فصلنامه اقیانوس شناسی
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1402)

Calcareous nannoplankton organisms evolved rapidly during the Mesoozoic especially in Cretaceous, and are of great value as stratigraphic indicators. The early Cretaceous rocks are well developed in the Lut Block basin. These sediments have attracted the attention of many stratigraphers and paleontologists because of their fossil content. In the present research, in order to studies of the calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy of the Lut Block Cretaceous deposits and age determination, stratigraphic section of the Charmeh in the northwest of Sarayan (east margin of Lut Block) was selected and sampled. Thickness of the studied section is 209 meters and lithology of this section contains grey to dark green silty marls. The lower boundary of these deposits is conglomerate and sandstones and its upper boundary is grey massive limestone.

In the present research 91 smear slides of the studied sediment prepared following the standard smear slide technique. These slides were examined at standard light microscope techniques under XPL and PPL in order to estimate relative calcareous nannoplankton abundance and preservation. All species were identified according to researchers' descriptions and morphological characteristics. The preservation of nannoplanktons was evaluated qualitatively by using visual criteria concerning degree of etching and overgrowth. For the age determination of the Cretaceous deposits, standard zonation was utilized.

In this study, a common and index calcareous nannoplankton assemblage (34 species and 19 genera) is documented for the first time in this account from the early Cretaceous deposits succession of the Lut Block Basin (Charmeh section). Calcareous nannoplanktons are medium to well-preserved in this section, which facilitates detailed identification of the floral assemblages. First occurrence of the Cretarhabdus loriei and Nannoconus abundans and last occurrence of the Speetonia colligate are bio-events that records in this research.

Based on index nannoplankton species and associated fossil assemblages, Cretarhabdus loriei Zone (CC4) and Lithraphidites bollii Zone (CC5) were determined. The identified zones are consistent with middle last part of NK3B and NC4A، NC4B and NC5. The nannoplankton species show the age of early Hauterivian to late Hauterivian for the studied successions. Furthermore investigation of the relationship between change in abundance, size and paleoenvironmental conditions in the Charmeh ection allows to reconstruction paleo-conditions and possibility of discussing the influencing factors in the form of paleoenvironmental conditions during the Hauterivian in the Lut Block sedimentary basin. The genus Nannoconus appears to be particularly sensitive to global fertility conditions and local continental input while change in abundance of Micrantholithus is clearly associated with salinity levels. In calcareous nannoplankton assemblages of the early Cretaceous deposits of the Charmeh section, the warming event with mesotrophic to oligotrophic conditions is marked by appearance of the low latitudinal species and an acme of tropical species such as Watznaueria barnesaiae, Lithraphidites spp., Eiffellithus spp., Nannoconus spp., and Micrantholithus spp. Therefore base on the abundance of index nannoplankton species, studied sequence was deposited in shallow marine environment in relatively low latitude and warm surface water condition with low productivity at the early Hautrevian - late Hautrevian were suggested.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

The purpose of this research is to design and test the marketing model of port services based on the Foundation's data method.

The mixed exploratory research method and the statistical population of this research included two parts, in the qualitative part there were 20 experts and managers and experts in Amirabad port and in the quantitative part there were 110 people including the owners of goods and services and investors in the special economic zone of Amirabad port. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was compiled with 88 items based on the theoretical foundations and conducted interviews.

From the results of the research in the field of port services, 22 components were obtained. In this model, the main and central category is creating value for the customer in providing services to customers in the port. Price, distribution, advertising and employees are causal factors and customer orientation, processes, information management, customers and electronicization of services, contextual factors and physical facilities, brand and branding and communication are intervening factors. Improvement of management structures, improvement of marketing strategies, market orientation, human resources management and improvement of service methods are model strategies and finally, more and more established presence in the market, improvement of structure and realization of internal marketing are the consequences of the model. The analysis of the performed paths showed with a confidence level of 95% that the causal factors to the main category of creating value for the customer at the rate of 0.66 and creating value for the customer to the strategies at the rate of 0.28 and interfering factors to the strategies at the rate of 0.44 and Background factors have an effect on strategies to the extent of 0.31, and finally, strategies have an effect on the results to the extent of 0.71. The greatest impact on the path of strategies related to outcomes was estimated at 0.71.

and this means that if the recommended and extracted strategies are well implemented in Amirabad port, they will improve performance in the field of port services.

