Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity
Volume:7 Issue: 4, Autumn 2023

Cone-beam computed Tomography has emerged as a promising tool for achieving a more precise determination of working length in endodontic treatment. The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of determining working length using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, periapical radiography, and an apex finder in endodontic treatment.This study was conducted as aDescriptive analytical study at the Shorsh Teaching Dental Center in Sulaimani City, Iraq, between 2022-2023.A random selection method was employed to pick atotal of 50 patients. First, it was taken using a parallel periapical X-ray, then the length was measured on that X-ray, and finally, the length was measured with an apex finder (cox C_ROOT I). The three metrics were gathered, and compared, and the outcomes were subsequently scrutinized through Pearson tests and a two-way analysis of variance. A significance threshold of 0.05 was established.The results showed significant differences among the methods, with high correlations between Cone-BeamComputed Tomographyand Standard reading (R2=0.996, p-value < 0.0001), Periapical X-ray and Standard reading (R2=0.969, p-value < 0.0001), and Apex locator and Standard reading (R2=0.989, p-value < 0.0001).Cone-Beam Computed Tomography also demonstrated a strong correlationwith Periapical X-ray (R2=0.971, p-value < 0.0001) and Apex locator (R2=0.995, p-value < 0.0001). Cone-beam computedTomography is a more accurate method for determining the working length than periapical radiography and apex finder.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) pose a significant public health concern, especially in paediatrics. ADRs are defined as anyundesirable or unintended response to a drug, ranging from mild and self-limited to severe and life-threatening. It is estimated that ADRs affect up to 25% of hospitalized children, making them a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. This study aimed to comprehensively review available evidence regarding the effectiveness of different interventions in enhancing ADRreporting in pediatric populations. InOctober 2023, we conducted a search on the electronic database Medline PubMed without imposing limitations on the publication date or geographic area, excluding all secondary and tertiary literature. Data were extracted from identified studies using a structured data extraction form in Microsoft Office Excel® 2016. The systematic search yielded a total of 108 records. After removing seven duplicate records, 101 distinct records underwent title and abstractscreening.Six were excluded due to language restrictions or irrelevance to the research topic. Subsequent full-text assessment for eligibility resulted in the exclusion of an additional 79 records, primarily due to the absence of intervention in the study design. Ultimately, 16 studies were deemed suitable for quantitative synthesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that interventions aimed at improving adverse drug reaction detection and reporting increased identification compared to standard practice in children. However, concerns aboutsignificant issues related to bias and heterogeneity threaten the reliability of our results.

Warts are one of the common dermatological diseases. Different treatment modalities of common warts are present with various efficacy and safety outcomes. To measure the efficacy of long pulse ND Yag laser in comparison to cryotherapy in the management of common warts a prospective comparative interventional study was conducted in Erbil Dermatology Center in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region-Iraq through six months period from 1st of March to 31st of August 2022. In this study about 56 patients with common warts were enrolled. The subjects have been divided into two groups. Group A 28 patients were treated by ND-Yag laser long pulse 1064 nm and group B composed of 28 patients was treated by LN cryotherapy. The treatment is composed of 1-4 sessions. Follow-up of the patient was performed after 2 weeks after the session. At the end of the sessions, a complete cure of common warts was observed in 75% of group A patients, while 67.9% of patients of group B patients had the complete cure. About 64.4% of patients who received Nd:YAG laser therapy were very satisfied with the treatment, while 71.4% of patients treated by LN cryotherapy were very satisfied with the treatment. The effectiveness and safety of Nd:YAG laser an d cryotherapy in the management of common warts are close. Generally, Nd:YAG laser showed relatively better outcomes, especially in adult common warts patients who had the disease recently.

Each year, around 50 million people—roughly 10 percent of the global population—get infected with E. histolytica. The 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences for five novel E. histolyticaisolates have been discovered. Using the 18SrRNA gene sequence, the current study examined the phylogenetic connections between five local isolates of E. histolyticaand seven worldwide isolates of Entamoeba spp.The 501 bp 18S rRNA gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and the multiple sequence alignment and adjacent phylogenetic tree analysis were performed using the ClustalW multiple sequence alignment online analysis.The findings of the phylogenetic analysis of these gene sequences showed that the local isolations of E. histolyticawere more closely related to two isolations from Iraq (MW029814.1) and (KP233838.1) than to isolates from other nations. This is the first study on the use of molecular phylogeny to categorise E. histolytica, which is discovered in Nassiriyah City, Iraq. Accession Nos. (OR122459.1, OR122460.1, OR122461.1, OR122462.1, and OR122463.1) are isolates that are distinct and novel strains.

Oocyte quality refers to the health and developmental potential of an egg cell (oocyte) in the context of reproductive processes. Oocyte quality is a critical factor in successful fertilization and subsequent embryo development. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is known by its acronym, HB-EGF. It belongs to the protein family known as epidermal growth factor (EGF). Cell-signallingprotein HB-EGF is involved in proliferation, differentiation, growth, and tissue repair among other physiological activities. In Reproductive Biology: HB-EGF has been studied in the context of reproductive biology, particularly in processes related to fertility and embryonic development. For example, it has been investigated for its role in improving blastocyst development in assisted reproductive technologies. This studyaimedto analyze the correlation between follicular fluid and serum HB-EGF with oocyte quality, 44 women withPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)and unexplained infertility underwent IVF cycle in the form of intra-cytoplasm sperm injection ICSI enrolled in the study, follicular fluid and serum were collected from patients at oocyte retrieval day, HB-EGF levels measured by ELISA. From 44 women, HB-EGF has no correlation with all oocyte characteristics p-value>0.05 except with damaged oocyte number, follicular fluid,and serum HB-EGF had significant positive correlation p-value= 0.428,0.357 respectively. An article found that follicular fluid and serum HB-EGF had a positive correlation with the fragileoocyte.

The provided text explores the intersection of religious perspectives, particularly from Judeo-Christian, Islamic, Hindu, and Buddhist traditions, with environmental concerns, focusing on biodiversity. It discusses how various belief systems shape attitudes toward nature and biodiversity, influencing ethical frameworks and worldviews. The text delves into the role of stewardship in the Judeo-Christian tradition and the concept of Khilafah (stewardship) in Islam. It also examines eco-theological developmentswithin Christianity. The piece contrasts historical "sustainable consumption patterns" with the modern "era of unstable consumption patterns" and examines the ecological consequences, attributing them to factors like religious doctrines or economic and social influences. The text analyzes three ecological ethics paradigms: Anthropocentrism, Eco-Centrism, and Biome-Centrism, critiquing their strengths and limitations. Additionally, it explores the Islamic perspective on human-nature interaction, emphasizingresponsible stewardship and the intrinsic value of both nature and humans. The text concludes with a comparative study of Islamic views against anthropocentric ideologies, highlighting the balanced and inclusive nature of Islamic environmental ethics.

Comprehensive knowledge of the immunology and impact of hepatitis B and C infections, considering primary transmission routes, the most affected populations, and the natural history and temporal progression of serological markers, is crucial for devising informed strategies on whom to test and how to conduct testing. From 2017 to 2018, 69 HBV and 51 HCV patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in Kirkuk City, alongside a control group of 40 healthy persons. For molecular testing of viral loads, blood samples were collected and IL-2, IL-6, ALT, AST, ALP, and TSH concentrations were determined. Chronic HBV exhibited an even greater viral load (1,672,097 copies/mL) than acute HBV (542,962 copies/mL) in this investigation. Acute HCV, on the other hand, generated the highest ALT levels and had a lower viral load (1,234.3 copies/mL). Cytokine study of acute HBV indicated increasing levels of IL-6 and IL-8, which are indicative of an escalation in inflammation. Furthermore, chronic HBV patients exhibited notably elevated levels of AFP. The association between higher levels of AFP, IL-6, and IL-8 in hepatitis patients is highlighted in this study. In acute HBV and C, elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 indicate a robust immune response and inflammation of the liver, but increased levels of AFP heighten the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

A novel sulfamethoxazole containing a 1,2,3-triazoline moiety (designated as 1t, 2t, and 3t) was synthesized in the present investigation using a design-driven synthetic approach. The identification of the chemical structures of the synthesized products was accomplished through analytical techniques such as NMR, IR, and spectral analyses. The obtained results were in complete agreement with the assigned structures. The bacterial strains employed in this study included Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and all final products were assessed for their antibacterial properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were verified, revealing noticeable antibacterial activity for the prepared compound. These compounds could potentially serve asa promising starting point in the quest for new antibacterial medications.

