مجله به زراعی کشاورزی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

In order to identify important agronomic traits related to yield and introduce early with high-yielding cultivars in Brassica genus, 100 genotypes of six species of Brassica genus (B. napus, B. juncea, B. nigra, B. rapa, B. carinata and B. oleracea)were evaluated implementing latis square designs with two replications experiments at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Research Farm during 2017-2018. The results of variance analysis showed that the studied genotypes have very significant differences with each other in terms of all agricultural traits. The results of mean comparison showed that genotypes from B. napus species has the highest yield and genotypes from B. rapa species has the shortest days to ripening with the lowest yield. The longest days to ripening was identified as genotypes from B. juncea species. The analysis of genetic correlations for all species revealed that yield of seed had a significant positive correlation with days to ripening, silique number per plant, thousand grian weight and grian number in silique. Results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that silique number per plant, 1000-grain weight, number of silique per plant and days to maturity had significantly effects on grain yield. The result of factor analysis showed three independent factors that explained 92% of the total variability, which were named ‘productivity’, ‘phenology’, and ‘thousand grian weight’, respectively. According to all three factors, B. napus, best species and Janetzika، Liragold، Hayola 401and Hayola 308 from B. napus species, were identified as the best cultivars concerning seed yield and early maturity.

In order to evaluate different levels of wheat straw mulch and herbicide on quantitative, qualitative yield and weeds control of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare MIL.) an experiment was conducted arranged as split-plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2019-2020 growing season. Treatments included different concentrations of Linuron herbicide (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 L/ha) as the main plot and different levels of wheat straw mulch (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 tons /ha) as a subplot. The results revealed that the lowest dry weight of broadleaf and grass weeds (73 and 15 g/ m2) of 4.5 L/ha herbicide and 9 and 12 tons’/ha mulch was obtained. The highest grain yield was observed (80 g/m2) in 3L/ha of herbicide application and wheat straw mulch 9 ton/ha, and the lowest (18 g/m2) in treatment non-application of mulch and herbicide. The highest essential oil yield of fennel (2.82 g/m2) was obtained in treatment herbicide application (3 L/ha) and straw mulch (9 ton/ha), while in treatment non-application of mulch and herbicide was 0.48 g/m2. Therefore, in integrated weed management, the use of wheat straw mulch could be considered in reduction of weeds competition and achieving sustainable agriculture in medicinal plants.

To investigate the effect of zinc and potassium application on some morphological traits and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress, a split-factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates were carried out at the experimental farm of the Research, Education and Extension Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Hamadan during 2017-2018. The main plot included irrigation levels (normal and water stress) and the subplot included two factors of foliar application of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers. Potassium fertilizer from K2O source (40%) including 2 L/ha at three levels; I) without fertilizer (control sample), II) leaf spray at the beginning of booting, III) leaf spray after pollination, and zinc fertilizer from water-soluble zinc source (10%) including four liters per ha in three levels; I) without fertilizer (control sample), II) leaf spray at the beginning of booting, III) leaf spray was used after pollination. The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between treatments in all studied traits. Significant differences in all of the traits were observed under stress and normal irrigation. Co-application of potassium and zinc fertilizers compared to the control increased grain yield (4.5%) and RWC (5.8%) evaluated morphological indices under stress conditions.To investigat

In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) on the yield and yield components of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the form of split plots experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications, in The research farm of Zabol University was implemented in the crop year of 2013-2014.The experimental treatments include nitrogen fertilizer levels as the main plot (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) and replacement series of intercropping as the sub plot included (pure Roselle, pure peanut, 50% Roselle + 50% peanut, 75% Roselle + 25% peanuts, 75% peanuts + 25% Roselle). Based on the obtained results, different levels of nitrogen and intercropping showed a significant effect on the number of seeds per plant, the number of seeds per seed, the weight of one 1000 seeds, economic yield, biological yield and harvest index. The interaction effect of experimental treatments was significant on economic, biological yield and harvest index. The highest of economic yield of peanuts (5995.33 kg. ha-1) was obtained in sole crop of peanut and consumption of 200 kg. ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that the highest of land equivalent ration was obtained in intercropping of 75% of peanuts plus 25% of Roselle (1.73), which indicated the usefulness of intercropping compared to sole crop planting.

