فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال پنجاه و چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

It is necessary to use the correct methods of water economic valuation. Proper use of the virtual water concept and the crop pattern can play a significant role in increasing water productivity and sustainable development.In this paper, the economic value of agricultural water, once without considering virtual water and once again with virtual water for four crops including wheat, barley, alfalfa and fodder maize was calculated, using a native-exclusive mathematical model, in Isfahan province, counties of Shahinshahr-Meymeh and Borkhar, Iran. Three weighting methods based on cultivated area, volume of net water consumption and product income were considered for water valuation. The input data for the mathematical model includes crop parameters, meteorological data, the amount of water consumed for each plant and the amount of expenses and incomes from each product for the crop year 2020-2021.The obtained results showed that by all the three weighting methods and in the both studied areas, the economic value of agricultural water increased by considering the virtual water of crops and changing the crop pattern accordingly; the water economic value by three weighting methods based on cultivated area, the amount of water consumed, and crop income increased by 22%, 44%, and 23% in Shahinshahr-Meymeh county and by 17%, 15%, and 15% in Borkhar county, respectively. This research showed that considering virtual water and changing the crop pattern accordingly can increase the economic value of water, reduce water consumption and help achieve sustainable development.

Crop diversity has always been a way to reduce agricultural risk. This study seeks to explore the long-term impact of crop diversity on reducing agricultural income risk in the province of Zanjan. In this study, first the crop diversity was evaluated through the herfindhal index in the timeframe of 1997 to 2018. Next, the income risk was estimated via hodrick-prescott filter. Finally using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the long-term impact of crop diversity on reduced income risk was measured. Given the results of the long-term model it is clear that in the long-run there is a reduction in income fluctuations as crop diversity increases. The result was statistically meaningful by 1%. Meanwhile, based on the results if in the short-run a shock impacts agricultural income fluctuations in the province of Zanjan, in the long-run about 4 cycles are needed to totally balance the impact of the shock out. In other words, the impact of the shock is modified by 25% in each cycle. Thus, it is on the policymakers to first establish supportive policies to diversify cultivation patterns and prevent income shocks. They also need to develop reparative policies such as insurance means in a four-year period to balance the shock once it strikes.

Human resources are infrastructure of an effective agricultural extension system. What adds it, the importance of human resources for agricultural extension is the proper transformation of farmers and agricultural workers and the peasants, which is carried out by trained and experienced work force. For the purpose of respond to existing need, Iranian Agricultural Extension System must also prepare itself for effective management of future developments. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors that influence the process of improving human resource management. One of the most important factor of this context is the organizational health of employees. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing the organizational health of the Iranian Agricultural Extension System, which was carried out using a qualitative approach. The survey population included faculty members of management at prestigious universities and managers of extension at the level of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, (deputy of extension) and the provinces. In the sampling method, the theoretical sampling method was emphasizes and the samples were selected to contribute to the creation of theory. In this study, 28 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts related to the topic of research. Sampling was done by snowball sampling method in order to achieve theoretical saturation. To analyze the data, a continuous comparative analysis method was used and the extraction components in six categories include managerial competence, importance of human resources in healthy organization, inter-organizational factors, factors of workspace healthy, organizational constructive behaviors and organizational health impact, while interpretation of each component and constituent concept, recommendation and suggestions are presented.

During the development transition process, policy makers usually focus a lot on the status and further development of the formal institutional environment, hence, adapt laws and regulations according to the conditions. The lack of coordinating institutions and inefficient communication channels, the lack of institutionalized cooperation between government agencies, as well as between the government and other different private sector actors is a formal vacuum resulting from the severe fragmentation of public administration departments. Various informal organizational gaps are related to the use of traditional resources, in which it is difficult for rural people to change existing methods in agricultural production and participate in local activities, thus the effect of institutional gaps is evident, especially in unstable organizational environments. These gaps require an efficient institutional structure between government agents and rural communities to create a willingness to cooperate and participate in rural development affairs. Therefore, the aim of the research is to determine the dimensions of institutionalism in rural development and to design and explain the model of sustainable rural development based on institutionalism in the country.Therefore, the aim of the research is to determine the dimensions of institutionalism in rural development and to design and explain the model of sustainable rural development based on institutionalism in the country.The main direction of the research was fundamental and applied. Qualitative research method with inductive approach (model exploration) and grounded theory strategy has been used. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview with targeted non-probability sampling with twenty people in the form of theoretical saturation from the experts of the policy and public policy group, having the characteristic of scientific and executive expertise.In this research, the paradigmatic model of sustainable rural development in the roles of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, core category, strategy and consequences of design and formulation, and institutional dimensions, micro-fundamentals of institutionalism, macro-fundamentals of institutionalism, the process of institutionalization in the village during the strategy of integrated institutionalism and The consequences of institutionalizing sustainability in the village include legal-administrative sustainability, cultural-social sustainability, ecological-physical sustainability and economic-industrial sustainability identified.