A migraineis a severe headache that comes in the form of attacks and is felt in one side of the head. It is usually not constant onone side but rather changes from one side to the other with repeated attacks, and sometimes on both sides and in most cases it is localized, that is, in the temple or around the eye.This study was conducted in the period from October 15, 2022,to March 22, 2023, when 50 blood samples were collected from patients with migraine disease in private pathological analysis laboratories in several areas of Diyala Governorate. The study included the age group from (14-56) years, as it was The number of males was13 and the number of females was37.Also, 38 blood samples from apparently healthy people of both genderswere collected as a control group. The number of males was 25 and the number of females was 13 within the age group (18 -56) years. The study included evaluating the level of interleukin 22 concentration using ELISA Technique.The study found that the incidence of migraine in females was 74.0% higher than in males percent 26.0%, with an average age of (28.76±1.46 years), compared to healthy people, where the average age was (28.95±1.37 years), with highly significant and statistically significant difference between the genderunder the probability (P <0.001).The results of the current study showed a noticeable increase in the level of interleukin 22 concentration in patients with migraine, with a ratio of 2.33 (2.25 -2.85 pg/ml) compared to the healthy group, which reached 2.23(2.51 -2.14 pg/ml), which recorded a highly significant difference with statistical significance under Probability(P<0.001).The results of the current study showed a noticeable increase in females, where the concentration of IL-22 reached 2.35 (2.26 -2.85 pg/ml), compared to males, where it reached 2.33 (2.25 -2.51 pg/ml), which recorded a highly significant difference (P<0.001).The study concluded that IL-22 plays a role in cellular targeting and signal transduction to initiate and selectively regulate immune responses and also plays a central role in inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Wild mushroomsare considered one of the important sources of many bioactive compounds with different therapeutic properties. Agrocybe praecoxis one of the mushrooms found in Iraqi forest habitats. In the present investigation, the presence of some phenolic compounds such as ferulic, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, and falalic acid wasdetected in A. praecoxextracts. To reveal the potential antifungal ability of A. praecoxextracts for some yeasts isolated from sputum of patients with asthma and allergic bronchitis which were Candida. albicans , C. lipolytica, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. lusittaniae,Cryptococcuslaurentiiand C. gattii, ethanolic extract gave the highest results in inhibiting growth, and the inhibition rate increased with increasing concentration to reach the highest level in concentration.

The findings of the current research study reveal that the liver of the white-breasted kingfisher exhibits a bilateral division, The right lobe exhibits a relatively greater size in comparison to the left lobe. The liver is completely concealed by an inconspicuous layer of connective tissue credited as the Glisson's capsule. The liver is formed out of hepatic cell cords or plates fact divide in a radial direction surrounding the central vein.The hepatic cords have been separated by a minute aperture pointed to as the blood sinusoids, which are marked by the presence of two distinct cell types along their liningthe endothelial cell, and the Kupffer cell.In the current research study,6 birds were used, and for the purpose of obtainingthe liver, the birds were dissected, the liver was removed, and it was placed in a fixative solution for 24 hours. The bird under study has a liverconsisting of two lobes, the right of which is the largest and contains the gall bladder. Histologically, the liver consists of a seriesof hepatic cords separated from each other by blood sinusoids.

Newcompounds of mixed ligand complex (Scheme1) were synthesized by the reaction of metal ions Zn (II), Cd (II), Co (II), Mn (II), Ni (II) Cu (II) and Fe (II) with the Dimedon (L1) as a primary ligand and Isatin (L2) as a secondary ligand in a molar ratio of 1:1:1 and identified using several spectral analysis methods, where used UV-visible, CHNOS elemental analysis, FT-IR, molar conductivity, mass spectrum, magnetic susceptibility and additionally, Chloride content as a quantitative evaluation, according to the results obtained by analysis methods, we observed thatall the synthesized complexes showed apparent stability, an octahedral structure is suggested for all the prepared complexes, anti-bacterial and anti-fungalactivities of these metal complexes were evaluated against Escherichia Coli, Spuedomonas (Gram-negative bacteria), Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Fuzarium, Aspergillus a fungal species. The samples of the cultivated complexes showed varying results from the inhibition zone, and a similar one showed its ineffectiveness in inhibiting the growth of bacteria or fungi according to the concentrations prepared.

This study included 72 participants with oral halitosis (35 men and 37 women), who had been clinically diagnosed and ranged in age from 14 to 70. 95 samples were obtained using sterile paper points (size 30) or sterile cotton swabs, in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, thioglycolate broth was transported and blood agar was used for culture (for 48–72 hours). The bacteria were recognized by means of biochemical testing, tests for antibiotic susceptibility, and morphological and cultural features.Results revealed that 13 different bacterial species were isolated in this study, including Bacteriodes spp. (26 isolates), Viridans Streptococci (18 isolates), Peptostreptococci (19 isolates), Actinomyces spp. (15 isolates), Porphyromonas spp. (8 isolates), Fusobacterium spp. (9 isolates), Veillonella spp. (5 isolates), Streptococcus spp. (10 (2 isolates). The dominant anaerobic bacterial species and genera in instances of halitosis is the conclusion.

Throughout the world, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is among the most prevalent hematologic cancers. From a clinical standpoint, NHLs are classified as either aggressive (high-grade) or indolent (low-grade) tumours. Indolent tumoursfrequently show no symptoms at all and develop and spread extremely slowly. Depending on the location in which the lymphomatous process exists, aggressive tumourstypically advance very quickly, and the majority of patients present with adenopathy along with a variety of other symptoms.The main objectives of this study is toidentifythe histological pattern of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) among Iraqi patients at Al-Amal Hospital and determinethe most prevalent kind of NHL in patients from Iraq. A descriptivedesign wasused in this study,the present study was carried out at Al-Amal National Hospital for Oncologyfor the period from 1 October\2022 to 1st of May \2023.The data for this study was obtained from 40Iraqi patients with different types of lymphoma (NHL) whoattendedAl-Amal hospitals during theera 2010-2023 For the purpose of periodic treatment including chemotherapy radiotherapy and other types of treatment.The results ofthis study showed a higherpercentage of female frequencythan males, furthermore,therewas a significant correlation between socioeconomic status and the histological pattern types of lymphoma, and it is worth mentioning that the findings showed that the most common NHL was diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and the follicular lymphoma in the second place.The recent study concluded that the diffuse large B-cell lymphomas werethe most common sub-types of NHL placed in the first level and follicular lymphoma comes in the second highest level, moreover,there is a significant correlation between the socio-economic status and the histological pattern types of lymphoma.

Acne vulgaris is a pilosebaceous gland illness that often affects people from puberty to early adulthood as a result of hormonal changes; however, the specific association of various hormones to acne is unknown. The current study aims to discover the relationship between hormonal status and acne vulgaris patients.Incases, one hundred patients with Acne Vulgaris aged 15-30 years were included. Fasting blood samples were taken from patients prior to the start of treatment.After presenting the contents of the study, all individuals in the cases and control groups provided written and informed consent.Acne vulgarispatients' levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), estrogen, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Testosterone were compared to control groups. The T-testwas used for statistical analysis. Conclusion Levels of LH, Estradiol, and Testosterone can be measured in acne sufferers, however,FSH levels do not need to be measured.

Toxoplasma gondiiis one of the most common intrauterine infections worldwide and the major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimsto determine the genetic susceptibility of certain types of cytokine single nucleotide gene polymorphism to toxoplasmosis. Materials: the study involved 40 females with confirmed seropositive Toxoplasma gondiiinfection and 30 healthy females as the control group. Single nucleotide gene polymorphisms of IL-16-174G/C, IL-10-1082A/G,and TNF-α-308G/C were determined. IL-6-174G/C results showed no relationbetween GG and the disease, the protective effect of GC genotype, and CC as a risk factor with a 3-foldeffect OR:3.22. C allele as a risk for the infection. For IL-10-1082A/G genotypes, the wild and mutant homozygotes were associated with the disease with almost 1.5 folded effects, OR: 1.46 and 1.56 respectively. While the mutant heterozygote has a protective effect against the disease, OR: 0.57.

the study found a positive relation between the IL-6-174 CC genotype with 3 folded effects, and for IL-10-1082A/G the AA and AG were associated with the disease by 1.5 fold.