In order to evaluate peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) NC2 variety growth as affected by supplementary irrigation and Salicylic acid, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province (Kanroud research station of Astara), Iran, during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes: no irrigation (rainfed condition), supplementary irrigation at initial flowering stage, supplementary irrigation at pod formation stage and supplementary irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of salicylic acid (SA): 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress dercreased all measured characteristics in peanut and foliar application of SA at the rate of 300 µmol/l improved all studied characteristics under bath supplementary irrigation and rainfed condition. The greatest pods number per plant (51.57), grain yield (3450 kg/ha) and pod yield (4958 kg/ha) of peanut were obtained under supplementary irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages with SA and these agronomic traits increased 38.79, 70.8 and 57.6 percent compared to rainfed comdition, respectively. Results of this reaserch indicated, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of SA at the rate of 300 µmol/l could be recommendable to enhance plant growth and grain yield of peanut under similar climatic condition.

In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the growth indices and leaf aging process in soybean, an experiment was conducted during the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology's Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment was carried out factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments include the initial seed quality at two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and the application of ellagic acid at four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 mg/L). The results showed that accelerated aging decreased the amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, plant height, leaf and stem dry weight, oil percentage and seed yield compared to the control. The use of ellagic acid in the form of priming, foliar spraying and their combination in this study increased the percentage of oil by 0.23, 0.24 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to the control. Priming, foliar spraying and the combined application of priming and foliar spraying with ellagic acid improved the grain yield by 23.59, 23.23 and 55.48%, respectively. The use of ellagic acid as seed priming and foliar spraying better than other levels. Finally, it is recommended to use this material as a priming to increase the percentage of oil and yield of soybean.

The use of nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin is vital for the long-term maintenance of urea fertilizer in the soil and preventing its leaching. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the yield and physiological characteristics of different wheat cultivars under different levels of fertilization and tillage systems. This study was performed as a split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Karaj during two cropping seasons (2019-21). The experimental treatments included two tillage levels (no-tillage and conventional tillage) in the main plot and three fertilizer levels (urea, nitrapyrin + urea combination and control (main plot), and two cultivars (Rokshan and Pishgam) in the secondary plot. The results of the composite analysis showed that the highest yield of wheat grain was obtained in Rakhshan cultivar with 8331 kg/ha and the level of urea + nitrapyrin fertilizer was obtained in no-tillage, which was 6.15% superior to the level of urea. Also, in both tillage systems, the highest amount of leaf area index and nitrogen productivity index was obtained in the same treatment, so compared to the treatment of urea application, 6.1%, 2.7% in no-tillage and 0.8% and 1.3% in Cultivation was more common. In general, nitrapyrin improved wheat yield in both tillage levels. In addition to improving plant performance, the use of nitrapyrin can also be effective in reducing environmental hazards caused by the use of chemical fertilizers such as urea.

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of water deficit irrigation on the agronomic characteristics of fodder sorghum cultivars in Kerman province. This experiment was carried out as a strip split-plot in a complete randomized block design with four replications in a research farm of agricultural research center of Jirof and Kahnooj, Kerman province, in 2019 and 2020. Drought stress as a vertical factor in four levels including without stress (irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as control, mild stress (irrigation after 110 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan), medium (irrigation after 140 mm evaporation) and sever (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) and four sorghum cultivars including Spidfeed, Sugar graze, Jumbo and Pegah as a horizontal factor. The highest yield of fresh forage yield under non-stressed conditions (control) was observed in Spidfeed and Pegah (121.60 and 118.79 ton.ha-1, respectively). Also, Spidfeed and Pegah had the highest dry forage yield under non-stressed conditions (control) as 22.50 and 20.69 ton.ha-1, respectively. Also, the highest yield of dry forage in mild drought stress was observed in Pegah and Speedfeed varieties (15.30 and 14.88 ton.ha-1, respectively) and under medium drought stress in Pegah (11.12 ton.ha-1), whereas Spidfeed variety was superior to others for dry forage yield (7.42 ton.ha-1), in severe drought stress. Based on MP and STI indices, Spidfeed and Pegah cultivars with higher average of dry fodder yield were selected as the most suitable genotypes under drought stress conditions in Jiroft region of Kerman province.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress and foliar application of Fe and Zn on agronomical characteristics of sunflower

