مجله الجمعیه العلمیه الایرانیه للغه العربیه و آدابها، فصلیه علمیه محکمه
سال نوزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 68، خریف 2023)

Argumentation is a speech and discourse act which aims at influencing the audience to do or refrain from doing an activity. This discourse process is based on argumentation, persuasion and affecting its own form and content. Due to their needs, the poets of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (Holly Prophet’s Family) employed this technique in political and religious poetry; however, this way of expression is different in the eyes of these poets. Clearly, Abdul Muttalib Hilli employed linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms of Argumentation using internal coherence in his style so that he could show his religious and belief positions and ultimately present the propriety of Ahl al-Bayt, agonizing story of Karbala and political events of his time. The era included confrontation between the West and the Muslims and the defense of the government and the clerics of the Ottoman period. The speech modes used in the poet's include negative questioning, expressing surprise, repetition in words, expressions for emphasis, modes of prohibition and negation, admonition and blame, parenthetical clauses to strengthen speech, dialogue for interaction, invitation to Jihad, and argumentative links to strengthen expressive possibilities as well as rhetorical style, including simile, trope, metaphor, metonymy, as well as contextual and linguistic opposition.

The poet may deviate from rhetoric in a way that suggests analogy without declaring it in one of the well-known forms, and this is what rhetoricians have defined as implicit analogy, as it is considered one of the rhetorical phenomena in which the element of reason is implemented along with sensation and emotions. The poet resorts to it because of its impact on deepening the meaning and its accuracy and kindness. Abu al-Fath al-Bosti, one of the Iranian poets in the fourth century AH, drew from the source of this metaphorical color and more than it, to the extent that it appears to those who delve deeper into his poetry that it is a prominent phenomenon scattered in his collection. Which draws attention and deserves consideration and contemplation. From this point of view, this research aims to know the implicit analogy and features of his rhetoric in the poetry of Abi al-Fath al-Basti, depending on the descriptive-analytical approach, by searching for the elements that the poet derived in creating his implicit mental images on the one hand, and searching for his methods used in this regard on the one hand. other. The results indicate that the poet, due to his wide culture, used different elements in his implicit similes, such as astronomical and medical elements. And his styles are more numerous than to be counted, which indicates his superior ability to absorb the grammar of the Arabic language, but he used some styles more. The results also indicate that the poet benefited from this metaphorical color for various purposes. Either for proof and persuasion in what seemed strange or impossible, or for excitement and stirring, or for pleasure, or for all the rhetorical purposes hidden in the folds of his poems.

All literary pieces have an origin and a starting point. The intellectual origin of a story is one of the influential factors in the process of producing literary pieces and their creation, so the formation of the created pieces is based on the intellectual and cognitive origin of the creators to the extent that the intellectual and cognitive origin causes tension between all the elements of the story. Researchers in contemporary research on fiction have found a word that has a strong connection with the concept of the intellectual origin of texts, which is "fiction theses" and means the creation of a story based on a research method to the extent that such stories, formed based on certain intellectual origins and cognitive principles, become known as "fiction theses" which are formed based on the logic of scientific research. The Egyptian writer Alaa Al-Aswany starts his novel called "Nady Alsayarat" from a main origin that has become the central core of the story and this core slowly spreads in the story and becomes the strategy of the story text which is found necessarily by discovering the intellectual origins that framed the story. In this novel, Al-Aswany has approached the social and psychological origins, so in this way, his story becomes a sociological research and a psychological thesis in which Al-Aswany seeks to investigate the social and psychological conditions of Egyptian citizens and the society in which they live. In this story, he intends to do this by recalling the historical past of Egypt and investigating the phenomenon of cars entering this country. Therefore, the thesis that the story seeks is to investigate human objectification and the psychological consequences of human colonization. Hence, this research attempted to investigate the novel based on the principles described in social psychology in order to examine Egyptian society from a social and psychological point of view.

Dialogue logic is one of the theories proposed by Mikhail Bakhtin, the Russian philosopher in the twentieth century. In this theory, he introduced language as having a social characteristic, which is conversational and polyphonic. In addition, Mikhail Bakhtin believed that poetry does not benefit from dialogue logic; However, Abd al-Ghani Nabulsi is one of the composers of the age of decadence, who was able to bring dialogue and polyphony to his poems by using in this way while creating unity between himself and others. With the aim of rereading the poems of Abd al-Ghani Nabulsi, the present article tries to check the compatibility of this theory with the poems of the poet in question. This study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, deals with the dialogue and polyphony in the poems of Abd al-Ghani Nabulsi. The findings of the study is that Abd al-Ghani Nabulsi created a conversational and multi-voiced work by using various techniques such as monophonic dialogue, two-way dialogue, flashback, polyphonic and intertextuality which arises from the beliefs and worldview of the poet.