Coagulants play an important role in natural water purification and sludge disposal. However, Coagulants are commonly used in traditional treatment processes as aluminiumsulfate (Alum). There has been a lot of interest in creating and using plant-based natural coagulants such as Moringa oleifera(MO) because of their natural characteristics and the absence of metals in their structure. The main aim of the present study is to compare the efficiency of MO seeds as a natural coagulant and Alum (the traditional chemical coagulant) for decontamination of drinking water. Therefore, raw water samples were collected from Mahmoudia Canal (MC) intake during the course of the study, where quality parameters of raw water including temperature, pH, EC, DO, turbidity, TDS, BOD, COD, sulfates, aluminium, heterotrophic bacteria (HB), total coliform bacteria (TC) and total phytoplankton count were determined before and after the treatment process and also, the removal efficiencies were calculated. Treatment with MO seed powder didn't affect water temperature, Electrical conductivity slightly increased during the interaction of MO seeds with water but didn't affect water quality. Concerning turbidity, MO showed almost the same removal (83.6%) as alum (88.8%) with RC of 3.6 and 2.5 NTU, which is much lower than the MPLS. MO exhibited higher activity towards the removal of BOD (51.1%), COD (77.39%), sulfate (5.75%) and HB (90.0%) removal compared to 39.4, -4.36, 75.14 and 83.3% achieved by alum respectively. In addition, Moringaincreased DO to (7.06 mg/l), TDS (2.9%) and aluminium(49.57%) in the water compared to 6.4 mg/l, 0.29% and 88.25% additions obtained by alum. This confirmed the positive role of MO in decreasing organisms that consume dissolved oxygen (DO), breaking down complexes productionof soluble salts (TDS) and reduction in aluminum levels. It is then concluded that using Moringa seed powder is more effective, economicaland safe for removing turbidity and other contaminants from raw drinking water compared to alum.

Final paper mill sludge (furfural) is a good material for C Source and other nutrients for soil. Incubation tests were done to see how different amounts of furfural affected the release of CO2, urease activity and NH3volatilization of two soils (Alzubair and Abul-khasib) collected from Basrah province, south of Iraq. Furfural was applied at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10 % (w/w) of dried soil. The mentionedparameters were measured at 10, 20 and 30 days of incubation time. The furfural rate linearly increased CO2evolution till the concentration of 4 %.Increasing furfural concentration beyond 4 % did not affectCO2evolution. In contrast, the urease activity was enhanced in the 0-10 % treatments and no clear differences were observed beyond 1.0 %. However, the addition of furfural by causeslinearly decreased NH3volatilization at all incubation times and in both soils. Control and furfural treatments in Abul -khasib soil gave higher CO2evolution and urease activity and lower NH3loss than AL -Zubair loamy sand soil.

Adolescence is a critical period of development during which adolescents acquire the specific skills and knowledge necessary to enter the labor force and contribute to economic efficiency. Diet has an extensive and profound effect on human health, mainly on children and adolescents, as the major age groups with high nutritional needs for growth and development.A cross-sectional study was performed in Kirkuk City. Three hundred forty-two adolescents participated in our research. A specially designed questionnaire form has been utilized to collect data online.Females (183; 53.5%), aged 14 –17 years (204; 59.6%), with mother’s educational level ranging from primary-secondary school (203; 59.4%), high father’s educational level (174; 50.9%), lived in an urban area (310; 90.6%) with both parents (311; 90.9%) were the main participants. The mean BMI was 23.075 ± 5.5. BMI was significantly correlated with age, parentalmarital status, and father’s job (P = 0.001, 0.012, and 0.003, respectively). Only milk was heavily correlated with weight (P is 0.02). Common food eaten for breakfast was bread (206; 68.7%) and tea (196, 65.3%). Sweets were the preferable snacks (57.9%). More than half of them were concerned about their weight (228, 66.7%) practisingsports daily in less than 30 mins. Adolescents spent more than four hours on social media (166; 48.5%) using a laptop or mobile (248; 72.5%). The study noticed neglect of safety food behavior (reading the instructions on packaged food 54.1%, checking expiry date 44.2%, hand washing before meals 63.8%, and washing fruits and vegetables before eating 88.3%).The nutritional habits of adolescents have changed recently. Unfortunately, snacks have becomea meal in adolescents’ daily lives. Adolescents neglected food safety and hygiene practices are still below recommended. Social media has become part of the adolescent’s life

The study was conducted in Iraq, Dhi Qar Governorate, Al-Shatra District, Al-Sada Al-Ghawalba Village, from November 15, 2021, to July 15, 2022, to evaluate milk production effect on some components of Iraqi buffalo milk (% fat, % non-fat solids, % protein, % lactose, % ash, milk density) and to determine the relationship between milk production and these components. The study included 30 lactating buffaloes of different ages, which were divided to three groups depending ontheir milk production. The firstgroup included low-yielding buffaloes, with a total milk production of 7,380 kg during the study period. The second group included medium-yielding buffaloes, with a total milk production of 13,320 kg during the study period. The third group included high-yielding buffaloes, with a total milk production of 25,020 kg during the study period. The herd was monitored from the beginning of lactation until drying off. The results of the study showed that all milk components under study were changed by milk production in a significant way (p<0.05). The low-yielding buffalo group (7,380 kg) had significantly (p<0.05) higher fat content than the medium-yielding (13,320 kg) and high-yielding (25,020 kg) groups. The medium-yielding group (13,320 kg) also had significantly (p<0.05) higher fat content than the high-yielding group (25,020 kg). The average percentages were 0.12±7.14, 0.11±6.07, and 0.18±5.07, respectively. In terms of non-fat solids, the low-yielding (7,380 kg) and medium-yielding (13,320 kg) groups had significantly (p<0.05) higher percentages than the high-yielding (25,020 kg) group. The average percentages were 0.18±9.49, 0.17±9.28, and 0.11±8.75, respectively. The low-yielding (7,380 kg) and medium-yielding (13,320 kg) groups also had significantly (p<0.05) higher protein percentages than the high-yielding (25,020 kg) group. The average percentages were 0.036±3.51, 0.10±3.44, and 0.033±3.24, respectively. The high-yielding (25,020 kg) group had significantly (p<0.05) higher lactose percentages than the medium-yielding (13,320 kg) and low-yielding (7,380 kg) groups. The average percentages were 0.10±4.90, 0.032±5.20, and 0.12±5.38, respectively. The medium-yielding (13,320 kg) group also had significantly (p<0.05) higher lactose percentages than the low-yielding (7,380 kg) group. In terms of ash, the low-yielding (7,380 kg) and medium-yielding (13,320 kg) groups had significantly (p<0.05) higher percentages than the high-yielding (25,020 kg) group. The average percentages were 0.011±0.67, 0.0048±0.65, and 0.010±0.59, respectively. The medium-yielding (13,320 kg) group also had significantly (p<0.05) higher ash percentages than the high-yielding (25,020 kg) group. The low-yielding (7,380 kg) and medium-yielding (13,320 kg) groups had significantly (p<0.05) higher milk density than the high-yielding (25,020 kg) group. The average values were 0.32±32.25, 0.21±32.1, and 0.29±30.75, respectively. It was found that milk production was negatively and significantly correlated with fat, non-fat solids, protein, ash, and milk density.

Vitamin D insufficiency and low back pain are extensively reported in Kirkuk; thus, it would be relevant to evaluate the relationshipbetween decreasedvitamin D levelsand its effect on increasing lower back pain.A cross-sectional descriptive hospital-based study was conducted at Azadi Hospital -Kirkuk/Iraq, for9 months (fromthe 30 of March 2021 till the 30 of December 2021. Non-probability consecutive sampling comprised (100) individuals with low back pain (LBP). The questionnaire contained patientinformation like age group, patient gender, body weight (BMI), level of education, marital status, and employment. Patients are classified into two groups: (1stGroup) those with Vitamin Dlevelsless than 20 ng/ml and (2ndGroup) those with vitamin D levels> 20 ng/ml.Inquire about included 100 members enduring back torment. Their cruel + standard deviation age was 45.01 + 14.76 a long time. Vitamin D inadequate was analyzed in 83% of cases, while vitamin D was decided to be ordinary in 17%. There was no factually critical affiliation between vitamin D lack and sexual orientation (p = 0.110), BMI (p = 0.672), instructive level (p = 0.598), or conjugal status (p = 0.357); There was, in any case, a factually noteworthy fluctuation among each of the bunches in terms of VAS score and Vitamin (D) levels, with the most noteworthy cruel of vitamin D being among patients with gentle spinal pain, which was altogether higher than the cruel among those with extreme back.Our research revealed a relationship between low vitamin Dlevels and the severity of pain experienced by people with lower back pain. Therefore, since vitamin-D level screening may be an affordable, safe, and logical form of the indications for physicians, it must be taken into consideration in patients with lower back pain.

Phytohormones play a pivotal role in the growth and development of plants, including date palms. This study investigates the dynamics of four key hormones—indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and kinetin (Kin) across various developmental stages(pre-flowering, flowering, and fruiting)in three date palm phenotypes: phenotype derived from tissue culture and producing abnormal fruits(shees), phenotype derived from tissue culture and producing normal fruits (normal), and phenotype propagated by offshoots and producing normal fruits (vegetal). The results showed thatIAAand GA3levels in leaves exhibited a significant decline in the shees phenotype, while the normal and vegetal phenotypes displayed decreases from the pre-flowering to flowering stages, followed by increases in the fruiting stage. Interestingly, the vegetal phenotype showed a unique rise in IAAand GA3levels during the fruiting stage. In flowers and fruits, the normal phenotype consistently exhibited the highest IAAand GA3levels, while the shees phenotype displayed the lowest.Conversely, ABA levels showed distinct patterns among the phenotypes. The shees phenotype exhibited a sharp increase from pre-flowering to flowering, followed by a slight decrease in the fruiting stage. The normal phenotype displayed a significant decrease from pre-flowering to flowering, with a slight increase in the fruiting stage. The vegetal phenotype maintained relatively constant ABA levels.Kinetin levels displayed variations, with the normal phenotype consistently showing the highest concentrations. Leaves had the highest Kin levels during the pre-flowering stage, while fruits exhibited the lowest levels.