a farm experiment was carried out in the Fars agricultural research center in the split plots form base on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from A class evaporation pan) as the main plots and foliar application at four levels (water, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and iron sulfate+ zinc sulfate) were used as sub-plots.

The results showed that the delay in irrigation from 60 to 180 mm of evaporation caused a decrease in the number of seeds per head, grain yield and biological yield by 24.8%, 37.5% and 30%, respectively. The foliar application of iron sulfate + zinc sulfate compared to the control treatment increased the number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and grain yield by 24.1%, 16.6 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. The delay in irrigation, increased the water use efficiency by 50.9%. The interaction between irrigation and foliar application had a significant effect on leaf and grain iron concentration and leaf zinc concentration, so that with delay in irrigation, absorption of nutrients decreased, but foliar application under drought stress conditions increased iron and zinc absorption in sunflower

According to these results, it can be stated that with micronutrient foliar spraying, the severe drop in sunflower yield can be prevented under drought stress conditions

Nitrogen is the most important nutritional element required by the rice plant, and a large part of it is lost in paddy fields through leaching, which can lead to environmental problems and reduce the efficiency of urea fertilizer use in rice cultivation. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of using different organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in order to reduce or solve this problem in 2021, in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was implemented.The main factor including humic acid, fulvic acid and application of nitrogen fertilizer (granular urea, sulfur coated urea, ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate, combination of sulfur coated urea and granular urea, and control) were considered as secondary factors. Comparison of the average of simple effects showed that the highest yield of paddy was obtained with the application of humic acid, which increased by 19% compared to the control. The highest plant height and biological yield were obtained by applying sulfur coated urea or sulfur coated urea with granulated urea. The highest dry weight of the cluster per plant, a single plant dry weight and the number of fertile tillers in plant belonged to the application of sulfur coated urea or the co-application of sulfur coated urea with granular urea with humic acid application. Therefore the fertigation of humic acid can be useful in improving the growth of rice in rice-cultivated soils in Khuzestan.

The precise zoning of environmental factors in each region for agricultural activities, provides a very important guide for decision-making by managers and policymakers in the agricultural sector and farmers.

This study was conducted to zoning arable lands in Lorestan province for summer(second) maize-forage cultivation using GIS and ANP-fuzzy methods in 2022.Research

First, the raster layer of environmental factors affecting maize-forage cultivation including climatic factors(minimum, maximum and average temperature), topography(altitude and slope) and soil (pH, texture, potassium-available, phosphorus-available, organic matter and total nitrogen) prepared in GIS. Then, using fuzzy functions, the map of each factor was fuzzy and the weight of each factor was determined by ANP. The final layers were produced by combining the weighted layers, finally these layers were zoned into four highly suitable, suitable, marginally suitable and unsuitable layers.

The results showed that 96.35% of the study area was highly suitable formaize-forage cultivation and 3.65% was marginally. Except for a small part of the north and south of the agricultural lands of Lorestan province, the rest of the lands was suitable. Evaluation of fuzzy maps showed that highest fuzzy importance is related to climatic factors(0.63) and the least to soil factors(0.53). A separate evaluation of climatic, topographic and soil factors maps indicates that all factors except soil pH limit the cultivation of maize-forage in Lorestan province.

