فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 55، پاییز 1402)

Floods are one of the natural hazards that in some cases lead to destructive phenomena and leave terrible social, economic and health effects. Meanwhile, rural communities are more vulnerable to climate change due to their livelihoods. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the livelihood vulnerability of farmers to floods in Lorestan province. The statistical population of this research includes all heads of flooded rural households in the three counties of Khorramabad, Chegani and Pol-e Dokhtar of Lorestan province, which according to the reports of the Agricultural Jihad of Lorestan province, their number was considered to be 6755. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 308 households was determined. Probability sampling with a systematic random method was used to select the samples. In this research, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) was used to calculate the livelihood vulnerability of rural households to floods. The results showed that the flood-affected farmers in the villages of Pol-e Dokhtar county have higher livelihood vulnerability compared to Chegani and Khorramabad counties. In Pol-e Dokhtar county, indicators of livelihood strategy, social networks, knowledge-information, and health showed a higher value than the other two cities; This means that Poldekhter city has a higher vulnerability in these indicators. According to the results obtained from this research, solutions have been presented to manage flood risk and crisis in rural communities.

Reverse migration is one of the main flows of rural-urban linkages. This flow is formed by some pushing forces in cities, such as high living costs and air pollution, as well as some pulling factors in rural areas, such as low living costs, pleasant weather, and the opportunity to spend leisure time. It also has various effects on both the origin and the destination of the migration. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of reverse migration in terms of both spatial and temporal dimensions. This research is applied research and in terms of the method is exploratory, descriptive and analytical. The data used in this research has been obtained from the Statistical Centre of Iran and has been analyzed during two 5-year periods: 2006-2011 and 2011-2016. Data analysis was performed using spatial statistics techniques in the Arc Map software environment. Research findings at the national level show a relative decrease in reverse migration over five years from 2011 to 2016. At the provincial level, 28 provinces of Iran have experienced negative growth and a relative decrease in reverse migration, and only 3 provinces have experienced positive growth. Findings from spatial analysis at the county level of Iran also show the spatial concentration of a large number of reverse migrations around the two metropolises of Tehran and Mashhad. Also, high values of the ratio of reverse migration to the total number of immigrants are concentrated in the central and northern regions of Iran.

Nowadays, food security is one of the most important concerns of different societies. This concern has especially important in rural areas which are themselves producers of food products. This study has investigated food security and factors affecting it in rural areas of Busher Province. Necessary data were collected by a sample of 380 households who were selected based on Krejcie and Morgan's Table. Data analysis was performed in descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS18. The results indicated that more than 60% of households have food insecurity. Results also indicated that based on the Mc Carthy model, economic, geographical and social factors have the most effect on food insecurity. Based on the results of hierarchical regression, among the economic factors, the variables such as irrigated land, savings, and number of livestock, among the social factors, variables such as spouse literacy, number of children, dependency burden, and geographical factors, variables such as distance from agricultural sales center, sales through intermediaries and investment of urban people in the rural areas have a positive and significant effect on improving food security.

One of the basic policies of the Iranian government in the program of rural development and reducing inequalities between cities and villages is the establishment of industry in villages in the form of creating industrial towns. However, the results of some research show that these towns have not always been a successful model of rural industrialization. For this reason and considering the gap created between the expectations and the existing conditions of the industrial town of Mozaik Sazan (Eshghabad) which is established in the Qale no sector of Rey, it was investigated with a qualitative method. Since the thematic analysis method was considered suitable for conducting this research, 27 informed people were selected and interviewed using theoretical sampling and based on data saturation. According to the results, the positive effects of this settlement on the economic life of the residents, such as the increase in the level of employment, and the increase in the price of land, are quite evident. But the results such as the creation of urban elements and manifestations in the villages, lack of per capita growth, the arrival of national immigrants, the decrease in the level of trust, environmental problems such as water and air pollution, illegal withdrawals from water resources, raw sewage overflowing from the industrial town to the edge of the fields are also among the problems created. The lack of workers' insurance, the lack of job skills in the residents, and the lack of attention to the residents' demands have created a situation for development from top to bottom. But the most important consequence of this issue has been the decline of prosperity of agriculture and animal husbandry in this area, which was once one of the poles of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tehran province.

Rural and rural-urban linkages are in terms of different flows that give the spatial structure of the regions a known entity. Therefore, in the past few decades, we have seen the attention of planners to the network approach and the basic interaction between different points and topics. Considering the importance of this issue, the aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between rural settlements and the city of Shaft located in Jirdeh in the central part of Shaft with a network analysis approach. The research method is a descriptive-analytical type, which was carried out by a survey method. The statistical population consisted of 33 villagers, members of the Islamic Council of the villages of Jiredeh and Shaft, and a matrix questionnaire was implemented in order to measure the relationships between them. Also, the theory and model of network analysis using Ucinet software and tests of density, degree, ambidexterity, transferability, E-I, etc. have been used to analyze the data and various graphs have been used to show relationships. The results show that there is little network cohesion and cooperation between the studied villages at the village level. The low level of the density index at the level of the network or two-way shows that there are few relationships and most of the flows are one-way and towards the city of the shaft.