This study was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of theAgricultureCollege,Basrah University, Iraq, during the period 9/23/2021 until 8/19/2023 with the aim of studying the effect of differentconcentrations of cytokinin Tdzand auxinIbiin the micropropagation of banana plants of the Grand-Nain hybrid variety, by cultivating Both buds and half-buds are in the MSmedium. The results showedthe concentration of 5.0 mg L-¹ of TDZ was superior to all treatments, as it gave the highestnumber of vegetative shoots, the highest number ofbranch length, the highestnumber ofleaves, and the highestleaf width of 9.33 plant parts-¹, 6.87 cm, and 4.33 shoots-¹. 1.867 cm, respectively. The rooting results show a significant superiority to the concentration 3.0 mg.L-1IBA.All treatments in the percentage of root emergence reached 100%, the highest average number of leaves was 4.00 shoots -¹, the highestplant length was 9.00 cm, and the highestnumber of roots was 7.67 root shoots-¹, the highest rate. The root length is 9.17 cm. The acclimatization treatments inside the acclimatization rooms led to the success of plant propagation using sterile soil consisting of peat moss and pearlitein a ratio of 2:1, as it gave the best results after 20 weeks for vegetative growthtraits.It is concluded from the study the distinctive role of the cytokinin TDZ in stimulating the vegetative shoots of the Grand-Nain hybrid variety and the possibility of plant differentiation using special treatments to acclimatize the resultingplants.

Fieldworkwas conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala in the 2022-2023 agricultural season. We aimedto study the impact of foliar sprayingwith Nano and regular phosphorus fertilizer on the growth and productionof colored Cauliflower.The study included two factors, the first factor was hybrids, namely Garno, Di Sicilia Violetto, Verde Di Macerata, Megha, and Fujiyama, and the second factor included 4levels, namely: Control,spraying regular phosphorus fertilizer P2O5 at a 5gram per Litter, and spraying with nanophosphorus (17% phosphorus). At a byan amountof 1gram per Litter, spraying with nanophosphorus (17% phosphorus) at a By an amountof 2gram per Litter. The experiment was carried out within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a S.P.system with three replications and included 60 experimental units, with an area of 2.5 m2. The productions can be summarized as follows:All genotype parameters significantly affected the characteristics of vegetative growth and production. For the Verde Di Macerata genotype was superior in giving the best productions for the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (4.311%) and phosphorus in the leaves (0.5%).The plant productionwas 9.228 Kg.m2, while Megha was superior in the percentage of potassium in the leaves (4.407%), and Garno recorded the best productionfor the diameter of the pink disc (23.62 cm disc-1).All foliar sprayingtreatments with Nano-and regular phosphorus had a significant impact on vegetative growth characteristics and production, as foliar sprayingat anamountof 2gram per Litterwas superior in giving them the best percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (4.542%), phosphorus in the leaves (0.467%), and potassium in the leaves was 4.320 %, the diameter of the flower disk was 23.03 cm disk -1, and the total plant productionwas 8.103 kg m-2.

A field experiment was performed at the Karma Ali site, affiliated with the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basra, located in Basra Governorate. An experiment was conducted in the winter of 2021-2022 to examine the impact of four nitrogen fertilizer concentrations (N0, N1, N2, and N3) and three concentrations of Ethephon (750 and 1500 microliters L-1) on the growth characteristics and yield of rape (Brassica napus L. Var. Pactol). The nitrogen levels tested were as follows: 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha--1. It was designed using randomized complete blocks (RCBD) in three replications using the factorial experimental method. For both seasons, the N3 fertilizer level substantially improved the following parameters: net photosynthesis, crop growth rate, leaf area, and leaf area index. In the second season, as for seed yield, the N3 level exceeded (3.24 tons ha-1), and it did not. In the first season, the N3 level (2.71 tons ha-1) differs significantly from the N2 level (2.60 tons ha-1). The findings also indicated that foliar spray treatments containing varying concentrations of Ethephon had a significant impact on the majority of the traits examined, as evidenced by the higher average E2 concentration for the majority of the traits. Yield and development over two seasons. The interaction between nitrogen and Ethephon was high in most traits except leaf area, leaf area index, and net photosynthesis for the first season. The combination N2×E2 recorded the highest average for seed yield (2.91 tons ha-1) in the first season.

The present study aimed to morphological identification of four species of pests that infect stored grains in Misan province in south Iraq during the period from January 2021 to December 2022.Samples of infecting grains included chickpeas, white and red beans, Indianandamber and American rice, bulgur, sesame, rice flour, flour, dried and canned dates, as well as samples of corn were collected from different regions,including the homes and local and central markets and general company for grain trade Misan branch.The resultsshow thatfour species belonging to the order Coleopterareturnto three families under the four genera.Thesespecies are Tribolium castanum Herbst,1797,Latheticcus oryzaeWaterhouse,1880,Trogoderma granarium Everts ,1898,Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel,1889.

The work was done in the shade housecovered in Saran cloth at the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, during the agricultural seasonsof 2022–2023, to studytheeffect of nitrogen and potassium treatments on myrtle plants growing under saline stress and their interaction. Urea was used as a nitrogen source at concentrations of (0, 50, 100) mg L-1, and potassium sulfate was used as a potassium source at concentrations of (0, 50, 100) mg L-1. As for saline water, drainage water was used at concentrations of (1, 3, 6) ds.m-1. The results showed what the three study factors did. When the salinity stress level was set to 6 ds.m-1, many of thetraits of the plants did better, including their rate of growth, number of stems, leaf area, and percentage of dry matter in their vegetative mass, reaching (76.67 cm, 4.81 branches plant-1, 8.93 cm, 5960 cm2, 60.07 %) respectively. The salinity stress treatment at 1 ds.m-1 outperformed the relative water content % rate and protein ratio % (54.13%, 12.15%), respectively. Meanwhile, the urea treatment at 50 mg L-1 outperformed the rate of vegetative mass dry matter percentage, nitrogen percentage, and protein (58.34%, 1.86%, 11.66%), respectively. A 50 mg L-1 dose of potassium sulphate was used for the treatment outperformed the rate of relative water content, nitrogen, and protein (54.63%, 1.83%, 11.46%), respectively. The binary and tertiary interactions were significant.

Human-wildlife interaction is an important topic for analyzing the threat to wildlife. It may havea severe impact on sustainability for both humans and wildlife if unchecked. Hence, data on the different uses of wild animalsi.e. food, ethnomedicine, fun and etc. and hunting and killing of animalsin Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir was collected. The data were collected through direct (i.e., dead body observation) and indirect (i.e., meetings with local people) methods. Results showed a total of 386 wild animals belonging to 37 species from four major vertebrate groups were killed during the study period. High numbers of animal killings were noted for different reasons, i.e., trade, road accidents, food, medicine, etc. This illegal and brutal hunting of wildlife requires immediate conservation measures.

This study aimed to determine the changes occurring in some immune variables in women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome in Tikrit Cityto study the effect of this elevation on the emergence and development of the disease. These variables included ( Adeponectin, resistin, Beta klotho, and Endophilin A2). The study included non-infected women as the control group, women having polycystic ovarian syndrome who do not have insulin resistance, as well as those who have the disease but are insulin resistant. All the methodology of the immunological variables was done by ELIZA technic according to the instructorof the company leaflet. According to the findings, there were no significant changes (p<0.05), in adiponectin levelsbetween the control group and the polycystic ovarian group with and without insulin resistance. the results indicated a significant increasein the level of Resistin in the blood serum of the patient’sgroup (group 2 and grpup3) compared withthe control group, there were no significant differences in the level of Beta Klotho and Endophilin A2 meanin blood serum between the control group and the other groups of patients (p<0.05).Itconcluded from this study the most variable that can be affected by polycystic ovariansyndrome diseaseis resistin which increasesin the patientgroups Resistin plays an important role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) due to its association with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, resistin is associated with androgens, especially testosterone, Therefore, polycystic ovarian syndrome increases both.

