فصلنامه سیاستهای مالی و اقتصادی
سال یازدهم شماره 43 (پاییز 1402)

The aim of the present study was to rank the financing methods of small and medium companies. From the AHP-TOPSIS approach, the factors influencing the choice of financing method should be identified and prioritized. The research data were collected using a questionnaire and a sample of research from the financial managers of small and medium companies. Were also identified and defined in seven groups. The results show that the profit criterion is superior to other criteria and the financial method of factoring is preferred. Of course, the situation of companies and financial managers at the time of decision-making has a significant impact on the choice of different methods.

Risk disclosure is one of the key reports of this industry in the capital market. In this paper, we investigated the barriers to risk disclosure in Iranian banks. This research has been done with a qualitative approach and based on grounded theory. The data of this paper were collected and coded through in-depth interviews with 15 capital market experts, banks, central banks and independent auditors of banks. The analysis of the interviews led to the identification of four serious barriers to risk disclosure in Iranian banks, which include environmental challenges, regulatory challenges, macro challenges and banking industry challenges. According to the results of this survey, regulatory weaknesses in set and punishment, the infancy of Iran's banking industry, lack of training and proficiency in risk identification and disclosure, sanctions on the Iranian banking system, lack of necessary infrastructure for measurement and disclosure, lack of strategy and activities Contrary to the objectives of establishing a bank in the economy, government and governmental structures governing the bank, disclosure costs and lack of proper accountability mechanism in the bank and other factors effect on risk disclosure and prevent the presentation of a favorable, coherent and comprehensive disclosure of the bank's risk situation. It’s necessity In order to remove these barriers, the supervisors and developers of standards and regulations in the Iranian financial market, including the Central Bank, the Stock Exchange and Securities Organization and the Auditing Organization, are taking corrective measures to remove these barriers and plan to improve the level of risk disclosure.

The risk of stock price crash is one of the topics of interest in capital market research. Since the main mission of capital market regulators is to protect the rights of investors, it has always been important to consider the factors that affect crash risk. The quality of financial reporting and earnings management patterns are the most important tools available to regulators that can help them manage crash risk aversion, the purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between real profit management, corporate governance and the risk of stock fall in a company listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research is practical in terms of its purpose, and its statistical sample is 113 companies from among the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2016 to 2021. The research method of the present study is descriptive- correlation and the research hypotheses are tested using the generalized least squares method. The results of the research showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between real earnings management and the risk of falling stocks. Also, the results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between corporate governance and the risk of stock fall. Corporate governance moderates the relationship between earnings management and stock downside risk.

Considering the ever-increasing inflation of recent years, which came about due to international sanctions in the field of oil and gas condensate sales, and the existence of a large budget deficit, it is necessary for the government to think of ways to improve the negative operational balance of its budget and take effective measures as soon as possible. In order to improve the operational balance of the government budget, drivers of the negative operational balance of the budget should be identified first. The main goal of this research, which was conducted in 1401, is to identify the drivers of the negative operational balance of the government budget. In this qualitative-exploratory research, by conducting 19 interviews with experts (3 faculty members, 6 managers, and 10 experts of plan and budget organization) and analyzing the interviews with thematic analysis, finally the drivers of the negative operational balance of the government budget in the form of 3 categories of contextual, procedural and Programmatic drivers (3 main themes, 8 sub-themes and 83 codes) were identified. Contextual drivers refer to the factors related to the country's economic background and include the undeveloped manufacturing and export industries, monopolies in the country's economic sectors and excessive growth of the public sector in Iran. The programmatic drivers express the factors that are related to lack of planning or the lack of a suitable plan in the field of operational balance management and include the lack of a suitable plan to increase the government's efficiency and the lack of a suitable plan to control the sale of natural resources. Procedural drivers refer to the factors that are related to the processes, procedures and the quality of its implementation in the country and include the weakness in the tax system, Failure to perform performance-based budgeting principles and ineffective monitoring of the government's economic activities.

The hypothesis of de-infiltration of government, shows that if the host country has ratified a trade agreement with other countries, the government of those countries should be less likely to seriously interfere in commercial disputes and lawsuits. Therefore, the current research was considered with the aim of investigating the role of multilateral and regional agreements in de-infiltration of governments in commercial lawsuits from the perspective of diplomacy. Using the data of 86 disputes in Asian countries from 2021 to 2022, a logit model was explained and analyzed by estimating it. Netaich showed that the de-infiltration of governments in commercial lawsuits is more due to the issue of whether the political influence of governments in lawsuits is consistent with their strategic interests or not, instead of taking into account the extent of political influence of economic agents. Thus, they are typically encouraged to agree to arbitration in multilateral and regional agreements in exchange for less political influence in commercial disputes. While governments frequently intervene in developing world disputes, powerful governments rarely use threats, outright sanctions, and political influence in trade disputes. The lack of political influence of governments in the framework of multilateral and regional agreements has led to the institutionalization of the legal system to resolve commercial disputes, which results in less forced and aggressive diplomatic interventions. Finally, in the agreements, ambiguous standards due to multiple interpretations due to the malleability of language and the uncertain future should be considered as an important challenge.

The development of rural digital economy has been raised as one of the most important issues in Iran. Gilan province is also one of the regions that has been considered and investigated as one of the regions due to its potential for the development of rural digital economy. The purpose of the current research is to identify the obstacles to the development of rural digital economy in Gilan province. This research is exploratory in terms of purpose. In this research, at the beginning, the obstacles in the field of research have been extracted through the qualitative method of thematic analysis from the literature and the theoretical foundations of the research and the number of 32 semi-structured exploratory interviews about the topic. Then, using the Antropi Shannon weighting method, the structural modeling of the relationships between the components has been done. The analysis method was such that the qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews were analyzed in the first stage using thematic analysis method with the help of MAXQDA 2020 software, then after creating the initial codes, they were divided into more general categories. They were tied. The statistical population of the research is 91 experts and entrepreneurs, accelerators in the field of rural activities, university professors, managers and entrepreneurs with experience in digital economy. In order to select research samples and form a panel of experts, the snowball sampling method was used. In this research, theoretical saturation was reached during interviews with 32 experts. The results of the research indicate that the most important obstacles in the discussion of rural digital economy in Gilan province include things such as lack of access to appropriate technical and communication infrastructures, lack of training needed to use digital technologies, lack of effective and coordinated policies for economic development. digital, and the lack of access to financial resources and suitable credits for investment in this field.