فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 57 (بهار 1402)

 The purpose the current study was to prepare of physical fitness factors normative data of 18-60 years old male in Kerman city. 363 men selected with cluster sampling method based on questionnaire physical activity, and were divided in 4 groups: (18 – 29 years old), (30 – 39 years old), (40 – 49 years old), (50 – 60 years old). Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, skin fold 3 thickness was assessed, then flexibility (sit and reach test), muscle strength (dynamometer), abdominal muscle endurance (sit up test), pectoral muscle endurance (push up test) and aerobic power (queen step test) was assessed. To make normative data used 10, 30, 70 and 90 percentile points. In retrogressive data, less than 10 percentage point as very good, since 10 to 30 percentage point is good, since 30 to 70 percentage point average, since 70 to 90 percentage point weak and above 90 percentage point, very weak. In progressive data, above 90 percentile point as very good, since 70 to 90 percentage point as good, since 30 to 70 percentage point average, since 10 and 30 percentage point as weak and less than 10 percentage point as very weak was considered. The results showed that fat percentage was higher than ACSM in all age groups, the flexibility and strength were lower, and the endurance pectorals muscles was similar to that of the ACSM. It is suggested that more studies be done according to the current situation.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in diabetic menopause women. Beneficial role of exercise training on these patients has been reported, but the effects of royal jelly (RJ) and exercise training is not well known. This study examines antioxidant effects of aerobic training (AT) and royal jelly (RJ) consumption on the aortic artery of ovariectomized STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Methods & Materials: 

Thirty ovariectomized rats (weight = 220-250 g and age= 22-26 weeks) with STZ-induced diabetic rats were divided into five groups including: (1) ovariectomized diabetic control (OVXD), (2) sham royal jelly solvent (Sh), (3) RJ, (4) AT, and (5) aerobic training + royal jelly (AT+RJ). To evaluate the effect of ovariectomization and induction of diabetes, 6 healthy rats were assigned in the healthy control (HC) group. Groups 4 and 5 trained for eight weeks, five sessions per week (55-75% maximum running speed), while groups 3 and 5 received 100 mg/kg/day RJ by peritoneal injection. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze aortic tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P≥0.05).

SOD and GPx levels in the RJ, AT and AT+RJ groups were significantly higher than the OVXD group (P≥0.05). Also, MDA levels in the AT+RJ (P = 0.001) and RJ (P = 0.019) groups were significantly lower than the OVXD group (P≥0.05).

It seems that AT and RJ consumption alone and AT+RJ simultaneously to increase antioxidant effects of aortic artery during of ovariectomized STZ-induced diabetic rats.

The genetic status of athletes plays a significant role in their success. Considering the importance of NRF2 gene polymorphism in aerobic capacity as one of the success factors of athletes, the purpose of this research Comparison of NRF2 gene polymorphism rs12594956 in elite and amateur karate-kas vs. non-athletes. Blood samples were collected in tubes, after DNA extraction, PCR for determining the type of A/C polymorphisms by preparation of primers, samples were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel using RFLP method via MfeI enzyme. To analyze the data, simple ANOVA, chi-square and logistic regression used in SPSS version 21 software. The significance level was also determined at p<0.05.

The results showed that there was significant within-group difference in distribution of A/C in amateur groups (χ2=8.667, P=0.013) and non-athletes (χ2=6.494, P=0.039). While this distribution did not show a significant difference between all 3 groups (χ2=3.121, P=0.528). Also, in elite athletes, compared to non-athletes, frequency of A/A is higher than C/C: with a coefficient of 1.049, and frequency of A/C is higher than C/C with a coefficient of 0.918 was less. In the case of amateur athletes, the frequency of A/A compared to C/C with a factor of 1.701 times that of non-athletes and the frequency of A/C compared to C/C with a factor of 1.312 times It was more in amateur athletes than non-athletes.

The results of the present research show the high previlance of genotypes related to the lower function of the NRF2 gene for the aerobic energy supply system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic trianing and low-calorie diet on GH, testosterone and body composition of obese boys during puberty.

Methods & Materials:

 In this semi-experimental research, 53 subjects (12-17 years old) based on Puberty were placed in two groups TS2.3(n=28,BMI=29.61+4.7kg/m2) and TS4.5(n=25, BMI=30.54+3.7kg/m2). Then, each group was randomly divided into three subgroup: aerobic training, diet and control. The aerobic training group ran for 3 months, 3 times a week for 20-40 minutes with an intensity of 60-85% MHR. For the diet group, a low-energy food plan(500 to 1000 kilocalories less than daily requirement) was prescribed by a nutritionist. puberty was measured by Tanner's scale, body composition with Inbody3.0, GH and testosterone were measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was done by Shapiro-Wilk tests, t–test, two-way ANOVA or their non-parametric equivalent in SPSS version-24.

The results showed that GH changes were not significant. The interactive effect of group and puberty in increasing testosterone was seen only in aerobic training group(p=0.01); decrease in body fat percentage was seen in two intervention groups; But it was more in diet group(p=0.001). Also, BMI reduction in two intervention groups was more at the TS4,5(p=0.04).

The positive result of the intervention of aerobic training and low-calorie diet was the reduction of body fat percentage, which indicates the dynamics of puberty with its rapid changes; Therefore, it is better for obese boys to seize the golden opportunity of puberty especially at the end to reach the desirable weight.

Obesity by decreasing adipokines involve in insulin resistance such as spexin is associated with insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and aerobic training on serum levels of spexin and insulin resistance in overweight women.

Methods & Materials:

 Thirty overweight women (BMI> 25 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Subject were divided into three groups; HIIT, aerobic training and control groups. HIIT training was included 4 ×4-min at 85-95% maximal heart rate interspersed with 3-min active recovery periods. Aerobic training was included 37 minutes of moderate intensity. Both protocols were matched for calorie expenditure. Body weight and blood samples were measured before and 48 hours after last training session. Insulin, glucose, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and spexin were evaluated. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA and paired t test.

The results showed that HIIT was associated with higher serum spexin levels compared to the control group (P=0.001). Furthermore, both training protocols decreased insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR in comparison with the control group (P=0.0001). However, there were no significant differences between two exercise training groups in insulin, glucose, insulin resistance and spexin (P> 0.05).

The findings suggest that HIIT by increasing serum spexin partly improves insulin resistance in overweight women.

Exercise activities can act as an endogenous adjuvant, enhancing the efficiency of the host immune response after vaccination. However, the effect of repeated bouts of eccentric endurance exercise on cellular and humoral immune-related responses to the vaccine is unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the activation of type 1 and 2 (Th) helper lymphocytes following three bouts of endurance eccentric exercise as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination. Thirty-six female Balb-c mice (6-8 weeks, body mass mean=18g) were randomly divided into six groups: control, exercise, vaccine, PcDNA, exercise-vaccine and exercise-PcDNA (6 mice in each group). Different groups underwent DNA vaccine and PcDNA injection immediately after the last exercise, all stages of exercise and injections were repeated after 12 days according to the vaccine protocol, and 12 days after the second vaccine injection, spleen samples were collected. On-way variance analysis was used for statistical analysis and P<0.05 considered for significance. According to the results of the study, the ratio of Th1/Th2 after antigen stimulation was significantly different between the control group with vaccine and exercise-PcDNA (P <0.05). Also, the exercise-vaccine group was significantly different from all research groups (P <0.05). The results of the present study confirm the increase in the Th1/Th2 cell ratio following repeated bouts of eccentric endurance exercise. Stimulation of muscle damage through exercise before DNA vaccination may have been effective in invoking innate immune system cells and effectively stimulating acquired immunity.