The present study aims to evaluate the levels of acetyl cholinesterase activity, specific activity, and total protein in blood samples obtained from persons who have received a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, the objective of this study is to determine the most favourable parameters for acetyl cholinesterase concentration, substrate concentration, pH level, temperature, and duration. In addition, the present study aims to ascertain the Km and Vmax values of acetyl cholinesterase in blood samples obtained from patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. A complete collection of 100 samples was procured from individuals who have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study's results suggest that persons diagnosed with ASD demonstrate reduced levels of enzyme activity in comparison to the control group. Moreover, the enzymatic activity in individuals with ASD is shown to be significantly elevated compared to the control group. In contrast to the control group, individuals diagnosed with ASD exhibit decreased amounts of total protein. persons with ASD exhibit slight deviations in the thermodynamic characteristics of enzymes, including the activation energy, ΔG, ΔS, Pz, and ΔH*, when compared to persons in the control group.

New derivatives of hydrazonehave been successfully created, specifically 2-(1-(Aryl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N'-(2-chlorobenzylidene) acetohydrazide. The transformation of Indomethacin ester into hydrazide was achieved through a reaction with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol, followed by the reaction of the resulting hydrazide with aromatic aldehydes. The structures of these newly synthesized hydrazones were validated through IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR analyses. Each compound's energies were optimized by utilizing density functional theory (DFT) for theoretical calculations. By employing a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) mathematical model, this optimization enables the prediction of the biological activity of the compounds. Therefore, this research centers on the synthesis and characterization of hydrazone derivatives of Indomethacin, emphasizing the use of QSAR modeling to connect biological activity and molecular structure. The study sheds light on the methods employed for compound synthesis and characterization, contributing valuable insights into the properties and potential applications of these innovative derivatives through the application of computational chemistry.

Miscarriage is a term that refers to the loss of a pregnancy before twenty weeks of the fetus’s lifespan. This leads to complications and psychological disorders for the aborted woman. Studies are continuing to find out the reasons that lead to miscarriage. To identify the effect of the levels of (CRP), (SOD), (GSH), and (MDA) on pregnancy and miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy, the study was conducted in the gynaecologydepartment and maternity hall at Salah al-Din General Hospital / Tikrit City / Salah al-Din Governorate for the period between: "October 2022 to March 2023". The study included 90 samples, 20 samples for the control group the same for the pregnancy group and 50 samples for the abortion group,half is for the one-time miscarriage group and the other half for the recurrent miscarriage group.In this study, we explored the biochemical markers of oxidative stress in various pregnancy-related conditions. Our research focused on assessing the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in different groups: pregnant women, women with a history of one miscarriage, and women with repeated miscarriages, comparing these to a control group. Our findings revealed that CRP levels showed a notable escalation in groups with pregnancy, one-time miscarriage, and repeated miscarriages, indicating a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in each case. This pattern suggests a progressive increase in CRP concentration across these groups. Conversely, SOD concentrations did not display significant differences across the groups studied, including the control group, at the P ≤ 0.05 level. This indicates that SOD levels remained relatively stable across different pregnancy conditions. In terms of GSH levels, we observed a highly significant variation (P ≤ 0.05). The pregnant group showed a non-significant increase in GSH compared to the control group. However, both the one-time miscarriage and repeated miscarriage groups exhibited a significant decrease in GSH levels when compared to the control group. Lastly, the analysis of MDA concentrations revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) across the groups. Each of the pregnancy, one-time miscarriage, and repeated miscarriage groups registered a notable decrease in MDA levels in comparison to the control group. This study thus contributes important insights into the oxidative stress markers in various pregnancy-related conditions, highlighting the role and variation of CRP, SOD, GSH, and MDA in these scenarios.

Diffuse non-cicatricial alopecias are commonly caused by pattern baldness and telogen effluvium. Differentiating between the two may be challenging as patients may have features of both telogen efflubium and pattern baldness. The number of yellow dots that are seen on trichoscopy may help in making differentiation between these conditions, which is of significance from the treatment and prognosis aspects of view. In this case-control study, yellow dots were significantly seen in pattern baldness and in combined telogen effluvium and pattern baldness in all five scalp areas examined. In the frontal area, they had a sensitivity of 62% and 76.6% and a specificity of 96.2% and 96.2% for diagnosing pattern baldness and combined telogen effluvium and pattern baldness respectively. The smallest cutoff value for yellow dots in the frontal area in both conditions was four yellow dots while in the occipital area, it was one yellow dot.

Ureteral obstruction is blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder which is a potential common cause of reversible renal injury. It can be caused by benign or malignant pathologies. Decompression of the obstruction is considered a vital step in management. Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) and ureteral stenting are the two common diversion surgical techniques used for the treatment of obstruction. In cases of benign ureteric obstruction, the choice between PCNor stenting is highly arguable among urologists and is dependent on factors such as the cause, severity of obstruction availability of treatment modalities, and surgeon experience, and both techniques are considered similar successful in treating such case. For ureteric stones, urologists typically try stenting first and resort to PCNif stenting fails. The choice between the two is dependent on the availability of resources and surgical experience. On the other hand, PCNis the preferred initial method in cases of malignant obstruction because of high late failure rates in cases of ureteral stenting. Percutaneous nephrostomy cases had the drawback of the need for a collection instrument placed externally which impacted the patient’s life.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a relatively frequent condition in senior men, particularly those over 50, and is generally defined as a thickening of the prostate gland. Lower urinary tract discomfort might impact 30% of males over the age of 65 in total. This study aimedto evaluate the impact of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, alpha-blockers, or combination therapy on prostatic size. With this study, one hundred and four patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia have been recruited from a private clinic in Kirkuk City in the period between 2019 and 2021. A radiologist conducted ultrasound assessments to measure the volume of the prostate in centimetres(cm³) both before and, after starting treatment. The follow-up ultrasound was performed two years after initiating the treatment. Prostatic volume has a dramatic decrease in patients on 5 alpha-reductase inhibiter or combination therapy. This change was statistically significant as the p-value was less than 0.05. On the other hand, patients on alpha-blocker therapy have a non-significant decrease in mean prostatic volume. In conclusion, 5 alpha reductase inhibiter when used alone or in combination with alpha blocker agents affects significantly prostatic size.

Datepits(DP) have been researched as a potential alternative source of fibrefor food products, so the experiment was conducted to ascertain the rheological properties and physical characteristics of pan bread, after undergoing rheological analysis, blends of ground date pits and wheat flour2 and 4% DPPwere utilized to make bread. The results indicated that adding date pitpowder had a detrimental impact on stability, development time and water absorption, the date seed powder's moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash and fibrecontents were determined to be 7.66±.88192, 6.33±.33333, 51.68±.57735,8±.57735 and 2±57735% respectively, DP was used in place of the wheat flour at 2 and 4%contraction, and the approximate composition of date seeds was ascertained, due to its high nutritious content, date seed powder can be utilized to create creative goods. Therefore, it is crucial for the dateindustry in the nations that produce dates to make use of this inexpensive agricultural by-product.

The characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus is a rise in blood sugar (glucose) because of insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, ineffective insulin, somatic cell resistance to insulin, or a combination of these factors. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of CYP17A1genetic polymorphisms at the rs6163 and rs6162 variant sites on the risk of type II diabetes. The tenth chromosome's mitochondrial CYP17A1gene is linked to high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovarian syndrome in addition to encoding a crucial enzyme involved in the manufacture and metabolism of steroid hormones. As the homologous genetic genotype AA and allele A showed an increase in the diabetic group, the study's results demonstrated the presence of genetic heterogeneity at the site of heterogeneity C/A rs6163 in the gene CYP17A1. This is a causative factor according to the Fisher's probability, as the probability value (P = 0.026) as there are significant differences between patients and healthy people, and according to the values of the odd ratio, which reached 9.47 and 2.80, respectively. According to the Fisher's probability, the homogeneous genetic type CC and allele C are protective factors against the disease. The probability value was (P = 0.055), indicating that there are significant differences between patients and healthy individuals. The odds ratio values reached 0.24 and 0.36. According to the probability of Frisher, the homogeneous genotype GG and allele G are protective factors; the probability value is (P = 0.226), where there are no significant differences between patients and healthy individuals, and according to the value of the odds ratio, which amounted to (0.44 and 0.42), respectively. The study's results indicated the presence of genetic heterogeneity at the site of the heterogeneity, rs6162 G/A. According to the Fisher's probability, genotype AA and allele A are regarded as causal agents; the corresponding odds ratio values were 2.80 and 9.47, respectively. The p-value was found to be (P = 0.026).

The excessive use of chemical insecticides has led to the emergence of many environmental problems, which was reflected in the reconsideration of returning to the use of alternative methods, including the use of plant extracts. The study was conducted in 2023 to test the efficiency of the Ordinary and nano extract of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum eleaegnifolium Cav.) seeds in the mortality percentage of nymph stage and adults of the mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsisTinsley) in the laboratory after 1, 3 and 7 days of treatment. Results showed that the highest percentage of cumulative mortality of the first nymph stage reached 100% after seven days when treated with alcoholic extract of silverleaf nightshade seeds at the concentration of 5% and 100% for all concentrations used of the nano alcoholic extract. The mortality percentage the third nymph stage was 77.5% at the alcoholic extract concentration of 5% and 87.5% for the nano alcoholic extract. The mortality percentage of adults caused by the alcoholic and nano alcoholic extract in the same concentration was 84.5 and 87.1%, respectively.