Challenges such as climate change, economic recession, urbanization, globalization and the scarcity and limitation of natural resources have put pressure on food systems and have turned food insecurity into one of the most important issues of the world today, which must be seriously considered. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the formation of food insecurity in rural households in the form of a food system approach. The main tool for measuring household food insecurity is the HFIAS standard questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is 304837 rural households of West Azerbaijan province. Using Cochran's formula, 482 households were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling as the statistical sample size. The results showed that 17% of rural households were in the food safe group and 83% of households experienced different degrees of food insecurity (mild, moderate and severe). Background variables of household head age, household size; Education level and average annual income had a significant relationship with household food insecurity. The partial least squares analysis (PLS) method was used to measure the impact of food system stimuli on household food insecurity. The results showed that in total, food system stimuli explain 65.5% of food insecurity changes. Considering the potential of the study area in the field of agricultural production, improving and upgrading infrastructure and transportation facilities in the field of technology and infrastructure, as well as reducing instability and instability in food access, including supply fluctuations and Food prices in the political-economic stimulus sector are suggested in order to reduce food insecurity among households in the study area.

This study aims to identify the factors affecting the adoption and development of canola cultivation from the farmers' perspective. The required data was collected from a sample of 180 canola farmers and 180 other farmers in Tabriz County using random sampling in 2020. The Double-Hurdle model was applied to analyze the factors that impact the probability of canola planting. The first stage of the model revealed that education, membership in cooperatives, canola price, proportion of farm income, and participation in training classes had a positive impact on the probability of canola planting. On the other hand, the number of agricultural plots and the age of agriculture had a negative effect. In the second stage of the model, the Tobit model was used to show that participation in training classes, canola planting experience, family labor, and land ownership had a positive impact on canola planting. In contrast, machinery costs and the number of agricultural plots had a negative impact. This study suggests that the adoption of canola is heavily influenced by its real price. Therefore, the government should increase the guaranteed price for canola to encourage more farmers to cultivate it. As a result, it is recommended that the government conducts more extension classes to increase farmers' knowledge and help them apply new information on canola cultivation. It's important to note that none of the proposed solutions work alone. Since farmers' behavior is influenced by various factors, policymakers should consider all factors comprehensively as a policy package to develop canola cultivation.

Unlimited use of limited quality Municipal effluent on the farm endangers the health of farmers and consumers of Products irrigated with Municipal effluent. Pollution will be minimized if farmers implement parameters related to the safe use of Municipal effluent, such as the cultivation pattern appropriate to the quality of the effluent, the use of appropriate irrigation methods and the distance between the last irrigation and the effluent to harvest. Therefore, the main idea of this study is to determine the factors affecting the safe use of Municipal effluent on the farm by Iranian farmers. In this regard, the broad theory of planned behavior (TPB) with the addition of risk perception (RP) and knowledge (Kn) as the theoretical framework of the study has been used. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis showed that three sub-components of the main TPB model namely Attitude (Att), Mental Norm (SN) and Perceived Behavior Control (PBC) were statistically significant positive relationships with farmers' Intention of farmers to participate in the safe use of Municipal effluent. In addition, after including the two variables of perception of risk and knowledge as predictors of intent in the developed model of the theory of planned behavior, the predictive power of the model increased. Also, the most important variable in the main TPB model was perceived behavior control, but in the developed TPB model, knowledge was the most important. Therefore, policymakers can promote safe behaviors in the use of Municipal effluent on the farm by emphasizing farmers' knowledge.

