فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 48 (پاییز 1402)

The development of entrepreneurship and self-employment in rural areas requires cooperation and the creation of platforms that can create a favorable and supportive ecosystem for the development of entrepreneurship and the success of entrepreneurs. On this basis; The present applied research, which has a mixed nature (quantitative-qualitative) was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method; There is an attempt to diagnose the current situation of entrepreneurship development in the rural areas of Tuysarkan, Hamadan province. The data was collected in the theoretical part using documentary studies and in the practical part based on field survey using interview and questionnaire tools. The statistical community of the research includes development officials, local managers and experts, and scientific experts in the region, who use a targeted method and snowball method in both qualitative and quantitative sections; At first, 19 people were identified as a Delphi group and subjected to semi-structured interviews, and then, the findings of the interviews were given to 35 other members of these groups for confirmation and generalization in the form of a questionnaire. became. Analyzing the interviews in the qualitative part in order to reach the causal, interventional and background factors that shape the current state of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the strategies adopted by economic actors and the economic and social results formed at the regional level by using database technique and in a small part by using the path analysis test, it was concluded that on this basis; The results showed that 72 challenges and obstacles in the form of the main components of weakness in management, policy-making and development planning (the most effective component); the inappropriateness of the business environment; Weakness in providing needed infrastructure, services and facilities; Weaknesses of marketing, sales and technical and practical obstacles; social and cultural barriers; educational and promotional restrictions; Weakness of financial resources; Weakness in the mental and behavioral beliefs of the villagers and includes two main dimensions of weaknesses and inadequacies related to environmental factors and individual and personality factors affecting self-employment and entrepreneurship; They are effective as inhibiting factors in the direction of entrepreneurship development and the success of entrepreneurs in the study area. In this regard, intervention and background factors; Adopted strategies and the results of the identified causal factors on the entrepreneurship ecosystem of the studied area were also identified.

housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the diverse functions of rural housing, it is important to study the effect of various factors on its resilience. Many components can play a role in that change. The purpose of the current research is to explain the paradigm model of rural housing resilience with emphasis on the rural economy. The current research is of a qualitative type and in terms of Morse's typology, it is a "parallel single method". The meta-composite method was used in data collection. The data collection method is document study and semi-structured interview. Nvivo software was used for qualitative data analysis and coding. Based on documentary studies and the use of meta-composite method, the theoretical framework of the research and the initial conceptual model of resilience were presented. The main components are: "optimal governance", "social justice", "endogenous growth", "sense of belonging" and "social vitality". Also, content analysis method is used to explain the components of the final conceptual model of rural housing resilience. Based on the questions raised in the interview process, 757 referrals were provided. With multiple revisions and integration of codes based on similarity during several stages of data summarization, 35 primary codes and 17 core codes were extracted. Based on the components presented in the conceptual model, interview questions were formulated and after summarizing the data, the spiral conceptual model was presented as the final model.

The function of small towns and their development depend on various factors that should be considered in their planning. This shows the necessity and importance of futurism in the function of small towns in the settlement system. The main purpose of this research is to foresight the functions of small towns in the urban system of  Fars central area up to 2031. This study tries to identify the key factors affecting the functioning of small towns in the urban system of the Fars central area and to draw possible scenarios for the next 10 years, predicting the overall trend. This research is practical in purpose, a combination of documentary and survey methods in terms of data collection, analytical in terms of method, and futuristic in terms of time. According to the nature of the research, structural analysis and scenario analysis methods were used in MICMAC and Scenario Wizard software. The results showed that 15 key factors affect the functioning of small towns in the study area. These 15 factors lead to 45 possible futures based on scenario analysis. After analyzing the possible situations, 12 scenarios with the highest compatibility were extracted, among which the future status of small towns in the urban system of the Fars central area in most scenarios will continue the current situation with a favorable trend.

Urban development, especially in large cities, has transformed both the structure and function of natural ecosystems as well as the quality of urban lands. The disruption of the supply and demand for ecosystem services, which results in ecological insecurity, is highly related to these alterations. Isfahan City, one of the largest population concentrations in Iran, has experienced rapid growth, which has caused the eradication of various natural regions in the surrounding areas. A variety of conservation, restoration, and management initiatives are implemented to enhance urban ecological security; however, in this study, the supply and demand ratio for carbon storage service in the central part of Isfahan has been proposed as an indicator of ecological security. The supply and demand ratio of the carbon storage was determined by examining the supply status of the carbon storage as well as the demand for this service, which was considered as the amount of carbon dioxide gas emission. Accordingly, most areas of the case study have experienced an imbalance in the supply and demand ratio of the carbon storage service, with an increase in demand for carbon storage service as a result of increased carbon dioxide emissions. It is suggested to construct green corridors in this city, and due to the reduced area of agricultural lands, South Ghohab has also experienced the processes of desertification, which necessitate the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. According to the findings, the increase in carbon emissions has had a greater impact on ecological security than the loss of green space. The quality of the urban ecosystem can only be improved by applying the knowledge of ecology, along with approaches such as maintaining ecosystem services and their supply, demand, and flow are crucial components of supporting sustainable development.