Analytical study of the azo dye (HA) showed that it can be affected by their solubility and the dielectric constant (D) of solvents. The MTT assay was used to test the effectiveness of HA against MCF-7 cell line, which indicated their sensible inhibition rates in contrast with the control (C). The assay also showed the great ability of the (HA) azo dye in destroying the MDA-MB231 cells and how it affected their viability%, which was better than their ability against the MCF-7 cell line. And this activity increasedwith the increase of their concentration. Statistical analysis gaveP<0.05. Furthermore, the liver tissues of designated mice were normal in contrast with control (C). Therefore, after seeing its effectiveness as shown in the study,we recommend the specified HA to be a novel drug, that containstwo medicines, (levothyroxine and paracetamol) in their structure. The new drug can give three effects at the same time, represented on thyroid medication, pain relive and anti-cancer effect.

Infertilityis a global concern affecting numerous couples, with hormonal imbalances and adipokines contributing to approximately half of all cases. This study explores the impact of male hormones and adipokines on infertility, measuring various parameters in the blood serum of men with and without identified reasons for infertility, as well as fertile men. Findings reveal a significant decrease in testosterone and an increase in FSH, LH, PRL, and E2 in infertile men compared to the control group. While RETN and Visfatin showed no significant differences, CHEM exhibited variations among infertile and control groups. The study establishes positive connections between certain hormones and age, smoking, and periods of infertility. Identifying these variables could aid in diagnosing and treating infertility.

The current investigation aimedto assess the IL18 and MIP beta levels in serum patients with urothalisis. Sixty serum samples were collected from the infected people with urothalisis and twenty-eight serum samples from healthy who reviewed Al-Hilla Teaching Hospitaland Imam Sadiq Teaching Hospital. Serum levels of IL18 and MIP were measured by “enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)” which applies a technique called a quantitative sandwich immunoassay using a Peprotech (USA) kit. The concentration of cytokines revealed in this studyIL-18 showed an increase in concentration and reached 46.146 pg/ml compared to the control group. The concentration of MIP beta showed an increase in urothalisis patients than in controls and reached 195.566 with significance (P < 0.05). We conclude that the concentration of IL18 and MIP were higherin patients than in healthy, and the correlation between MIP beta and IL18 was negative and no significant between them.

This study has been carried out to study the biodiversity fauna of Acridomorpha in Mehrano Forest from Khairpur Mirs, Sindh, Pakistan. In this study, total of 305 specimens of grasshoppers wascaptured and sorted out into 02 families and 7 species: family Acridoidea: Duroniella laticornis(Krauss, 1909) Phlaeoba tenebrosa(Walker, 1871) Truxalis Eximia eximiaEichwald, 1830 Truxalis fitzgeraldiDirsh, 1950) and family Pyrgomorphoidea: Chrotogonus (Chrotogonus) homalodemus homalodemus(Blanchard, 1836) Chrotogonus (Chrotogonus) trachypterus trachypterus(Blanchard, 1836) Tenuitarsus orientalisKevan, 1959. In this study, morphological characters, morphometric measurements, host plants,and the global distribution of each species also has been done. Such a finding furnishes a factualbasis for knowingthe various Acridomorpha of Sindh. Indeed, the present finding will be the first of its kind and will prove a helpline for people associated with pest management and other control agencies in Pakistan andabroad. Additionally, the present study's findingswill be useful in predictingthe relationship between the species and for accurate identification in the future.

Severalnovel macrocyclic chiral derivatives were prepared and developed by a simple, practical and efficient synthetic protocol for easy access tosugars-linked crown moiety from cheap and easy existing D-glucose in good yields. The structures of macrocyclic chiral derivatives are confirmed by FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. The recently produced macrocyclic derivatives underwent assessment for their in vitro anticancer properties against human cells. The investigation involving breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines and non-cancer cells, specifically the MCF-12A cell line, demonstrated that macrocycles (8, 9, 10, and 11) exhibit potential as anticancer binders. They achieved this by impeding cell migration and proliferationand modulating the expression of crucial anticancer genes, including those associated with breast cancer (MCF-7), p53, mda7, and trail. The anti-proliferative effect of macrocycles on tumourcells was evident, with no observed cytotoxic impact on normal cells. Computational elucidation of the anticancer effect revealed that the binders exhibited a more promising binding affinity, indicating a level below. (BA; -6 kcal/mol) against mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (3ELJ) comparable to Xeloda. Hence, these outcomes could encourage the researchers to open a new destination toward the synthesis of effective antitumor drugs.

In aquatic environments, excessive amounts of inorganic nutrients, such as heavy metals, pose a metabolic risk and threaten to halt microbial activity. Metal-resistant bacteria, through various metabolic activities, can treat and detoxify harmful inorganic compounds. Thus, higher energy and electron transport system (ETS) demands may be necessary for metal bioremediation, but cellviability may be affected. Therefore, the metabolic respiration activity ofcells in the presence of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr individually and in the quaternary is an important aspect of this study that relies on estimating the action of respiration enzymes responsible for metabolic activity and glucose reduction over periods of metallic stress and growth phases. Three species of bacteria, including B. megaterium, S. ginsenosidimutans, and K. rhizophila, were isolated from the electroplating effluent and used to determine the activity level of catalase, dehydrogenase enzymes, and glucose reduction. Their ability to sustain metabolic activity and understand their role in conferring tolerance and bioremediation capabilities to bacteria was evaluated. The findings revealed that metabolic activity was greater during the exponential phase than during the stationary phase. Catalase production was less affected by high metal levels; additionally, sugar reduction was improved but decreased with increased metal levels, and growth progressed, in comparison to dehydrogenase activity, which was more sensitive to high metal levels. Although respiratory metabolism activity decreased with increasing cell age and high metal concentrations, metabolism and viability persisted undermetallic stress. This establishes the tolerability of bacteria and recommends them for potential bioremediation of metallic pollutants and environmental clean-up.

An inflammatory response and an interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine storm were associated with serious acute lung injury and multiorgan dysfunction in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Genetic variations affecting IL-10 levels and disease are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Severe COVID-19 was more likely in older adults, those who were overweight, and smokers. Purpose To determine if COVID-19 is associated with IL-10 gene SNPs at (rs1800896) in individuals who smoke and are overweight.The participants in this study were 24 people with COVID-19 who were overweight, 25 people who smoked, 25 people who were neither overweight nor smokers (control positive), and 21 healthy individuals. The groups that were studied underwent ARMS-PCR genotyping of the IL-10 (rs1800896) SNP. Three samples had the A allele (3.2%), eight samples had the G allele (8.4%), and eighty-four samples had the AG genotype (88.4%). Within the same groups, there was a substantially different prevalence rate of IL-10 (rs1800896) alleles, with low rates of AA and GG genotypes (P< 0.0001).

The problem of water pollution with pesticides is one of the most dangerous types of pollution, as it is considered one of the most important causes of cancer for humans, as well as the destruction of the aquatic environment. Currently, several techniques have been used to solve this problem, the most prominent of which is the adsorption technique.The purpose of this study is to investigate the removal of hymexazol pesticide from an aqueous solution by using a cadmium oxide nanopartical adsorbent. CdO NPs were prepared by the photolysis method, and they were characterized by several characterizationtechniques, such as XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM. Batch adsorption experiments were performed using a variety of factors, such as contact time, adsorbent dose, initial pesticide concentration, and temperature. The results showed that the removal efficiency of hymexazol pesticide on CdO NPs was the highest at a contact time of 50 minutes. The equilibrium data were well fitted with Freundlich mode. The kinetic investigations reveal that the pseudo-second-order model can describe hymexazol pesticide adsorption processes. According to the thermodynamic study, hymexazol pesticide adsorption is a physisorption-endothermic and spontaneous process.

A new record of GenusScutellathousin Iraq which belongsto the family Elateridaein order Coleopterawhen studyingthe diversity of insectsin Canaan forestsin Diyala governorate, it recorded a high density in months May-April intemperature ranged between ( 11-23)ᵒC, Humidity of soil ( 12-7)%, salinity (2-3)ms/cmand pH about to ( 7.37 -8.14) while the texture of soil was silty loam.

