead of the external space invading the internal space, it is the holy book that obliterates the unorganized and uncultured space that was already established in the semiotic memory of the society. On a higher level than the myth and legend that the polytheists demanded in Surah Isra, the Qur'an begins to establish knowledge in the framework of "miracles" in order to re-establish a view completely opposite to the mythological tendency of the infidels. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, and in accordance with the semiotic-cultural vision of the Tartu School, wants to study the revolution brought about by the Qur’an on both the practical and theoretical levels. In the meantime, the existence of a mythical hero who is capable of doing extraordinary things was erased from the cultural memory by the Holy Qur'an, and prophecy clearly took on a human form and took on a new form in a context full of challenges. Finally, by transforming the concept of the legendary hero, the Holy Qur'an established and re-established the rules of the miracle of prophecy.

Jean Baudrillard's theory of "simulation" is one of the postmodernist theories that seek to discover the formation of false truths in the thought of contemporary human. This theory, along with issues such as consumerism in the life of contemporary man and his captivity in the grip of capitalism, can explore the deep layers of postmodern human bewilderment. Applying this theory to the literary text is considered an interdisciplinary analysis. The present article has tried to analyze the impersonation of the Buddha by descriptive-analytical method and by applying the theory of pretense in the reading of the ode "The Prayer of Ghosts" by Nazhz al-Malaika and present a postmodernist reading of it and explain how the poet was able to use the simulation to create a new Buddha completely different from the real Buddha, a Buddha who is not the savior of humanity and suffers from constant torment and deprivation of peace. The conclusion of the article is that in this ode, the Buddha represents the same capitalist system that enslaves man and does not even allow him to die. This research can be considered as a new step in understanding postmodern philosophy and offering a new way to read literary texts that have not yet been analyzed in Arabic.

Implicit Model is a fundametal concept on which cultural criticism is based as it deals with the function of a model in texts and discourses and examines the textual subconscious, and dismantles the academic rhetorical language that is far from social problems and facts of the social life. This model may be present in songs, costumes, fables, and proverbs, as it is in poems, stories, novels, and other forms of art. Beneath all these elements is a cultural system perceived by the listener, viewer, or reader because of its hidden adaptation to an older model fixed in the mind. Regarding the cultural approach examining hidden Implicit Masculinity Model, the present study seeks to examine and analyze the hidden model of masculinity in the novel Tishrin by the Iraqi novelist Wafaa Abd al-Razzaq. In the sub-topics, the representations of masculinity in the novel Tishrin, such as: love, the desire for control, elimination, covering masculinity with religion, and the fear of shame, were examined. The study reached a set of results; The most important ones: Wafaa Abd al-Razzaq is consciously at times, and sometimes unconsciously created a conflict between the authority of male discourse and rebellion against this discourse behind an aesthetic and literary modelو so she sought, to fill her novel with the pattern of implicit virility, so her novel no longer concerned only the central, but the margin became the focus of her attention as well.

The present study mainly aims at "identifying the characteristics of environmental curriculum elements in the higher education system based on the Acker's approach". The research method was qualitative and based on phenomenological strategy. The statistical population of this study included experts and professors in the field of curriculum and environmental education who were selected through purposive sampling using the snowball method. The selection of sample continued until the theoretical data saturation, and finally 22 people were interviewed, including 9 curriculum specialists and 13 environmental education specialists. The necessary data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Nvivo software version 8 by "themes network" thematic analysis technique and analyzed during open, pivotal and selective coding steps. Also, in this study, Lincoln and Guba (1985) evaluation method was used to ensure the validity and reliability of the information. To this aim, the reliability, credibility, verifiability and transferability criteria were considered. The results indicated that the ten elements of the environmental curriculum (including logic, objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, the role of professors, educational resources, grouping, place, time and method of evaluation) for higher education have features that if used can increase students' environmental capabilities.

There is no doubt that the Noble Qur’an is a holy book in which the most eloquent methods and sayings of expression were used to guide and guide mankind. One of the most important of these techniques widely employed in the Qur'an is metaphor, which is a difficult literary process to translate that requires special precision. Peter Newmark proposed a precise definition of metaphor translation that is used today by many translators, especially within the religious sciences. Newmark presented seven strategies of metaphor translation that can be used to translate metaphors into the target language. In this paper, after a quick look at the meaning of metaphor in the Noble Qur’an with the help of books of interpretation, Quranic sciences and rhetoric, the translation of “metaphors” in the selected surah Al Baqarah was discussed by two selected Iranian translators, Muhammad Yazdi and Makarim Shirazi. Then it was compared between their method of preserving the great meanings of the Holy Qur'an. The result showed that both translators enjoyed the first principle of Newmark's proposed principles to a large extent, in order to maintain formal equivalence, but in the face of verses with culturally burdensome elements,

The study of international entrepreneurship in one of the most important and influential businesses in the economic world today, namely small and medium-sized businesses that are run by families, has been introduced as one of the vital fields of study by researchers. The study provides an international entrepreneurship model in small and medium family businesses in Iran. The study has been taken by adopting a qualitative approach of Grounded theory, through purposive sampling and data collection among 20 managers and employees of family businesses active in the food industry. Also, the data analyzed using interview tools during three common coding steps in the Strauss-Corbin approach. Data analyzed by Atlas ti software. The reliability of the research tool assessed using the two-coder agreement method. The designed model includes market strategies, networking, Iranian culture governing business, entrepreneurial capabilities, underlying factors (internal factors, external factors, area of business activity, political conditions of sanctions and government support), resources (financial, Technological and human resources), sustainable development, sustainable Currency and global practice are among the results of the research.