This study evaluated the livability of 11 tourist target villages in the Ardabil district (Ardebil, Nemin, Sarein and Nair counties) using a descriptive-analytical approach. A number of indicators and items related to livability have been determined based on the studies conducted (4 dimensions, 14 indicators, and 65 items). In the next step, the questionnaire was developed by the researcher and after confirming the validity and reliability; It was distributed according to the population of the entire region. The sample size was determined using the Cochran method (360 samples) and the number of samples for the studied villages was determined according to the population of each village. In the following, Shannon's entropy technique was used to weight the indicators, and based on Prescott Allen's point of view and Vicor's technique, the livability status of the studied villages was examined at 5 levels (completely favorable to completely unfavorable). The results show that none of the studied villages are in a completely unfavorable state of livability, and the village of Bileh-Dargh is in first place with a score of 0.84 and is in a state of complete desirability of livability. 53.7 percent of the studied villages have a favorable livability status. With a score of 0.57, the village of Ilanjuq is ranked 8th and has an average livability status. 27.2 percent of the villages, i.e. 3 villages of Golestan, Sardabe and Korabaslu, while being in an unfavorable condition of livability, have occupied the 9th to 11th ranks. This research showed that tourism development has played an important role in improving the livability of the studied villages.

Identifying, revitalizing and protecting valuable rural historical context is important for preserving cultural and historical heritage, and in addition to preserving its form and shape, it will also preserve a set of local beliefs and values. Therefore, the correct recognition and classification of different types of architecture can be useful in better understanding the space, and its protection and also achieving new design methods. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to examine and typology of historical houses in the village of Upper Saif Abad (Old) from the perspective of the typology of historical houses according to architectural, historical and housing planning indicators (physical, qualitative), a little,) is. The research method is applied research and descriptive-analytical. In order to collect the desired information, two library and field methods have been used. The results of the research show that, in terms of the history of living in the village and its surroundings, 5 historical periods; According to the plan of village houses: 4 types; 6 different types of ledges, 2 different types of water basins, in connection with the roofs of the village houses, 3 different types of ledges including: 1- chevron arch, 2- circular dome arch and 3- Chamle arch (water storage) have been identified in the village. The materials used in the construction of the historical houses of the village include brick or Chinese stone with a wooden or mud roof, stone, plaster and cement.

The present study examines the relationship between modernization and political culture among the villagers of Mako. This study is directed to test the theories of the first and second waves of political development. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theories of Daniel Lerner and Karl Deutsch and uses Gabriel Almond's classification to measure the variable of political culture. The type of research is quantitative and it uses the survey technique to collect data. The data was extracted from 381 cases through a questionnaire. The findings show that there is a relationship between political culture and religiosity, the use of new communication media, and the education of villagers; In this way, the low and high level of religiosity among the villagers will lead to, respectively, the participatory and parochial political culture. Also, the higher the level of education and the use of new communication media among the villagers, the more the tendency towards the participatory type of political culture. In this way, the present research shows that merely being a villager does not mean having a traditional political culture such as a parochial and subjective one, and macro-narratives and essentialist classical theories of political development should be avoided about villagers.

the current research was conducted to analyze and investigate the impact of livelihood assets on the sustainability of rural women's livelihood in Gachsaran City. Analysis and investigation of the effect of the effective factors on the livelihood of the rural women in Gachsaran City. The statistical population of the research included 500 rural women randomly in Gachsaran City, of which 139 were selected and surveyed by simple random method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by the professors of the University of Tehran's promotion and development department and subject experts, and its reliability was calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test during the distribution of 30 questionnaires in the pre-test stage. LISREL 8.8 and SPSS 26 software were used to perform statistical tests. Also, to investigate the impact of livelihood assets on the sustainability of rural women's livelihood, it was done using the structural equation modeling method with the help of Lisrel 8.8 software. The results showed that the independent variables studied (five capitals) were able to explain 60.13 percent of the variance of the dependent variable, i.e. sustainable livelihood of rural women in Gachsaran City. Also, the goodness of fit indices showed that the structural model of the research has a good and acceptable fit. In addition, the human capital index (λ = 0.61) was assigned the first importance and priority for measuring the sustainable livelihood of rural women. Based on this, among the solutions to improve the livelihood of rural women are: 1) Organizations and other planning and policy-making officials pay due attention to the activities of rural women and improve the field of improving their livelihood according to the existing conditions. 2) In order to help poor and vulnerable rural women and families, they can act by providing appropriate financial assistance, such as setting up rural micro-funds.

In recent years, start-up companies have played an important role in the development of ecotourism and, ultimately, a sustainable economy. Gilan; Especially Lahijan city, which is known as the bride of Gilan, with the attraction of the pool, mountain, forest and green fields of tea and rice, clay soil, wooden architecture, delicious local food, local music, handicrafts, etc. plays an important role in attracting Bombardan has that in the present essay, from the perspective of the cultural diamond metaphor, adapted from Victoria D. Alexander (1959), a sociologist of University of London, England, it is tried to the chain relationships of elements such as distributors in the four axes of creation. consumer, society, and art with a focus on the sustainable development of eight rural points in the central part of Lahijan, namely: Sustan, Bijarbagh, Ahandan, Sarcheshme, Satal Sar, Lialman, Sheikhanbar and Ahandan; This research tries to use Alexander's modified cultural diamond theory with the field method and using library and electronic resources to investigate the economic development factors of the villages in the central part of Lahijan. Based on the findings of the research, the villagers of this region have been able to play an important role in the cultural transfer of the ecosystem with the help of start-ups, building and renting creative and leveled and almost cheap residences, along with agriculture and tea cultivation, which are supported by government financial support and marketing. Most of this will strengthen the cultural-economic flow.