The goal is to find effective treatments for gastric ulcers with minimal side effects. We used ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models in rats to examine the gastro-protective benefits of Iraqi dates palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL. Cv. " Barhi ")

Six groups of seven rats each were formed from 42 rats. Groups 1 (normal control) and 2 (negative control) were given 10 ml/kg of distilled water; group 3 (positive control) was given famotidine (20 mg/kg); groups 4 date palm fruit extract were given (8 ml/kg); groups 5 date palm seed extract were given (8 ml/kg); and groups 6 mixture of date palm fruit extractand date palm seed extract were given (8 ml/kg). On day 15, rats in all groups (except the normal control group) received an oral administration of 99.8% ethanol (5 ml/kg) to cause an acute ulcer. All animals were slaughtered after 1 hour, and their stomachs were removed for further analysis.

Date fruit, date seed, and a combination of aqueous extracts were efficient in reducing the severity of gastric ulceration and protecting against ethanol's negative effects on gastrin, glutathione, and gastric mucus.

Date extracts have been hypothesized to have a gastroprotective effect due to their potential anti-oxidant properties.

Polymer conjugation with biologically active components has become a very attractive system as it could improve the efficacy of some drugs. this study aimed to prepare and formulate a topical polymer conjugate with a biologically active component for the treatment of bleeding using tranexamic acid as a drug model. this polymer conjugate leads to the release of the drug in a sustained manner in order to prolong the contact time of the drug with broken skin for the best antifibrinolytic activity. The polymeric matrix involved carboxylated Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Therefore, carboxylated polyvinylpyrrolidone was modified by amide bonding with tranexamic acid (P1), complexing of the resultant product with iodine (P2), synthesis of ether tranexamic acid (P3), synthesis of methylol tranexamic acid (P4), and esterification of methylol tranexamic acid (P5). These polymers were modified to improve their properties and to control the drug release. The FTIR and DSC spectroscopies and 1HNMR spectroscopies were used to determine the drug content of these derivatives. Thus, we aimed to study the antifibrinolytic activity of all compounds (P1–P5) evaluated at various concentrations using in vitro clot lysis assays in human plasma. When employed in high doses, the antifibrinolytic activity of compound P5 exhibits a higher level of antifibrinolytic activity compared to that of pure tranexamic acid.

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, responsible for toxoplasmosis, poses a significant zoonotic threat to both humans and homeothermic animals. Recent findings highlight the pivotal role of T helper17 (Th17) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, in producing the cytokine IL-17A, a key component of the immune response. In this study, 96 blood samples were collected from pregnant and aborted women, with 5 millilitersutilized for Toxoplasma IgG and IgM detection using the VIDAS analyzer. Additionally, 2 milliliterswere collected for IL-17A molecular analysis, and the samples were stored at -20°C until required. The investigation uncovered a significant prevalence of the A allele at the homozygous AA genotype in SNP rs2275913 IL-17A. Statistical analysis revealed a noteworthy odds ratio (OR) of 1.7 (0.40-7.3) with a p-value of 0.4 for genotype AA. Notably, allele A occurred at a higher frequency (30%) in the patient cohort with an OR of 1.71 (0.61-4.8) and a p-value of 0.3, contrasting the lower frequency (80%) observed in the control group. In conclusion, the frequency of IL-17A rs2275913 and allele A differed significantly between patients and controls, emphasizing the elevated occurrence of the risk allele A in the patient group.

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, including the Suzuki, Stille, and Negishi couplings, have emerged as essential methodologies in contemporary organic synthesis. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding ofthe molecular processes involved in these significant events that lead to the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. This paper provides a complete analysis of the fundamental mechanistic investigations conducted on the primary cross-coupling processes facilitated by palladium catalysts. The present study focuses on the examination of kinetic aspects ofseveral stages within the catalytic cycle, namely oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination, in the context of diverse palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. This paper examines the influence of ligands, substrates, reaction conditions, and additives on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction. This study emphasizes the significance of computational investigations in enhancing our understanding of Pd catalyst speciation and the architectures of intermediates. This study aims to identify both overarching patterns and variations in the systems under investigation. Additionally, the present obstacles in comprehensively understanding the specific intricacies of these mechanisms are delineated. A comprehensive comprehension of catalytic pathways will serve as the fundamental basis for the development of enhanced Pd catalysts and the expansion of these reactions to novel substrates. The inclusion of mechanistic information will provide valuable insights to developmore efficient catalytic systems based on palladium.

The study aims to treat cow and buffalo dung from the heavy elements cadmium and chromium. The results showed the absence a significant effect of Lumbricus terrestris and Eiseniafetida by worms.Significant differences between the two types of worms in the average accumulation of cadmium in dung, as well as no significant differences in the average accumulation of cadmium in the tissues of the two types of earthworms. As for the average concentration of chromium in dung, there were significant differences between the two types of worms, as the average concentration of chromium was It reached 14.491 ppm for L.terrestris and 16.316 ppm, while for E.fetida The average accumulation of chromium in the tissues of worms was significant effect, as the highest average was in L. terrestris, which reached 17,050 ppm compared to E. fetida, which reached 11,558 ppm.

Atopic Eczema commonlyknown as atopic dermatitis(AD), is a form ofinflammatory skin condition that impairs the skin barrierand its capacity toretain moisture, it is the most prevalent chronic skin conditionand is inherited.Although AD can affect people of all ages, it most often first manifests ininfancy and early childhood. (AD) a varied, complexchronic inflammatoryskin condition, Atopic dermatitis is thought to arisefor a variety of reasons, including genetic factors connected to filaggrin malfunction. Both itsduration and its onset in maturity are possibilities, Patients are affected by the intense itching of the disease, which commonly results in skin injuries and major sleep problems, as well as the social shame attached to having a visible skin ailment. Through the activation of genes that codefor proinflammatory cytokines,oxidative stress encourages tissue inflammation. Free radicalsare then released when inflammatory cells are activated. Given AD'sstrong inflammatory underpinning, Since oxidative stress has been shown to have a major role in skin aging, it is likely that it contributes to the genesis of the illness. Researchingthe correlation between oxidative stressors including MDA, SOD, and T-AOC, as well as inflammation, is crucial in Alzheimer's disease.We enrolled 75 patients dividedinto (25 infants, 25 children,and 25 adults)with AD and 51 healthy controls divided into(17 infants, 17 children,and 17 adults) individuals who did not have the disease and had no history of AD. We measure serum (Malondialdehyde MDA, Superoxide dismutase SOD,and Total antioxidant capacity T-AOC).Serum (MDA) levels were significantly increased in ADpatients comparedto controls, and Serum (SOD and T-AOC) levelsweresignificantly decreased in AD patients compared to controls.

This study aimed forisolation and Identification ofthe E. cloacaefromclinicalsources. Theresultsshowed thatfifteen isolates out of 150 samples wereall E.cloacaeidentifiedby morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests and confirmed by Vitek II system.Theseresultsshowed a correlation between OMPs (OmpA, OmpX, OmpF, Ompc) and antibiotic resistance in ECC clinical isolates. The OmpX gene was present in each isolate, while 12 isolates were positive for the OmpA gene, and ten isolates were positive for the OmpF, and OmpC genes. The isolates were β-lactam; cephalosporin resistance exhibited resistance to Cefoxitin, Ceftazidime, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, meropenem, Amoxicillin/clavulanic, Ertapenem, and Imipenem tested antibiotics accordingly could be categorized as MDR,These findings suggested the possible establishment of multi-drug resistance Enterobacterbacteria in clinical settings.

Predictions for the future indicate that climate change may worsen the water problem in Iraq. The impact of climate change on water supplies, the environment, and the economy, particularly theagricultural sector, is one of the region's most significant challenges. This paper analyzes the impact of climate change on water parametersand the implications for station operation and performance. The data was taken from the Al-Al-Qadisiyawater treatment plant in Baghdad city for 2022. This research is the onlyone that discusses the design of water treatment plants using the GPS-X to design and simulate the plants and show the effect of climate change on plant operation. The results of evaluating the operational performance of water treatment plants indicate that the concentrations of all contaminants in the effluent water have consistently followed the established Iraqi standards in all scenarios. Some consequences of these variables (pH, turbidity,TDS, color, alkalinity, and hardness).The modeling and simulation of the water treatment plant, conducted using GPS-X, confirmed an acceptable level of performance characterized by a high degree of efficiency. The model was subjected to three scenarios, which showed that the concentrations of the pollutant parameters in the treated water stayed within the allowed limits.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a potent inducer of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and a potential biological threat agent, is known for causing classic food poisoningsymptoms, such as fever, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Its superantigenic properties lead to extensive T-cell proliferation and the production of inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the severe effects of SEB. This toxin induces a wide range of histological changes in the liver, lung, and small intestine.This study involved thirty (20) albino rats obtained from the Iraqi Center for Cancer Research and Medical Genetics at Al-Mustansiriya University. These rats were treated with SEB via the intraperitoneal route (ip) and intragastric (ig), while five (5) female albino rats were used as a control. Histological slides revealed a broad spectrum of histopathological changes in the liver and lung caused by SEB toxin. SEB demonstrated the ability to activate a significant fraction of T lymphocytes, leading to a cytokine storm that resulted in substantial damage to internal tissues.