Food and processing industries as industries related to agricultural products are among the most important industrial groups that can play an effective role in the economic development of countries, especially developing countries. On the one hand, to provide foreign exchange and increase foreign exchange earnings, and on the other hand, to reduce the dependence of exports on the crude energy industry, the development of non-oil exports, including the development of exports of agricultural products will be necessary. However, since the review of studies alone cannot reflect the real challenges of exporters, especially in recent years, in this study, specialized meetings have been used to prioritize obstacles by method (AHP) to more accurately extract these challenges.

This study identifies the challenges of the export market of selected food industry products completed by conducting interviews and holding face-to-face and virtual meetings with exporters. Then these obstacles and challenges have been Prioritized by method (AHP). These meetings were established in 2020 and 2021 at the office of the National Center for Strategic Studies in Agriculture and Water Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines, and Agriculture.Finally, with the participation of exporters, solutions were provided to get out of the current situation.

The most important export challenges based on the review of studies and the results of specialized meetings are: unplanned decisions by policymakers, sanctions and the challenge of transferring currency to Iran, policymakers use exports to control domestic markets, failure to complete the supply chain and the value of export products in Iran, exchange rate fluctuations, lack of efforts for branding, the need to support it and the need to avoid false competition of domestic manufacturers and exporters, failure to provide a specific program to support exports, limited export destinations and lack of diversification of export markets, lack of policy for the development of trade negotiations, logistics costs, export insecurity in countries such as Iraq and the heavy dependence of trade on politics in Iran, non-compliance of products with global taste (non-export-oriented production), inefficiency of production facility system, dissemination of information and refusal of Iranian exporters to announce real prices, reduce access to secure packaging by tightening sanctions and the need to provide accurate databases in production and trade for major export products.

In this study, the challenges of the export market of selected Iranian products were investigated. These challenges are almost the same for other products. Some of these challenges need to be addressed with government support and some with the efforts of the private sector and exporters.

Agricultural development has been emphasized as one of the dimensions of sustainable rural development. In this regard, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and explaining the factors affecting the development of citrus cultivation in Mazandaran. The statistical population of this research was made up of 200 experts active in the citrus field of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and its subordinate units and 148,238 gardeners in Mazandaran. that Using the Cochran formula, 127 experts and 306 gardeners respectively were sampled in Available and randomly selected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a group of specialists and experts. The tool of data collection was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a group of specialists and experts.  Also, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, which that showed the value was calculated as 0.912. The results of exploratory factor analysis on 43 variables of citrus cultivation showed that six factors were identified as the main factors that Include: environmental, technical, economic, structural, social and cultural-educational, in total, they explained 51.8 of the total variance of factors affecting the development of citrus fruits. Finally, according to the obtained results, practical suggestions have been presented. Addition to, using LISREL 8.8 software, the factors affecting the development of citrus cultivation were confirmed.

So far, studies have paid less attention to the farmer’s intention in developing a water-based crop pattern, so this article examines the relationship between the characteristics of 393 active farmers in the Jiroft plain and their willingness to accept a water-based crop pattern. Farmers were surveyed about the level of willingness to accept the proposed cropping pattern, demographic characteristics, socio-economic factors and institutional characteristics using a questionnaire with open and closed questions in the 2020 crop year. In order to achieve the research objectives, a stratified logit model was used in which the dependent variable of the research (willingness to accept the crop pattern appropriate to water resources) was ranked in five categories including 0: unwillingness to accept; 1: low acceptance; 2: willingness to moderate acceptance; 3: willingness to accept too much and 4: willingness to accept too much. The results showed that 62% of respondents tended to accept below average and only 7.9% of farmers tended to accept too much. The results showed that the variables of age, literacy level, average monthly income, personal ownership of land, access to credit and membership in farmers 'social institutions had a positive and significant effect on farmers' willingness to accept and non-payment of water input by farmers had the opposite effect. Findings showed that a variety of variables may explain the willingness of farmers to develop protective behaviors for water resources that should be considered.