نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 38 (پاییز 1402)

In the second half of the 3rd century of Hijri, Khorasan was the battlefield of warring military forces for more than two decades. By overthrowing the Taherian, the Saffarian sought to consolidate their rule over Khorasan, and after the fall, the Taherian were trying to revive their government based on the acceptability and legitimacy of the Abbasi caliphate charter and using former military personnel. Due to the lack of legitimacy, the military commanders sought refuge with the Tahirian and read a sermon in the name of Muhammad bin Tahir. The conflict between these forces resulted in the political and military instability of Khorasan. The Abbasi caliphate, based on its legitimizing power, granted the charter or disapproved of the antagonists based on their interests and interests. This approach of the caliph was one of the factors affecting the lack of definite superiority of one of the parties and numerous campaigns, which caused the military instability of Khorasan in this historical period. The present article, written with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on first-hand historical sources, aims to answer the question of what role the policies of the Abbasid Caliphate played in the military conflicts of Khorasan in the second half of the third century. The findings of the research show that the necessity and expediency was the main motivation of the Abbasid caliphate in adopting a policy against the political and military events of Khorasan, and this was the approach of the influential authors along the military disturbances of Khorasan in the second half of the third century AH.

Leprosy was one of the oldest diseases and one of the issues that humans were involved in all societies including Iran. The present research, by raising the question, what effect did social security have on the health system and the status of lepers in the middle period of Iran? It examines the relationship between the social health system and social security with a case study of lepers. The result of the research, which was carried out with an interdisciplinary approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, confirms that the society and government of Iran in the middle period, like many societies of the pre-modern era, had social rejection of lepers on their agenda. "Hot disgrace" of the mentioned disease had imposed a distinct, independent, but inferior and deprived of existing facilities on the lepers. This shame used a negative approach in dealing with lepers by implicating the sufferers and accusing them of guilt in contracting the disease. This approach turned leprosy from a medical-biological issue into a cultural-social issue and inevitably forced the lepers to accept conditions that they themselves had no part in creating. Social security in the society's agenda covered only the non-leper majority and excluded lepers as those who threatened the existing health and security system from its safe inclusion; In a way that the lepers also accepted these conditions and suffered the suffering and consequences arising from it.

Smugglers were an anti-government movement in the lands of Tsarist Russia. A part of this flow only turned to creating disorder in the society and looting, but a significant part of it, as an active popular force in the South Caucasus region, sought to eliminate oppression and establish stability and peace in this region. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, they clashed with the rule of Tsarist Russia and the local feudal lords dependent on it, and due to the lack of forces, they chose guerrilla warfare on the borders of Russia and Iran on both sides of the Aras. This escape in the border areas caused them to be referred to as smuggling. This research aims to investigate the problem of smuggling in the borders of Iran in Qajar rera and Tsarist Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries by using library sources and in a descriptive-explanatory way. The findings show that the urgent need for land and water and its lack, the arbitrariness of the rich and those dependent on the government, were the main reasons for the emergence of smuggling in the South Caucasus. The issue of lack of land and soil became a big crisis when the tsarist government pursued its policy of Christianization in the Caucasus and accordingly confiscated a significant part of the land and water of the native Muslims in the region for the benefit of the newly arrived Christian populations.

Terrorism or assassination with the aim of physically eliminating opponents and in order to achieve political, economic and religious goals has a long history in the history of Iran. This issue became more intense during the Qajar period and especially from the Naseri period. During this period, the autocracy of the kings and the mismanagement of the political elites increased, and for the first time the ideas of libertarianism became the motivation for the political assassination of Naser al-Din Shah. With the beginning of the constitutional movement, the conflict between the opposing groups (socialists and moderates and parliamentarians and royal tyranny) increased and reached its peak during the period of Mohammad Alishah. This issue finally became a factor in the closure of the parliament by Mohammad Alishah. After the conquest of Tehran, party conflicts and conflicts led to mutual assassinations, and the formation of organized assassinations and the use of bombs were among the characteristics of this category of assassinations. The negative consequences of these terror attacks can be seen as the creation of an atmosphere of terror and the strengthening of resilience and the instilling of a spirit of violence among the strata of society. This research, with the descriptive-analytical method and with the benefit of library and documentary sources, seeks to identify the effective factors on organized terrors in the Qajar period. The findings of the research indicate that the existence of an autocratic system in the Qajar society and the conflict between the nation and the state was one of the most important political roots of terror in this era. On the other hand, the differences in the society, including the conflict between the parties, as well as the economic crises and the interference of foreign forces, especially Russia and England, in the country's economic structure were other factors of the formation of terror during the Qajar era.

Public security is one of the most important themes that have been discussed in treatises on governance ethics such as Sir al-Muluk, and rulers have always been advised to protect and strengthen it. In the meantime, Dastur al-Katib fi Zazah al-Morattab, written by Muhammad Bin Hindushah Nakhjavani, one of the educational treatises of Diwani teachers for sending and writing, in the second half of the 8th century of the lunar calendar, although it is not among the manners of al-Muluk in terms of format, but in its content, it contains materials that can be He counted such works in the category and therefore the issue of "public security" has become one of its important themes. Therefore, the upcoming research has been carried out with the aim of clarifying the concept of "public security" from the point of view of Nakhjavani and in a descriptive and analytical way, and it mainly seeks to answer the question, what are the aspects and dimensions of Nakhjavani in Tastar al-Katib, in relation to the issue of "public security" and How did he direct the ruler of his audience to the necessity and obligation of providing it in his territory? The hypothesis of this research is that the author, while teaching administrative correspondence, in an intelligent way, has directed his addressee to the desired governance method and accordingly the importance and necessity of providing "public security" in the content of the correspondence. The achievement of this research has shown various levels and layers of "public security", especially with regard to its disturbing factors from the perspective of Nakhjavani in Iran in the 8th lunar century.

Iran enjoys a strategic and important position, and this issue has been one of the most important reasons that has caused it not to be spared from major world events throughout history. The World War I is one of the events that affected the history of Iran. In the meantime, the role of a large tribe such as the Sanjabi tribe in protecting the homeland is clearly evident. This clan, led by Ali Akbar Khan faced the Russian, British and Ottoman governments and was able to gain credit in order to preserve and prevent the disintegration of Iran. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the question of how Sardar Sinjabi played a role in mobilizing people against the Russian, British and Ottoman governments in World War I by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources. The findings of the research show that due to his authority and popularity in the tribe, Sardar Sinjabi played an important role in the formation and organization of the popular mobilization to confront the great governments of Russia, England and Ottoman in World War I.