This study investigated the antibacterial activity of a lectin-like bacteriocin extracted from Pseudomonas putidaisolated from various soil samples in Baghdad. Thirteen new isolates of P. putidawere identified using morphological, physiological, and molecular methods. Real-time PCR identified three isolates carrying the bacteriocin gene. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested on pathogenic bacteria, and one isolate from each species exhibiting broad-spectrum resistance was selected. The crude bacteriocin from 13 isolates showed antimicrobial activity against six pathogenic bacterial species, with five isolates exhibiting inhibition zones. Purification resulted in a bacteriocin with a total protein concentration of ~4669μg/ml and an apparent molecular mass of ≤11 kDa. HPLC confirmed the molecular mass. This study quantified the expression of P. putidabacteriocin genes, characterized as putadicin, with potential applications in human medicine for burn treatment in Iraq.

In our scholarly endeavor at Oxford University, we meticulously investigated refined methodologies for detecting anti-brucella antibodies within the serum of ovine species. This study rigorously evaluates two predominant diagnostic approaches: the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). The RBPT, recognized for its expeditious nature, is a slide-based agglutination test employing antigens from Brucella melitensisbiovar 1, specifically the Weybridge strain number 99. In contrast, iELISA represents an indirect detection paradigm, utilizing specific antigens to accurately identify antibodies within serum samples.Both diagnostic procedures commence with the standardization of serum samples and reagents to ambient temperature. This is followed by intricate protocols encompassing antigen-antibody interactions and meticulous observation of outcomes. The RBPT is characterized by its immediate visual agglutination, typically manifesting within minutes. Conversely, the iELISA approach discerns antibodies through a sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions, culminating in observable color variations.This comprehensive study encompassed the analysis of 259 serum samples extracted from female sheep, stratified across three distinct age brackets. Within this cohort, 37 out of 259 samples (14.29%) yielded positive results through RBPT, whereas a significantly larger proportion, 222 out of 259 (85.71%), were determined to be negative. In the realm of ELISA, 67 out of 259 samples (25.87%) were positively identified, leaving 192 out of 259 (74.13%) in the negative spectrum. These samples were meticulously collected from eight disparate fields in the Thi-Qar Province, located in the southern region of Iraq. The collection period spanned from November 2022 to June 2023, encompassing animals that exhibited clinical signs of the disease or had histories of abortion.Our findings lead to a compelling

the ELISA technique demonstrates superior sensitivity and accuracy in detecting specific antibodies within physiological fluids when juxtaposed with the RBPT method. This revelation holds profound implications for the field of veterinary diagnostics, particularly in the context of brucellosis in sheep.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a serious public health problem. This study aimed to estimate the rate of MRSA among Staphylococcus aureus isolates of inpatients and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics and some of the virulence genes. The study was conducted from April 2021 to March 2022 and involved specimens from 302 inpatients admitted to Azadi and Bedari teaching hospitals in Duhok province. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 20.53% (62/302) of the examined specimens with the highest rate (37,50%) from surgical swabs. Antibiotics sensitivity tests showed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin G.Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected in 77.42% (48/62) of S. aureusisolates with ahigher rate from skin swabs (85.71%). According to gender, a significantly (P<=0.005) higher rateof S. aureus and MRSA isolates was recorded in Males (21.52%). As regards age, ages > 40-50years showed the highest rate of MRSA isolate (24.62%). Among MRSA, 77.08% (37/48) weremultidrug resistant. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of nuc, mecA, pvl and eta genes atrates of 100%, 66.6%, 31.2% and 22.9%, respectively among the analyzed isolates.

Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) is the most common negative gram bacteria obligate intracellular pathogen that causes sexually transmitted diseases, including ocular trachoma worldwide. the objective was to diagnose genital CT infection among reproductive-age women attending Al-Batool Hospital in Mosul-Iraq. including Immuno-chromatographic test and quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A total of 125 females were included in this research, out of which 100 were infertile and 25 were fertile. Endo-cervical swabs were collected from all participants during the study period (July 2022 to September 2022). Theimmune chromatographic for chlamydia (ICT) and qPCR method was utilized to amplify and quantify chlamydial 16srRNA, known for its high specificity and sensitivity. qPCR is considered an ultrasensitive marker for the detection of CT.andwas used to confirm the positive cases identified by ICT. Among the 125 womentested, a total of 12 cases (12%) were found to be positive for CT infection, all positive cases identified through immunographic test showed increased amplicon copy numbers with variable concentrations when analyzed by qPCR, providing strong evidence forthe accuracy and reliability of molecular test. Out of the 100 infertile women, 12 were positive for CT infection, while none of the 25 fertile women tested positive. These findings suggest a potential association between CT infection and female infertility. The research demonstrated the utility of quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in diagnosing genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among reproductive-age women.

The most prevalent congenital digestive system abnormality is Meckel's diverticulum (MD). Most instances have no symptoms, and in those that do, the surgical strategy may not be clear-cut and the diagnosis might be difficult. The present study's main aim is to assess the surgical technique and diagnostic procedure in light of clinical presentation. Also, evaluating the degree of postoperative complications is the secondary goal.A retrospective analysis was conducted in Raparen Teaching Hospital for children in Erbil/Iraq, and the private clinics of the investigators, reviewing the medical records of 25 children below 12 years of age, who underwent surgery for MD complications, between January 2020 and September 2023. Data on patient characteristics, clinical presentations, diagnostic investigations, surgical interventions, intraoperative findings, postoperative outcomes, and length of hospital stay were collected and analyzed.The mean age of the offspring was 3.482 ± 4.604 years, accompanied by a range of ages spanning from 7 days to 12 years. Out of the total number of children, 14 (56%) experienced rectal bleeding, while 16 (64%) exhibited abdominal distension. Additionally, 17 (68%) endured vomiting and 12 (48%) suffered from abdominal pain. Upon analyzing the therapeutic measures conducted on the children, it was observed that 16 (64%) of them underwent an emergency laparotomy. Remarkably, the most prevalent histopathological discovery was the presence of gastric mucosa in 10 (40%) of the children.According to the diagnostic criteria, surgical interventions are regarded as the foremost therapeutic modality. A vast majority of patients underwent laparotomy as their surgical approach, while a minority of patients underwent laparoscopy.

This case-control study, conducted from July 2021 to August 2022 in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, investigates the semen parameters and sperm DNA damage in male partners of couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) compared to fertile couples without pregnancy loss. The study, with participants gathered from various gynaecologicalclinics, sheds light on the implications for mammalian reproductive health and wildlife conservationsuch as captive breeding programs.Semen indices, analyzed according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, revealed that couples with RPL exhibited significantly lower rates of progressive motility (45.62 ± 16.01 vs. 53.08 ± 10.11, P=0.037) and normal morphology (2.88 ± 1.5 vs. 3.48 ± 1.2, P=0.048) compared to thecontrol group.Furthermore, the study employed the alkaline comet assay to assess the magnitude of sperm DNA damage. Results indicated a significantly higher degree of sperm DNA damage in couples with RPL (21.99 ± 1.13 vs. 17.42 ± 1.39, P=0.018), along with a notable increase in DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) (43.46 ± 20.39 vs. 29.83 ± 16.25, P=0.0048) compared to the control group.These findings not only contribute to our understanding of human reproductive health but also have broader implications for mammalian fertility, potentially influencing wildlife populations. Further research is warranted to unravel the underlying mechanisms and explore interventions for couples experiencing RPL, with potential applications in mammalian and wildlife conservation.The semen of male partners of couples with RPL have lower progressive motility and a higher percentage of abnormal morphology with a significantlyhigher degree of DNA damage when compared with their age-matchedcontrol group, therefor sperm DNA damage may be included as an important step in the evaluation of couples with RPL.

Helicobacter pyloriislinked to serious complications like gastric cancer. Hence, screening for early detection and treatment is crucial to maintain the health of the whole population.

This study aimed to identify the influence of screening and prevention programsfor Helicobacter pyloriinfection among students at Damietta University, Egypt. A descriptive and quasi-experimental study design wasutilized. The data were collected by two tools—Tool I. Structured Students’ Data Questionnaire incorporated three parts and Tool II. Physical Examination (screening) Tool.

Analysis showed nearly one-third of participants (26.1%) tested werepositive, and the majority (80.9%) had severe epigastric pain. Also, highly statistically significant differences in students’ total knowledge and practicesbefore and after the health education program were found (P = 0.000**, 0.001**, respectively). Screening results detected nearly one-third of participants were positive forHelicobacter pyloritest. Enhancing school children’sawareness ofpreventive measures of Helicobacter pyloriand continuous screening should be done for early detection and treatment.