The style of connecting and disconnecting syntax talks about the compliance or non-compliance of the follower in terms of Arabic rules. "Siboye" has addressed this issue in her book citing Quranic proofs. This research has been done with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of "Fakhreddin Razi" from the syntactic analysis of Siboye, in relation to this topic. This research, first of all, by descriptive-analytical method, examines the syntactic views of "Siboye" based on Qur'anic evidence. Then, in a comparative way, it refers to the influence of Siboyeh's analysis on the syntactic analysis of "Fakhr Razi". One of the findings of this research is that "Razi" was inspired by the syntactic views of "Siboye" in most cases indirectly and without citing him. And in some of her studies, she has a point of view that is contrary to this syntactic scientist. Examining the analyzes of "Siboye" shows that the context or textual relationships had an impact on his analysis Also, in some of Razi's syntactic views, the influence of his verbal beliefs can be seen.

Women's rights are an important issue in today's world, as the Declaration of Human Rights states that all human beings, regardless of gender, have the same individual and social rights, and no one can deprive another of this right. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Women, women have not yet achieved their full rights in Arab societies. In the process, Arab writers and poets, aware of the false traditions and the rule of the spirit of patriarchy and the disregard for women's rights, wrote about this issue in their works, defended women's rights and called for women's access. They got their rights. Among these poets, Fatemeh Naout, an Egyptian poet, has a prominent role.In most of his poems, especially in the divan of "Sharfti Mutt al-Asafir", he has dealt with the subject of women in the language of protest and symbolism.The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of receiving the poet's poems about women's rights and analyzing his poems in the field of women's rights components. The findings indicate that the poet refers to the rights of life, comfort, and marriage, and introduces women with the symbols of "poison", "farash" and "ward".

Adonis and Shafie Kadkani are scholars who have explored the stylistics of mystical letters from surrealistic and formalistic perspectives. This research, conducted within the framework of comparative literature in the American school, utilizes a descriptive method and content analysis to compare their viewpoints on the cognitive style of mystical letters in the Islamic world. The objective is to explain their choice of theoretical approaches and identify points of similarity and difference in their opinions. The findings reveal that each writer has focused on specific aspects of mysticism, and there is no fundamental contradiction between their perspectives. Adonis emphasizes that mystical texts contain unique knowledge, distinct from ordinary experiences, which mystics convey through innovative concepts and a specialized language. On the other hand, Shafie Kadkani highlights the innovation in interpreting common concepts and using language and linguistic tools, rather than introducing entirely novel ideas.

Quranic metaphors do not always occur in nouns or verbs. However, this pattern, most often, occurs in subject nouns (pseudo-verbs). Many rhetoricians and Quranic researchers believed this type of metaphor to be a singular metaphor, but we can revisit this kind of metaphor to get a holistic perspective. In addition, the findings of previous studies showed that Quranic scholars have neglected the current capacities of subject nouns due to association with words. The main objective of this article is to investigate whether this metaphor, in its linguistic context, is singular or compound according to the coexistence, substitution and descriptive-analytical method. Then, the researchers contend that the subject noun is considered singular due to association with Quranic verses, while it seems that in these cases the subject noun is compound. Moreover, in some cases, ignoring these important issues has led to an incomplete translation by the translators.

It is not possible to collect the literary topics of modern Arab literature in one book because of the historical, geographical and thematic extent; However, Cambridge University has done this by dedicating one volume of the six-volume collection of the history of Arabic literature to modern Arabic literature .Mohammad Mostafa Badawi, a professor at Oxford University, with the cooperation of ten professors of Arabic language and literature from leading universities in the world, compiled this book based on poetic and prose topics in fourteen chapters, in order to familiarize the people of the Maghreb with contemporary Arab literature .This book is divided into four sections: "Grounds of Awakening"; "eloquent and popular contemporary poetry"; "Modern Arabic Prose Techniques" and "Contemporary Prose Criticism" have been organized. The analysis of the quantitative and qualitative content and citations of the book shows that the ratio of the volume of prose to poetry is more than double, and the largest volume of the book is dedicated to the Arabic novel, and from the qualitative aspect, the important feature of this book is the historical analysis of each literary type based on the course of evolution. It is innovative in dealing with the two topics of "Women Writers of the Arab World" and "Arabic Folk Poetry" and from the citation aspect, although in order to prevent the volume of the book and to simplify the presentation of the material, the reference footnotes have been removed in many chapters. but the wide range of sources used in the bibliography section can be a valuable reference for knowing the sources of modern Arabic literature in Arabic and English.