Background and Theoretical Foundations:

 An ocean economy with a focus on enhancing social fairness and human well-being while lowering environmental dangers is known as a "water economy." In order to increase economic development, improve quality of life and employment opportunities, and maintain the health of ocean ecosystems, the term "water economy" is used. Iran has access to the sea, and by using these resources and potentials, it may move toward economic development and progress. Access to open waters, small and large islands, port cities with various commercial, fishing, touristic, and industrial functions, shipbuilding, maritime tourism, maritime transportation, underground resources, oil and gas mines, refineries, ports, piers, and marine structures, bunkering (fueling ships), and environmental activities are just a few of the potentials of the nation in the field of sea-based economy. The sea-oriented economy is one of the untapped development opportunities in the nation. Because the sea-oriented development and the sea economy have recently drawn more attention than in the past, it is important to paint a clear picture of them. In this study, an effort has been made to lay out the realities of the sea-based economy in the nation. The water economy, which has lately garnered increasing attention which is also addressed in the seventh development plan, may have an economic impact. Important economic sectors that are taken into account include aquaculture and maritime transport which has significant economic benefits for Iran. In light of this, the current study aims to identify these advantages. The primary research question is: What impact does emphasizing the sea-based economy have on welfare, changes in the nation's trade balance, and employment?

In this study, the economic effects of concentrating on the sea-based economy (aquaculture sector and maritime transport), due to the multi-regional calculable general equilibrium model (GTAP) and version 10 of its database, during 3 scenarios, 1. 100% reduction in rates Bilateral tariff of the two sectors of aquaculture and marine transportation, 2. Increasing the productivity of the workforce working in two sectors of aquaculture and marine transportation, and 3. Increasing the productivity of intermediate inputs in two sectors of aquaculture and marine transportation) was analyzed with GEMPACK software package.

The study's findings indicate that lowering the aquaculture sector's tariff will result in a decline in production volume, an improvement in Iran's welfare due to increased productivity of intermediate inputs used in both the aquaculture and marine transportation sectors, and an improvement in the trade balance between these two industries due to increased productivity of labor and intermediate inputs.

According to the research's findings, the most crucial policy advice for the nation is that marine transportation may be seen of as a viable choice. The findings of this study may assist the nation's planners and policy makers in adopting suitable investment and workforce training strategies, which would eventually result in higher economic growth and increased exports of this industry. Production may rise as a result of worker productivity and training in sea-oriented industries. Investment in sea-oriented industries is one of the factors that might affect productivity. Iran has a unique maritime edge; thus it is important to develop economic activity via domestic investment as well as by attracting outside investors. The capability of the private sector in the marine and port sectors was best used by the foreigner.

The Persian Gulf hosts a variety of marine ecosystems, including mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, which have adapted to the challenging environmental conditions of the region to some extent. These ecosystems are increasingly influenced by rapid population growth, economic development in the countries surrounding the Persian Gulf, as well as, the impact of climate change in the region. They are facing mounting pressure from human activities. The influx of nutrients, coupled with the warming of the Persian Gulf, can result in a reduction in the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water. Consequently, the simultaneous occurrence of warming, reduced oxygen, and acidification in the Persian Gulf has become a significant challenge for its valuable ecosystems. According to studies, hypoxic areas in the Persian Gulf in mid-autumn can extend to more than 50,000 square kilometers. The occurrence of hypoxia in the Persian Gulf during late summer is confined to two primary areas in the western and central regions. In the eastern Strait of Hormuz, hypoxic conditions are observed in the near-bottom layer from early summer to mid-winter in areas distant from the Gulf's outflow. The reconstruction of dissolved oxygen concentrations in recent decades also indicates a declining trend accompanied by an increase in the extent and duration of hypoxia in the Persian Gulf. The degradation of water quality in the Persian Gulf, in addition to its adverse effects on its valuable ecosystems and consequently on fisheries and aquaculture in the Gulf, can significantly impact the Gulf of Oman and even the Arabian Sea in various ways, exacerbating the conditions of Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZ) in these expansive seas. The Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea naturally and permanently host the widest and thickest OMZ in the world ocean. Depths exceeding 400 meters in the Gulf of Oman exhibit suboxic conditions (oxygen concentration less than 6 µmol/kg) during both summer and winter. The OMZ in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman has intensified over the past few decades. Oxygen levels recorded in 1960 in the core of the OMZ in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman ranged from 6 to 12 µmol/kg but have now dropped to levels below 6 µmol/kg (suboxic). This intensification of the OMZ in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman has adverse effects on the ecosystems of this region and the livelihoods of dependent populations. Marine organisms residing in the near-bottom layer or surface sediments are most affected by the expansion and intensification of hypoxic and suboxic conditions. Oxygen deficiency leads to a decline in the biodiversity of benthic communities, promoting resilient species such as polychaeta in surface sediments. The reduction in oxygen levels in the Arabian Sea has significantly influenced the composition of phytoplankton communities, the vertical migration of zooplankton, and myctophidae in the water column. The expansion and intensification of the OMZ, with its adverse impacts on fishing and aquaculture, also carry socio-economic implications for residents of the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Sea. Considering the prevalence of seasonal hypoxic conditions in the Persian Gulf and permanent suboxic conditions in the Gulf of Oman, addressing this trend and mitigating its environmental and economic impacts in the region is crucial. Management and policy strategies to halt or reduce the effects of oxygen depletion in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman can be classified into three main categories: a) ecosystem-based mitigation measures for environmental restoration and protection, b) adaptation-based measures to restore and protect marine organisms and fisheries, c) implementation and maintenance of monitoring programs and analysis of the information obtained. In essence, efforts to integrate research, management, and policy actions in oceans and seas across all biological, geochemical, and physical disciplines, addressing all climate change-related issues such as warming, acidification, and oxygen reduction, and involving all academic, industrial, governmental, and regulatory sectors, constitute the most effective roadmap recommended for combating the impacts of climate change on marine resources.

