فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 44، تابستان 1402)

The critical study of previous philosophers’ attitudes towards women has increased. Studying the history of western and Islamic thought, Ibn Rushd’ attitude towards women is astonishingly shining. It includes such modern ideas as if they are the views of a contemporary thinker not a philosopher from the twelfth century. Studying his views on women seems necessary because , no Persian and special inquiry on it has been done yet. Therefore, in this essay, it has been tried to offer an overall description of his views on women. His reflections on women may be found in his Commentary on Plato’s Republic and Bidayat al-Mujtahid. In Commentary , he has asserted that women are equal to men intellectually. Therefore, equal rights must be shared between women and men. Moreover, he has added that any society ignores the capacities and capabilities of its women, will never acquire economic and social and flourishment. Thus, he has suggested that equal rights for women and men, have to be established, at least for the interest of the societies. In other words, even if societies don't care about women, they have to give the equal opportunities to women and men because of their own interest.

The owners of Home-based businesses, especially the majority of whom are women, face difficulties in acquiring resources from formal institutions such as banks, funds, and supportive institutions, Though they find solutions to finance and expand their businesses Which generally rely on their social capital. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the ways in which these businesses are funded and the relationship between these resources, social capital, and the success of Home-based businesses. At first, using semi-structured interviews with women who are the owners of successful Home-based businesses, and then using a survey with Home-based business owners. The study showed that these women are using "Bootstrap Financing" in their business start-up phase, including the use of their and other family members’ savings and valuable resources. To further expand the business they use bank loans, funds, and supportive institutions loans, Methods that rely on people's social capital. A survey of Home-based business owners showed that successful Home-based businesses more than unsuccessful ones have used both methods of financing and have higher social capital. As people's social capital increases, their access to other people's financial resources through borrowing, late payments, loans, etc. increases. they turn social capital into economic capital.

Problem Statement:

 Music has always been a significant aspect of Iranian culture throughout history and has maintained its official status among rulers in various eras of Iranian monarchy. However, with the advent of the Qajar dynasty and Iran's increasing proximity to the West, significant changes occurred in this tradition. Nevertheless, the impact of these changes on the activities of female musicians remains ambiguous. Therefore, the main question of this research is to explore the social status of Qajar-era female musicians based on an analysis of paintings, written sources, travelogues, and their attire as female musicians. Additionally, the research investigates the nature of the musical instruments and tools used by these women, addressing other related questions.

This research aims to understand the position of female musicians during the Qajar period and increase awareness of their status, shedding light on this aspect of Iranian culture.

This study follows a qualitative approach in terms of fundamental objectives. It relies on library-based data and visual content analysis, incorporating the knowledge of semiotics. The findings of this research reveal that, similar to the uncertainty faced by musicians in different periods of Iranian history, concerns persisted during the Qajar era. The level of difficulty and variations in the status of female musicians, whether they were instrumentalists, dancers, or singers, were influenced by various factors. Consequently, female musicians in the Qajar era did not typically enjoy a favorable position. However, some paintings from this period depict them on palace walls and interiors. In summary, the profession of female musicians, both in instrumental and dance roles, was not easily accessible for every Iranian woman. As mentioned earlier, musical training was primarily available to those born into musical families or serving as concubines in the court.

Woman and her position in the universe has always been considered in various fields of research. Providing an accurate interpretation of the position of women in the Islamic perspective is always one of the most difficult issues in the field of Islamic research. But referring to the Islamic theological and mystical tradition is an accurate and close approach to the truth.The present study has dealt with the position of women in the system of creation with a theological approach and with reference to Islamic theological and mystical texts and has achieved the following results 1- Marriage is one of the laws governing the system of creation. And finally, the natural and human world is present, flowing and flowing everywhere. Marriage (man and woman) in the human world is just one example of the bipolar truth of the Islamic monotheistic system. -.4- Therefore, man and woman are both manifestations of divine names and attributes, but woman is more complete than man in the manifestation of Hazrat Haqq in the manifestation of divine attributes, because woman alone contains the two active and passive aspects of creation and man has only one aspect. Is active.

The central issue of this paper is the study of the relationship between women and the urban space of Kermanshah. For this purpose, the women of two neighborhoods of Dolatabad and Kasri were selected so that apart from gender, the effect of women's socio-economic base on their relationship with the city and their acceptance by the city was investigated. The method of the article is grounded theory and corresponding to the problem and research method, data were collected through interviews. The main guide for data analysis has been the production theory of Lefebvre space.The research concluded that the women of both neighborhoods do not have a connection with the city and the city does not have a public space to accept women. However, the women of Daulatabad neighborhood meet the needs of the urban space in kinship, neighborhood and neighborhood communities, and the women of the Kasri neighborhood have replaced the privatized public spaces with urban spaces. The lack of presence of women in the city is the result of their absence in the economic order and their secondary role in the system of division of labor of the dominant relations in Kermanshah.