فصلنامه علوم مدیریت ایران
پیاپی 71 (پاییز 1402)

The desire to pursue entrepreneurial ideas and persisting in the idea development path is considered a motivational-cognitive issue. A person's beliefs have a significant impact on his motivation and are the reason for some of his behaviors and actions. Despite the importance of cognitive and emotional factors in idea development and their role in entrepreneurs' energy, thoughts and decisions; sadly, no research has looked at the process of pursuing entrepreneurial ideas through the lens of entrepreneurs' beliefs. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the role of entrepreneurs' beliefs in the process of pursuing entrepreneurial ideas. This research is exploratory in terms of the purpose, and due to its exploratory nature, it has utilized a thematic analysis method. In order to explore the entrepreneurial beliefs’ role when pursuing an idea, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were carried out with 16 entrepreneurs in six accelerators at Tehran and then the findings were analyzed through three stages of coding. Based on the results, entrepreneurs' beliefs affect their motivation and decisions about pursuing or abandoning the idea, so the entrepreneur's rational beliefs strengthen the advancement of the idea and his irrational beliefs reduce the motivation to pursue an idea. Findings show that during the pursuit of ideas, the social and contextual conditions are interpreted by rational and irrational belief systems and finally lead to the emergence of three categories of behavior including constructive, confrontational and threatening.

Street-level bureaucrats are the people who,behind the showcase of luxurious government promises,play a decisive role in the way government services are provided and determine the level of satisfaction of citizens or service recipients.The importance of SLBs' participation in the policy-making process is highlighted when we know that citizens' satisfaction with government performance is highly dependent on the performance of street-level bureaucrats.If it is possible to consider an approach for policy-making in which the opinions of bureaucrats are effectively used in the design process,the possibility of deviation of policies during implementation will be reduced.Therefore,in the present study, the researcher reviewed the studies and researches conducted in the past years in order to identify and design a basic framework for the participation of street-level bureaucrats in the policy-making process. In this study,using a systematic literature review, 17 articles were screened.The literature was selected and carefully reviewed.Then, these articles were coded based on metacombination method.Based on the obtained results,it was found that three main axes should be considered in order to involve street-level bureaucrats in government organizations in designing policies.These three axes include the policy formulation process(including feeling the problem,understanding the problem,measuring and evaluating the problem,creating a solution and choosing a solution),the method of participation of bureaucrats (including information,consultation,consensus,collaborative design,decision-making,self-control) and finally The level of participation (including individual,group,coalition and organizational participation). Finally, by using the Delphi method, the opinions of 25 university experts were examined about each of the identified components. Based on each axis, explanations and suggestions are provided at the end.

This article is aimed at designing and validating a model for overcoming the challenges of virtual education in the post-corona era. This cross-sectional study in terms of purpose is exploratory, in terms of audience is basic and in terms of approach is a mixed research. The participants in the qualitative section was made up of 20 Tehran’s  educational managers and experts at the first secondary level. After interviewing 17 persons who have been selected purposefully we reached theoretical saturation. The statistical population in the quantitative section consists of teachers of the first secondary level at Tehran in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size was estimated to be 384 teachers, selected via Cochran's formula and cluster-random method. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and researcher-made questionnaires, which were validated by construct validity, convergent validity and divergent validity methods. Using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, the reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated. In order to t identify the dimensions and components of the research, we used thematic analysis and for finding   the relationships of the elements we used the structural-interpretive modeling method and for validating the research model we applied the partial least squares method. The results of the research showed that the infrastructure of human resources and technology ,and the rules of virtual education provide a context for the culturalization of virtual education. Cultivation of virtual education has led to the digital skills of teachers and the monitoring system of virtual education, and these factors also lead to the participation of students. Students' participation is related to the performance evaluation system of virtual education and the creation of a teaching-learning environment, and at  the end, the development of virtual education can be achieved through the efficiency of the educational system and the repair of students' learning gaps.

As one of the most important known supplements, probiotics have many health effects and the development of the probiotic industry promises profitability and economic development of the country. Therefore, identifying the development strategies of the probiotic industry in Iran is the main purpose of this research. To this end we used the qualitative approach of semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 15 experts who were selected purposefully. For analysis of data, we used a thematic analysis method. The findings of this research show that the focused strategies of (product development, market development and market penetration); diversification strategies (horizontal diversification and heterogeneous diversification); Collaborative strategy (coalition strategy); and entrepreneurial strategies (foreseeing, risk-taking, pioneering and innovation) are major and effective in the development of the probiotic industry. Thus, by using the presented model, strategies can be applied in all stages, from prior to production to consumption, so that this industry can find a basis for growth and development and become a basis for national development.

This article is aimed to investigate the conceptual scope and essence of inter-organizational learning. Interorganizational learning pave the way for organizations to perform their plans and missions in scale above organizational limits. We performed this study in between 1398 to 1400 using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The participants were selected through purposeful sampling and standard strategy. we used, data saturation index to determine the sample size.. To analyze the conceptual scope and essence of the phenomenon, we draw a framework characterizing the meaning, specifications, influential variables, outputs and outcomes. The meaning of the phenomenon was perceived when factors such as 1) sharing, optimizing, and localizing, 2) the perception of succession, 3) feedback getting, monitoring, and modifying would take place. Specifications included pathology, planning, and shared organizing; collective will and motivational collaboration; influential factors included usage of training, and usage of outdoor experiences; outcomes included emergence of hidden knowledge; accumulation of experimental property, defections included the need for controlling and accountability, the need for determination and pragmatic approach, and the need for removing bureaucratic congestion and deterrent factors.

This article is aimed at designing and validating a model for overcoming the challenges of virtual education in the post-corona era. This cross-sectional study in terms of purpose is exploratory, in terms of audience is basic and in terms of approach is a mixed research. The participants in the qualitative section was made up of 20 Tehran’s  educational managers and experts at the first secondary level. After interviewing 17 persons who have been selected purposefully we reached theoretical saturation. The statistical population in the quantitative section consists of teachers of the first secondary level at Tehran in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size was estimated to be 384 teachers, selected via Cochran's formula and cluster-random method. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and researcher-made questionnaires, which were validated by construct validity, convergent validity and divergent validity methods. Using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, the reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated. In order to t identify the dimensions and components of the research, we used thematic analysis and for finding   the relationships of the elements we used the structural-interpretive modeling method and for validating the research model we applied the partial least squares method. The results of the research showed that the infrastructure of human resources and technology ,and the rules of virtual education provide a context for the culturalization of virtual education. Cultivation of virtual education has led to the digital skills of teachers and the monitoring system of virtual education, and these factors also lead to the participation of students. Students' participation is related to the performance evaluation system of virtual education and the creation of a teaching-learning environment, and at  the end, the development of virtual education can be achieved through the efficiency of the educational system and the repair of students' learning gaps.