The Mediterranean-Arab (Arab-Med) Corridor of India to Europe is an emerging multi-faceted trade corridor that could fundamentally alter trade patterns between the Indian Ocean region, the Middle East, and Europe by creating a crescent of trade connectivity on the southern edge of Eurasia from the coasts. The Arabian Sea of India will change to the eastern Mediterranean coast of Greece. For India, this new corridor is a strategic paradigm shift with huge geopolitical implications that could change its role in the Eurasian economic order. Based on this, the current research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, seeks to answer the question of what effect does the Arab-fashion corridor have on the new architecture in the trans-regional connection? The hypothesis of this research is that the Arab-Med Corridor is creating an alternative trans-regional trade architecture in which the UAE ports can act as the connecting point of the Indian Ocean to create a separate trade corridor from India to Europe and India to The title introduces a new power to the world with the ability to create transregional commercial architecture. The establishment of a Mediterranean terminal - from Haifa to the European mainland at the Greek port of Piraeus - means that Indian goods sent to UAE ports can reach the main markets and production centers of Europe.

Ophiolite complexes are interpreted as remnants of oceanic lithosphere that have emplacement along the edges of continents after an oceanic basin close. Iranian ophiolites, considered as remnants of closure of the Tethys (or Neo-Tethys) Ocean and its branches. These ophiolites are outcrop in two distinct regions: 1) Ophiolites coeval with the Zagros orogenic belt, and 2) Ophiolitic assemblages surrounding the Central Iranian Microcontinent. The comparison of these two ophiolite complexes indicates noticeable differences between them. Therefore, in order to understanding the tectonic sitting of their formation, initially, the geological, petrological, geochemical features, and the age of these rock units were examined and compared. Subsequently, to delineate the boundary between the two mentioned ophiolite complexes, field surveys were conducted, and geological maps of the region were prepared.Based on results, the ophiolite complexes surrounding the Central Iranian Microcontinent include the Sabzevar ophiolites in the north, the Neyriz-Dehshir-Baft ophiolites in the west, the Kahnuj ophiolites in the southwest, the Makran ophiolites in the south, and the Turbat Heydariyeh - Tchehel-Kureh ophiolitic belt in the east demonstrate similar features and it seems they have formed in a same tectonic environment. They exhibit fundamental differences from the Zagros ophiolites and have formed at different geological time, too. The ophiolites around the Central Iranian Microcontinent mark remnants of oceanic lithosphere that formed as a result of the opening of a rift basin between two continental blocks and its expansion into an intracontinental oceanic basin that known as a branch of Tethyan Ocean. This Ring Ocean existed during late Mesozoic, and as a result of its closure, these ophiolite complexes were formed

Background and Theoretical Foundations:

 in order to implement the principle of adequate and prompt compensation for pollution damages, according to the type of consumption, each of the compensation systems established by the relevant international conventions, are divided into different layers with special conditions. So far, these layers of compensation have not been specifically evaluated and reviewed in Iran, while each of these layers has specific terms and conditions that must be observed by the members, including the Islamic Republic of Iran and in this context, there is a need to increase the relevant knowledge among the main actors of the maritime industry in Iran.