The result of this study will provide a logical basis for planning the optimal use of agricultural land, management of maize-forage and increasing farmers' income.

The time and duration of developmental stages (phonological events) are important in grain yield determination of wheat. The aim of this research was to study the ratio of post- to pre-anthesis duration in wheat plant and to investigate its possible association with grain yield.Eighty-one wheat cultivars were grown at research farm of Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources-University of Mohaghegh Ardabili under well-watered conditions during 2010-2011 growing season. The dates of anthesis, and physiological maturity were recorded. Grain filling period (GFP) was recorded as the period from anthesis to physiological maturity. With the objective of including temperature effects on the lengths of growth phases, all developmental stages were expressed in the form of growing degree days (GDD). The ratio of post to pre anthesis duration was calculated as the amount of GDD from anthesis to maturity (GFP) divided by the amount of GDD from sowing to anthesis. Results showed that examined cultivars had significantly differences with respect to grain yield where this trait range from 293 to 746 gram per square meter. Crossed Alborz, Akbari, and Naz were the most productive cultivars whereas Shahpasand, Omid, and Sardari performed visa versa. Close association (r=0.79, P < 0.01) was found between grain yield and biological yield. In addition, grain yield correlated significantly and positively with grain number per square meter (r=0.74, P < 0.01) and with thousand-grain weight (r=0.42, P < 0.01). Large variations were found among tested cultivars with respect to thermal time from sowing to anthesis.

Investigating the effect of various sources of sulfurous compounds along with the inoculation of Thiobacillus bacteria on corn plants under stress conditions of lead and zinc metals, Factorial experiment of randomized complete blocks design was carried out in the Agricultural Research Greenhouse of Zanjan University in 2021. The treatments include elemental sulfur (0.75, 1.25 and 2 g/kg soil), sulfur with thiobacillus bacteria(biosulfur) (1, 2 and 3 g/kg soil) and potassium sulfate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg soil). The results showed traits were significant in the vegetative growth stage in all applied treatments. The treatments increased the amount of chlorophyll, enzymes compared to the control. Then decreased the leaf temperature, Increasing the length of leaf cells. also, it increases the leaf area and leaf production rate in plants. This increase was higher in sulfur treatment with bacteria. But the treatments of 2 grams of elemental sulfur and 1.5 grams of potassium sulfate caused stress in the plant and reduced the amount of traits compared to the control. Also, the plants in contaminated soil were stressed and the amount of the mentioned traits also decreased. However, with the application of treatments, the amount of carotenoid, total protein and peroxidase traits increased, which reduced the stress in plants and increased the amount of traits and growth indicators compared to control in contaminated soil. Sulfur treatment with bacteria, compared to other applied treatments, by activating the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system of the plant, causes the plant to tolerate stress and improve plant growth.

In order to investigate the effect of polyamines on antioxidant activity and biochemical traits of Camelina under salinity stress conditions, a pot (as poen air) experiment was conducted at Payame Noor University (PNU), Iran in March 2022 as factorial layout based on a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and 3 repetitions. The salinity treatment was at three salinity levels (0, 15 and 30 dS/m) and 4 foliar spraying levels including 1- spermine (2 mM), 2- spermidine (2 mM), 3- putrescine (2 mM) and control (pure water foliar spraying). The results showed that with the increasing salinity stress, oil and protein contents and dry seed weight, chlorophyll index, shoot organic and mineral percentage decreased, but protein percentage, shoot ash percentage, soluble sugars, antioxidant activity and ion leakage percentage increased significantly. Salinity stress of 30 and 15 ds/m compared to the control, reduced the chlorophyll index (32 and 15 percent) and mineral percentage (19 and 3 percent), oil percentage (17 and 9 percent), dry oil weight in pot (62 and 21 percent) and dry seed weight (52 and 10 percent), but protein percentage (9 and 3 percent), ash percentage (33 and 30 percent), soluble sugars (32 and 20 percent) and antioxidant activity (21 and 13 percent) increased, respectively. Also, foliar spraying with polyamines increased the above traits, but decreased the percentage of ion leakage. Therefore, in order to decreasing the effects of salinity stress and increasing the dry seed and oil weights in pot, spraying with polyamines, especially spermine, is suggested.

