مجله دانش تفسیر سیاسی
پیاپی 18 (زمستان 1402)

In this qualitative article, we tried to answer the question, what criticisms have sociologists brought to sociology with the descriptive method? The result of which was as follows; It seems that sociological criticism was born in the 19th century and from the psychological criticism; Therefore, not only sociology itself, but also sociological criticism is considered a part of modernity. Criticism that criticizes its own problems from the inside and society's problems from the outside. Therefore, sociology is not only a problematic issue, but also an enlightening issue and a revolutionary issue. Therefore, it challenges all the ideas in the society, so sociology is a protest science, as a revision in all the values, opinions, norms and symbols of the society. In general, sociologists believe that these criticisms are relevant to sociology; a. Why sociology on the two paths of structure-action; subject-object; Is the mind-mind and individual-society stopped? b. Sociology should get out of the non-committal and commercial mode and turn into the enlightening mode; To be able to find out the causes of various problems and changes in the society and activists so that he can solve them. J. Today, the most important mission of sociology is to understand the causes of concern and general indifference and despondency in society. d. Among the three roles, the ruler, the ruler's advisor and the researcher, sociologists should avoid the role of the ruler's advisor and choose the role of the researcher; Because the role of the ruler's advisor makes the sociologist not maintain his intellectual and moral integrity. But the role of the researcher makes the sociologist fulfill his main duty, which is to spread rationality, enlighten public opinion, expand awareness and help to develop, establish and maintain democracy.

With the rapid developments of artificial intelligence, the importance of the security of individuals and institutions has been greatly appreciated. In this research, the main goal is to investigate the different aspects of security with an emphasis on artificial intelligence technology. The main question is, what effect will artificial intelligence have on global security? The findings show that with the uncontrollable progress of technology and artificial intelligence, it seems that security will be affected, so that some consider it a new global threat, but on the other hand, others believe that artificial intelligence despite all Aspects of threat can be useful in ego enhancement. The most important emphasis of the threat actors include increasing the accuracy of weapons, penetration and accessing information faster with this technology. From the point of view of those who consider artificial intelligence as an opportunity to improve security, it is important to emphasize issues such as accurate identification, prediction and use of artificial intelligence in eliminating threats with a significant reliability factor and away from human error.

The European Union is one of the largest consumers of energy in the world. Due to the increase in energy prices, energy for Europe in European countries, Europe as one of the largest importers of oil and gas in the world due to Russia and security vulnerabilities, the European Union is seeking to diversify its energy sources and find. The supplier is the supplier. In this context, the Persian Gulf region, including Iran, is seen as a potential candidate. This article seeks to answer the question of what opportunities and challenges Iranian energy presents for Europe. The results show that Iran's opportunities as an option to change the European Union's energy portfolio include huge reserves, geopolitical position and the occurrence of civil war. However, sanctions, pressure and foreign intervention, as well as the existence of competitors and other alternatives, are challenges that Iran must overcome in order to achieve a greater share of European energy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and collection with library documents.

Politics in Europe is currently witnessing the increasing emergence of political parties that are considered as right-wing extremists, or right-wing radicals. Social and economic issues, along with the increase in social dissatisfaction, have led to the rise in popularity of far-right movements. The Brexit trend is increasingly linked to right-wing parties in France seeking to exit the European Union, and its impact on French right-wing parties' desire to leave the EU is deep and extensive. Nationalism and anti-EU sentiments of these groups are strengthening, sparking discussions on the practical aspects of a potential Brexit that may challenge the structure of the EU. As Brexit continues to shape the political landscape in Europe, monitoring how these parties navigate the complex path to achieve their goals will be crucial.

The Syrian crisis is considered to be the confrontation between the power of the US and Iran, and the US has tried to overthrow the Syrian government by weakening Iran. However, in the end, Bashar al-Assad not only did not fall, but the level of Iranian influence also increased. Now, in this research, the main question is what are the reasons for the failure of American foreign policy strategies to contain Iran in Syria? The findings show that the failure of the American strategies to contain Iran in Syria is due to four main factors. First, the pattern of interactions in which various actors, including Iran, the United States, and other regional countries, have intricately cooperated or competed with each other. Second, the failure to manage the expulsion of Iran from Syria, which shows the failure of the United States to achieve its goals in this country, especially in reducing Iran's influence. Thirdly, the influence of the subordinate system through which the changes in one point of the regional system by imposing sanctions against Iran could not lead to the developments in Syria. And fourthly, the role of the great power of Russia, which, with its presence and activities in the region, has helped stabilize the Assad regime and increase Iran's influence. Together, these factors indicate the importance and complexity of regional issues in the success or failure of American foreign policy strategies in containing Iran in Syria. The article was compiled using descriptive-analytical methods and library documents.

This article aims to investigate the impact of Western sanctions on the Russian economy, and in this context, it has focused on the economic sanctions of the United States and European Union member states on Russia. The research method was descriptive-analytical and used library data and information. The findings of the research indicate that among Western sanctions against the Russian economy, financial and banking sanctions with a frequency of 8 have the highest frequency, followed by exchange sanctions with a frequency of 6, scientific and technological sanctions with a frequency of 3, and transportation sanctions with a frequency of 1. They are ranked next. The findings of the research on the macroeconomic indicators of Russia such as the economic growth rate, exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rate, export and import rate of this country showed that the Russian economy during 2014, which was the beginning of Western economic sanctions, until 2022 (which is the latest and most up-to-date The data of the World Bank is related to this year) has followed a downward trend and the economy of this country has faced fundamental challenges in various fields, especially liquidity. Therefore, the goals of Western economic sanctions have been achieved to a significant extent in Russia, and the country's economy, as the fifth economic power in the world, has been able to face a crisis. However, paying attention to confrontation with sanctions and policy-making based on the special conditions of sanctions can partially compensate for the harmful and destructive effects of economic sanctions in the sanctioned countries, or even bring mutual costs to the sanctioning countries.