فصلنامه آفاق امنیت
پیاپی 60 (پاییز 1402)

The type of defense attitude of the leaders of each society forms the infrastructure of that society's defense policy. The Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, has recognized the existence of a large and strong population as a determining factor for increasing deterrence against threats to the country's national security in the framework of the smart defense strategy.Since the reduction of the population with the disruption in human resources as one of the factors that make up the component of national power makes it difficult to protect the religion and territorial integrity of the country in the event of an attack by ill-wishers and enemies, in this study, an attempt has been made with the method of content analysis. , the fields of recognizing the centrality of the population factor in the country's defense policy should be investigated by the Supreme Leader. The result of this research shows the neutralization of the sinister conspiracy of global arrogance to reduce Iran's defense power through the implementation of the creeping policy of population reduction, the necessity of persistence on the implementation of family consolidation policies and increasing fertility in the country and pursuing support programs to increase childbearing in order to implement the strategy. The intelligent defense of the Supreme Leader doubles the defense power of the country.

IRGCQuds assassination Force commander by the US didnt comply with any legitimate defense elements and is a international violation. the courts jurisdiction in the perpetrators criminal responsibility of this terror is important. According to the legal procedure of the ICJ, America's arguments regarding the assassination will be not accepted. America claims this action was done as legitimate defense.While the court has emphasized that legitimate defense is possible against armed attacks.Although Iran, Iraq and the USA arent members of the Statute of the ICC, the assassination of the IRGCQuds Force Commander and his companions was referred to the ICC by the Security Council and at the request of the IRI. the prosecutor of the ICC can request a hearing, and this path is smooth for the member states of the statute. the main responsibility in prosecuting crimes is the jurisdiction of the court with national courts, and in case of the unwillingness or inability of national courts or the absence of an independent and efficient judicial system, the ICC will exercise jurisdiction in this matter. courts jurisdiction is complementary to the national courts, but it cannot be considered their substitute .Therefore, the national courts have the main jurisdiction in this case

The "Islamic State" group, known as ISIS, in the crisis situation of Syria and Iraq, by adopting a discourse different from other Salafist-Jihadist currents and groups and by claiming the formation of an Islamic caliphate in the areas under its control, expanded rapidly and was able to establish a quasi-state structure in this Create zones. ISIS changed its discourse from an identity discourse to a geopolitical discourse by choosing the "Caliphate" as its central sign. The repeated defeats of ISIS and the liberation of the two cities of Mosul and Raqqa from the control of ISIS in late 2017 disturbed the discourse of this organization, which was based on the occupation of the land. In the situation that ISIS's life as a quasi-state organization has ended, this article was written to answer the question, "What is the security threat of ISIS's developmentist discourse?" In order to answer the research question, using the content analysis method, this hypothesis has been investigated that "the center of gravity of the power of ISIS is the discourse of this group. For this reason, in order to maintain this center of gravity of power, ISIS has made changes in it according to the conditions and requirements of time and place. The findings of the article, while confirming the research hypothesis, show that ISIS, while being loyal to the central signifier and the floating signifiers of the previous discourse, has added new floating signifiers to its discourse and presented a new articulation of the signifiers.

Securitization theory is one of the most widely used contemporary security theories, which has been used by researchers to explain various security phenomena and issues. This theory, which was first presented by the Copenhagen school, is still subject to modification and innovation to improve its practicality by covering its theoretical and operational weaknesses. Based on documentary studies, this article tries to explain some of these efforts and explain some of these innovations, which are known as "post-Copenhagen" theorists. The view of these thinkers on security is more watered than sociological theories and they have expanded the constructionist understanding of security. In addition to the role of speech act, they have talked about the role of context in strengthening or weakening security, they want to pay more attention to the role of the audience in the process of security, and present a more complex and complete picture of security.They also try to improve the applicability of this theory by focusing on methodological issues. However, the hybrid nature of the theory, its context, methodological problems and some neglected aspects of the theory are among the most important challenges that have created problems for it in the field of opinion and practice.

The Islamic Republic system has faced numerous crises and incidents since the inception of the leadership of the Supreme Leader. Thanks to his management, foresight, and the support of the people, these crises have been either contained or prevented from occurring. Various studies and research have been conducted on the crises that have arisen in the Islamic Republic, published in reputable domestic journals. Most of these studies have focused on interpretative, narrative, historical, and analytical approaches. Some of these research works have also delved into the role of the Supreme Leader in managing and containing the crises during his leadership, using thematic analysis to identify the managerial components employed by him. However, the present article seeks to evaluate previous studies and research on the management of the Supreme Leader during crises, and the policies and leadership management components emphasized by this research to contain the crises. The research method employed in this article is a qualitative meta-analysis with a meta-combination approach. By examining around 42 published research papers in reputable domestic journals on crises, the findings indicate that researchers have identified 54 influential components of the Supreme Leader's management of crises through the thematic analysis of his statements and positions. Among these components, the "rule-oriented approach," "foresight and enlightenment," and "people-centeredness" have been introduced as the most influential policies of the Supreme Leader in crisis containment, being the most prevalent and prioritized.

Today, the international order is going through important changes at the macro and regional level. The entry of the international order into the post-American transition period and the environmental dynamics at the regional level bring with it fundamental uncertainties, which have inspired the change of the role of many actors at the regional level and specifically the Persian Gulf region. Turkey can be mentioned among the most important of these activists. This article examines Turkey as a new actor in the security issues of the Persian Gulf. The question raised here is why the Justice and Development Party led by Erdogan wants to play a large security role in the Persian Gulf. The hypothesis that is raised in response to this question is as follows: geographic proximity, independent foreign policy, the emergence of advanced defense industries and the desire to share defense technology, and the reputation of the Justice and Development Party as a reliable partner. Committed, reliable and capable in the past decade in various geopolitical arenas such as North Africa, Levant and South Caucasus, Turkey has made Turkey consider itself as a new security actor in the Persian Gulf region. Also, answering these questions in an explanatory and analytical way provides a comprehensive and at the same time accurate perspective of Turkey's potential security role, as well as the context of systematic reasoning that evaluates Ankara's aspirations, will and capacity to play such a role. , explains.

The ownership and right to exploit the water of the border rivers is not fully in the possession of a country. This issue has long been the source of political disputes and conflicts and even wars and military operations between governments. The Hirmand border river originates from the Hindu Kush mountains in the west of Kabul, Afghanistan, and finally flows into the Hamun wetland located in the Sistan plain of Iran. This river has been one of the legal issues and disputes between Iran and Afghanistan over the determination of international borders and how to divide water since the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1857 until now. Hirmand River forms the international border between Iran and Afghanistan in a part of Sistan. The possible changes in the course of this river due to climate fluctuations and human activities in the long term, can be the basis for more political disputes between Iran and Afghanistan over the determination of border boundaries (sovereignty). Therefore, in this study, monitoring the long-term changes of the Hirmand River in the common border area between Iran and Afghanistan is considered as a legal-political necessity. For this purpose, the time series of remote sensing images has been used as a reliable, low-cost and valuable information source.