The development of all construction activities depends on water consumption, and according to the existing limitations and challenges, providing sustainable water resources with proper management and according to the principles of sustainable development can greatly help the progress of construction projects. Therefore, reuse of waste water, especially gray water, is a suitable option for proper quality. Therefore, in this research, the role and effects of using gray wastewater on the civil development of City garden project of Yazd have been investigated. This research has been applied from the point of view of objective and with an experimental and survey approach. The collection of research information has been done with documentary and field methods and with questionnaire tools. The community of this research is the project agents and also the experts and the sample size was considered to be 100 people. Multi-criteria decision-making method and fuzzy linear BWM model were used for data analysis. The results showed that in the road and transportation sector, the sub-criterion of building boulevards and shelters with a final weight of 0.179, in the construction and space-building sector, the sub-criterion of building residential buildings with a final weight of 0.1965, and in the environment and tourism sector, the sub-criterion of building tourist attractions with a final rating of 0.2431 is the highest. The effects of gray sewage have been taken in the direction of construction and civil development in City garden Karizland, Yazd. Therefore, taking into account that half of the urban wastewater produced in the houses turns into gray water, gray water recycling with proper management and according to sustainable development can greatly contribute to the development of City garden.

Urban spatial expansion is the result of urbanization's control over the geographical space and it represents the process of land conversion to urban uses. The new trends of spatial expansion, especially in developing countries, are pregnant with numerous social, economic and environmental challenges, and forcasting the spatial expansion challenges is one of the useful methods for finding a sustainable spatial development strategy.The current research is a type of applied-developmental research that was carried out using a qualitative-quantitative method. In the qualitative part of Delphi group decision-making method, the opinion of experts regarding the identification, summarization and comparison of two indicators has been done, and in the quantitative part, the data has been analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) in Micmac software.The findings of the research show that for internal migrations, population imbalance in the territory, instability of the settlement system, weak legal control, distribution of injustice, foreign migrations, social instability, poverty, destruction of the rural way of life, marginalization, increase in crime rate and Delinquency, poor social control, critical burden of the population, abnormal housing and the decline in the quality of life have the greatest influence and will play a role as the first level of challenging factors in the future of the metropolitan area of Tehran.The results of examining the challenges of the metropolitan area of Tehran show that among the components examined in the metropolitan area of Tehran, the highest level of influence and  is related to the migration component with an influence of 107.5, and this component is the most challenging factor in the future of the metropolitan area of Tehran. will work, and the lowest power of influence and influence is related to the component of annexation, integration and depopulation of villages (with influence power of 67.8).

Regional transportation, especially between port-hinterland, plays an important role in the economic prosperity of the country and the efficiency of the supply chain of commudities. Due to the functional and geographical differences between the hinterlands, the impact of the performance of each port on the post-coastal regional development is different leading to the diversity of different types of spatial structure in the port areas. Due to this fact, many researchers who are working in various scientific fields focus on the analyzing the relations between ports and hinterland areas and explaining the changes occurred in the spatial structure of these areas. The purpose of this research is to systematic review of researches in this field and to classify the structure and content analysis of prominent articles during period of 1997 to 2022. All of articles downloaded from Scopus database and analyzed by VOSviewer software. A comparison of the results of this research shows that in terms of specialization and distribution of journals, “The Journal of Transport Geography” is one of the main attractive journals for the researchers of spatial geography of ports. In terms of the geographical scale of the studies, most of the researches in this field have investigated the spatial structure of port-hinterland as a national scale. In addition, the geographical areas are mostly focused on the East and Southeast Asia.In terms of spatial structure typology, two types of analysis have been proposed and used in the selected articles. The first type is morphological analysis of the port-hinterland structure. The components used in this type of analysis include the objective components of the spatial structure (center, corridor, and land use area); the second type is the functional analysis of the port-hinterland structure, in which it often includes the intangible components of space (interaction, regularity and spatial territory). The results of this research show that the set of theories of port-hinterlandcan be summarized in seven thematic axes: Relations between the hinterland, port and foreland; Regional development of ports; Dry and inland ports; Port-city interface; Connections between ports and corridors; Competition between ports and forelands; and Function of ports. Finally, by reviewing the methods and techniques used in the articles, we can find four approaches of positivism, neo-positivism, relationalism and criticism in the philosophical-historical evolution of the port-hinterlamd articles.

One of the most important dangers that always threaten cities is the risk of an earthquake. This danger, with its high power of destruction of buildings and urban infrastructures, causes a lot of damage to cities in terms of financial and human lives. Therefore, in order to increase the capacity to deal with earthquake risks, increasing urban resilience has recently become a basic priority for most governments. Based on this, the current research was written with the aim of vulnerability integrated assessment of ten areas of Tabriz metropolis based on resilience characteristics and related physical indicators and making decisions for effective resilience against earthquakes. In this regard, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in terms of nature. In order to analyze information, have been used AHP techniques in Expert Choice software, PROMETHEE and GAIA and GAIA Web analysis and the opinions of 25 experts. The results of the research show that areas 9, 6 and 2 have high resilience against earthquakes with scores of 0.445, 0.374 and 0.293 respectively, areas 5 and 7 have medium resilience with scores of 0.196 and 0.142 respectively, areas 4, 8 and 3 have low resilience with scores of -0.090, -0.130 and -0.236 respectively and areas 10 and 1 have very low resilience with scores of -0.468 and -0.526 respectively. Also, about 11% of the texture of Tabriz metropolis is in the zone of very high vulnerability and about 13.5% is in the zone of high vulnerability. Therefore, the research results have been able to determine the priority of measures to increase resilience for different levels by identifying vulnerable zones and regions. Therefore, appropriate policy making in the direction of earthquake crisis management is an inevitable necessity, especially in strengthening buildings and city land use planning.