this research is conducted by analytical-descriptive method and while evaluating and analyzing the provisions of the IMO conventions, it analyzes the related decisions and opinions contained in the reports of the IMO Legal Committee, annual reports of the IOPC Fund Annual Reports, and the UN International law Commission reports.

this article, while dividing and comparing the types of marine pollution, mentioning the reasons for creating layers of compensation, explains that for all types of pollution, the payment of damages is done in the first layer through the contribution of the shipowner and his insurer. The second layer for all pollutions, except for bunker pollution, and the third layer, only in the case of oil pollution, been established through the creation of a compensation fund and through the contribution of importers of such materials.

the creation of compensation layers for marine pollution is necessary for the following reasons: first, the certainty of compensation through the requirement of compulsory insurance for shipowners’ liability, especially through P&I clubs, in the first layer, second, access to competent national authorities and to financial resources for compensation within the member States against the person responsible for the accident, and thirdly, secure financial resources for pollution damages through the establishment of the funds and contribution of the receivers of oil cargoes. Unlimited liability for marine pollution has always been rejected. And due to the inadequacy of the first layer, the rest of the damages should be paid through the next layers. The membership of Iran in all three levels of compensation payment can guarantee full financial support for the victims of pollution in Iran, and regarding oil pollution, the accession of of Iran to the 2003 supplementary fund will be an important step in this field.

Background and Theoretical Foundations:

The economic effects of sea level rise on the growth of tourism is a growing concern. Because the rise of the sea level has affected the reduction of the level of the coasts all over the world, which means the reduction of the capacity of carrying recreation by the coastal areas, which in turn can significantly affect the tourism economy. Rising sea levels have created significant challenges for the growth of tourism in the Middle East, especially in coastal areas, over the past two decades. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the economic effects of sea level rise on the growth of tourism in the Middle East.

The current research is mixed in terms of data type, applied-developmental in terms of purpose, exploratory in terms of nature, and survey in terms of data collection method. The data of this study has been done in the form of a time series and for the years 2010-2000 with an increase in sea level rise equal to 2.92 centimeters and for the years 2011-2021 with an increase in sea level rise equal to 4.87 centimeters. The statistical population of the research is Middle Eastern countries. The data needed for this research was obtained from official international statistical centers such as the World Bank, United Nations Statistical Division, Tourism Statistics Database, Data Info. To analyze the data of the research, the panel method and EViews software were used.

The research findings showed that the effect of the logarithm of population density variable on the dependent variable of tourism growth is positive and significant, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above sea level, the coefficient of the logarithm of population density variable is equal to 0.77 with an increase in sea level to 4.87 0.56 was obtained. The effect of the variable of the logarithm of agricultural area on the variable of tourism growth is positive and significant, so that at the height of 2.92 centimeters above the sea level, the variable coefficient of the logarithm of agricultural area was equal to 0.13 and when the sea level increased to 4.87, it was equal to 0.09. The effect of the logarithm of the GDP variable on the tourism growth variable is positive and strong, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above the sea level, the coefficient of the logarithm of the GDP variable is equal to 0.34 and with the increase of the sea level, it is equal to 0.31. The logarithm variable of vegetation has an effect on the growth of tourism, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above the sea level, the coefficient of this variable is equal to 0.57 and when the sea level increases to 4.87, it is equal to 0.28. The logarithm variable of carbon dioxide emission per capita is negative and significant on the variable of tourism growth, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above sea level, the variable coefficient of carbon dioxide emission per capita is -0.14, and with the increase of sea level, the coefficient of this variable is equal to 0.18 - Was obtained.

The result of the panel method showed that the effects of economic variables during the rise of the sea level over time affect the growth of tourism. Therefore, taking environmentally friendly measures against sea level rise requires a combination of strategies at different scales, from individual actions to initiatives at the community level and broader government policies. As sea level rise affects numerous coastal areas around the world, international cooperation is critical. Sharing knowledge, best strategies and financial measures can help vulnerable areas. Renewable energies are the key source of environmental sustainability, awareness and education can significantly affect the consumption of renewable energies, and making society more aware of the effects of environmental degradation is vital for the production of renewable energies.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

Gorgan Bay is the only Iranian bay on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, which has faced the risk of dring up due to the decrease of the Caspian Sea water level in the last few decades. There is no doubt that what is happening in the Caspian Sea is part of the natural behavior of the climate due to the earth warming, which has been accelerated by human activities. Despite the efforts made by the country's scientific community to justify the step by step adaptation program to the climatic changes in the Gorgan Bay, the efforts made are still based on the methods of dealing with the decreasing trend of sea level and the restoration of the Gorgan Bay. Therefore, it was necessary to somehow conduct a research on the effects of water level reduction on Gorgan Bay and especially its ports, wharves and anchorages that were once established on the shores of the bay and its area of influence. On the other hand, due to the lack of scientific and historical data, efforts have been made to investigate the marine structure of Gorgan Bay from the beginning of the Little Ice Age until today.