In order to determine the chilling and heat requirements of blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars, three thorny (Tupy, Marion, Silvan) and two thornless (Merton and Red immature) cultivars after the onset of dormancy and after exposing the chilling requirement were collected of the Blackberries collection from Sari Agricultural Sciences University (SANRU) and evaluated in a greenhouse via RCBD at three replication at 2019. Then the chilling and heat requirement models were calculated. Results showed differences in chilling requirements of thorny and thornless blackberry cultivars in field conditions. The highest percentage of the first bud burst related to thorny cultivar Silvan after 500 hours chilling. Marion and Tupy, and Red immature burst in 700 hours of chilling but Merton thornless burst after 900 hours. Also, the minimum day number for 50% bud burst in all cultivars was obtained in 700 hours of chilling. It should be noted that only thorny cultivars have reached full bloom and therefore are the most suitable cultivars for the development in eastern of south of Caspian Sea region. Thornless cultivars did not reach full bloom even after receiving 900 hours of chilling. The heat requirement required for 50% of buds to bloom varied from 6324 GDH in thornless Merton cultivar to 1116 GDH in Tupy cultivar. Using complementary treatments like as Hydrogen cyanamide to improve bud burst can be helpful.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals, 15 selected Okra genotypes from the National Gene Bank of Iran were cultivated and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2020-2021 crop year in the experimental research farm of the Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute in Karaj (Seed and Plant Improvement Institute).

After the plants entered the three-leaf stage, irrigation was done once every 5 and 10 days.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress on all measured traits, including plant height, fruit yield, biological yield, number of ripe fruits, weight of ripe fruit, diameter of ripe fruit, number of seeds per ripe fruit, 1000-seed weight, sugar, and protein content, was statistically significant. Under drought-stress conditions, the mean of all evaluated traits (except soluble sugars) was reduced. The highest fruit yield (12.06 tons per hectare) belonged to genotype 10, which decreased by 37.5% compared to the non-stress conditions of this genotype. Genotypes 1 and 12 had the least change in protein content, genotypes 4 and 6 had the least change in sugar content, and genotypes 9 and 11 had the least change in biological function.

Based on the results obtained from this experiment, the best genotype in terms of fruit yield was genotype 10, and in terms of biological function, genotypes 9 and 11 were recommended for use in areas with water shortages.

In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and mycorrhizal in reducing salinity damage on the quantitative and qualitative yield of marigold a factorial pot experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design . This experiment was carried out with four replications in the Poldokhtar Payam Noor University in 2015. Experimental factors including salinity in 5 levels (Poldokhtar drinking water with electrical conductivity of 0.7 dS.m-1 is control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS.m-1, 4 levels of salicylic acid 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM and mycorrhiza was inoculated and no inoculated. The results showed that salinity reduced all the measured traits but only increased the antioxidant property. Consumption of Salicylic acid and mycorrhiza improved all the traits in salinity . The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b were in 0.7 dS-1 salinity and application of 0.6 mM salicylic acid with 0.115 and 0.207 mg.kg-1 fw, respectively which was significant with other treatments in 5%. Petal carotenoid was in 0.7 dS-1 salinity and application of 0.9 mM salicylic acid with 7.71 mg.kg-1 fw which was 15% higher than the same salinity and without using salicylic acid. The maximum of fresh weight of inflorescence content as economical yield with 12.56 gr.pot-1 was observed at 0.7 dS-1 salinity, 0.9 mM salicylic acid and mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhiza increased 28 percent antioxidant properties and 21 percent colonization compared to the control treatment. Mycorrhiza by absorbing more water and nutrients in salinity improve the growing conditions of the plant and increase the yield.