The research method is descriptive, analytical and documentary and reference to historical documents and correspondence is given priority. In this research, the scientific findings of the sea level were used to match the historical data and statements.

Based on this research on the shores and influence of Gorgan Bay area, marine facilities such as Nim-Mardan Port, Qara-Tepe Port (Behshahr), Shah-Kile Port, Gradvin Port, Gaz Old Wharf and Gaz New Port, Bago Anchorage, Qarasu Wharf, Bandar Shah and Bandar Turkmen, Gamishan Port, Khajaje-Nafas Wharf, the new port of Khaja-Nafs, small Ashur wharf and big Ashur harbor have been established in the last 700 years. Today from all the mentioned ports, wharves and anchorages, only the remnants of Gaz, Turkmen, Khoja-nafs and small Ashur are still standing and the rest are gradually being forgotten from the pages of history due to the water level decreasing and dring up.

Looking at the research done on the future of the Caspian Sea water level and boreholes to continue reducing the sea water level in the next century, it is hoped that the authorities and the scientific community will change their attitude about facing the problems of Gorgan Bay by putting historical events on the agenda And also, by implementing a step-by-step adaptation program with nature in the Gorgan Bay, they should prevent the waste of the country's capital and create compatible and sustainable economic and ecological opportunities.

Background and theoretical foundations of the research:

 Geographical conditions, especially the conditions related to coastal geography, are very important in determining the boundaries of the maritime borders at a distance of 200 miles from the coastlines of the parties. Geographical conditions, especially those related to the natural rise of the flanking landmasses, are important in determining the maritime boundaries on the outer continental shelf for more than 200 miles. The most salient geographical circumstance relating to the delimitation of the maritime boundary at 200 miles is the fact that Bangladesh lies within a distinct depression at the northeastern extremity of the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal and much of its coastline contain a second and even deeper depression within the general depression formed by its coastline as a whole. Due to its concave coastline, Bangladesh is heavily influenced by the equilateral lines claimed by Myanmar and India from their respective land border terminals with Bangladesh, which cut well within 200 miles of Bangladesh's coast, denying its access to the EEZ. It cuts off 200 miles. The present article describes the geographical, geological and geomorphological conditions related to the demarcation of the maritime border between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal and has reviewed it in a library method by examining conventions and judicial procedures. In the following, it deals with the proposals and methods for delimiting the maritime boundaries that have been presented by the International Court of Law of the Sea.

Our method in compiling and compiling this research is a descriptive analytical study and by using books, documents, articles and legal documents related to the investigation of the delimitation of the maritime border between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal. It has been investigated and studied and what can be used and reflected in this field, it is taken and then it is analyzed and finally it is presented.

If Myanmar does not have the right to an external continental shelf according to Article 76 of the 1982 Convention, then Myanmar's existing claims regarding the bilateral area claimed by Bangladesh and the trilateral area claimed by Bangladesh and India are also invalid. Because both regions are more than 200 miles from the coast of each of these three states. Since Bangladesh, in contrast, can demonstrate a legal and scientific basis for a natural extension of its coast, it should be entitled to an outer continental shelf under the Convention. Any boundary between that shelf and Myanmar shall not be further from the coast of Myanmar than the legal shelf of 200 miles provided for in Article 76. Therefore there is no overlapping plateau beyond 200 miles from Myanmar, and therefore Bangladesh is entitled to its own claimed outer continental shelf adjacent to Myanmar's 200 mile range.

It should be noted that there is a small wedge-shaped area immediately beyond the EEZ of Bangladesh, located 200 miles from the Myanmar mainland. So, in theory, there is a small area of the Bangladeshi continental shelf covered by waters that Myanmar claims as its EEZ. This is not a one-time event. It occurs wherever two conditions are present: (a) a maritime delimitation line which is not an exact equidistant line reaches a point 200 miles from the nearer of the two coasts and consequently the limits of the exclusive economic zone attributable to that coast) and (b) there is an underlying physical continental shelf beyond that point