فصلنامه پرستاری و مامایی
پیاپی 19 (پاییز 1389)

Experience of chronic stress in children, has a significantrole in developing future physical, mental and social problems. It is critical that families,teacher and professional group have the ability to detect the signs of stress in children.According to statistics published by the Ministry of Education in 2008-09 there are about5.5 million children in elementary schools of Iran. Meanwhile few studies have been doneon stress in children ages 7-12. The aims of this study were, therefore, to assess stresssymptoms in elementary school-aged children. In this descriptive research we included 839 Tabriz elementaryschool students in grades 3-5. First, the schools were selected using quota sampling from5 education zones of Tabriz; then the students were selected using simple randomsampling from these schools. Data gathering tool was Children Stress Symptoms Scale(CSSS) implemented through individual interview after content translation, validity andreliability using test re-test. Data were analyzed using percentage, absolute frequencyand SPSS software. All of the 26 items of the employed questionnaire were reported as stresssymptoms by children. More than half of the students reported worry, tachycardia, fear,trembling and grieving. Meanwhile 46.6% had reported headache and 41.8% of themhad reported tiredness. There was significant relationship between variables of gender,grade and type of school and any signs of stress. Children react in different ways to stress. Recognizing these symptoms willallow parents, teachers and professional staff to know of student’s physical and mentalstatus and may lead to intervention to reduce their stress.

Health is a human right and everybody has a right to demandit. Consumer satisfaction is recognized as an important parameter for assessing thequality of patient care services. Patient satisfaction has become a means to gaining andmaintaining market share. It is commonly acknowledged that patients’ reports of theirsatisfaction from the quality of care and services, are as important as many other clinicalhealth measures. This is a descriptive-comparative study. Using quota samplingmethod we select 392mothers who had been hospitalized for cesarean section in publicand private Tabriz hospitals. For data collection, we used a questionnaire that includedtwo parts: demographic characteristic and mothers’ satisfaction with delivery caregivers. Descriptive statistic, Independent t test, ANOVA and correlation tests were usedfor data analysis. Assessment of physical and informational aspects of care indicates that motherswere more satisfied with the physical aspects than informational ones; physicalsatisfaction rate in labor and postpartum phase were, respectively, 87/5% and 100% inpublic hospitals and 82/7% and 100% in private hospitals. Informational satisfactionrate in labor and postpartum phase were 0%.and 69%in public hospitals and 0% and62% in private hospitals. The analysis of data showed significant difference betweenmothers’ satisfaction with two aspects of care in public and private hospitals (P=0.87) The results show that mothers were more satisfied with physical andinformational aspects of care in public hospitals than private hospitals.

Despite the growing importance of knowledge in the presentage, several studies indicate that there are a great gap between knowledge productionand its use, which is more evident in nursing profession. Meanwhile there is no evidenceof the amount of individual efforts in the transfer of knowledge derived from nursingresearch to enhance the quality and quantity of it. Thus the present study aims to describe nurse educators’ perception of personal activities in knowledge transfer derived from nursing researches across Iranian universities of medical sciences. Descriptive study accomplished with sampling of 279 nurseeducators working of Medical Science universities of Iran. The information regarding theknowledge transfer was gathered by using Knott & Wildavsky (1980) Landry et al (2001,2003) tool. Data were analyzed by SPSS. As the nurse educators mentioned their personal knowledge transferperformance was poor; among them only “lectures or presentation of research results”was normal and "sending the results of research, meeting of working groups, consultingservices, collaboration to develop products and services, participation in businessesactivities and promotion of research results" were reported weak. Results of this study indicate that individual performance of nursingknowledge transfer is weak. Nurse educators should not be confined merely to present the results in seminars or congresses but to use other activities such as passing messages to addresses, too.

The clinical guideline, if integrated with logbooks, isconsidered as suitable tool for clinical learning enhancement by providing an effectiveopportunity for interacting among the student, clinical environment and the instructor.The present study has been done with regard to surveying the effect of using clinicallearning guidelines as students learning. This quasi-experimental research was performed on 25 internshipnursing students. At first based on a Delphic study, a clinical learning guidelineintegrated to logbook was designed and compiled for Gynecology units. The studentswere randomly divided into two groups of control and experiment. The control group wastrained through usual method, while the experimental group was educated using thelogbook. The two groups’ clinical learning in clinic both was evaluated regardingcognitive and psychomotor domains.The mean score of the students in experimental group in Gynecology units incognitive and psychomotor domains was higher than control group but the difference wasnot statistically significant.Regarding the promotion of students’ scores in cognitive and psychomotordomains in Gynecology wards the lack of statistically significance does not reduce thevalue of this useful educational method. Based on the findings of this study, it can beconcluded that use of a logbook will improve learning scores in two cognitive andpsychomotor domains.

Patient education is one of the most important role5 for allnurses; indeed nurses’ perception of their own role will influence their commitment andperformance. Considering its influence on different aspects of nursing, cure, recoveryand costs understanding the current situation is very important because it makes nursesto be aware of their own performance and improve this important task, too. The presentstudy aims to measure perception of Tabriz medical training centers’ nurses of patienteducation. This is a descriptive study in which 400 nurses in health centersparticipated and were randomly allocated (2010). Data were gathered by using “Nurses’role as patient educators”, developed by Taoklam (1991). Patient education was thenclassified in based on the current situation to 4 dimensions: “Assessment of patientneeds”, “Patient education programming”, “Implementation of patient education” and“Evaluation of patient education”. Data were analyzed by using SPSS / 14. The results indicated that the situation was moderate to worse. From theviewpoint of nurses “assessment of patient needs” and “implementation of patienteducation”, are performed before “patient education programming” and “evaluation ofpatient education”. According to the findings little attention has been given to training patientsby the nurses. Evaluation of patient education was addressed as the least importantdimension, too. Considering the results and, also, fundamental role of nursing care inpatient improvement the authorities should take necessary actions for them.

Self – efficacy in breastfeeding is a valuable frame work toanticipate breastfeeding behavior, and shows the mother’s self – reliance and degree ofability to breastfeed her baby. Having high self – efficacy can increase exclusivebreastfeeding duration; therefore, this study has been designed and performed todetermine the rate of breastfeeding self – efficacy among pregnant women referred tohealth centers of Ahvaz. In this descriptive-correlative study 120 pregnant women whoreferred to health center of Ahvaz were randomly selected. In last month of pregnancytheir self – efficacy scores was measured by Fox & Dennis questionnaire. Data wereanalyzed by using SPSS/17. Findings of this study showed that the mean score of women's self-efficacy andstandard deviation were 104.85 and 15.10 respectively. The results of this researchshowed significant correlation between age of pregnancy and education of samples withself – efficacy scores, too.Discussion & In spite of proven benefits of breastfeeding and the main roleof self – efficacy in choosing baby- feeding method and duration of exclusivebreastfeeding, findings of this study indicated that low percentage of samples had highscores of self-efficacy. It seems that compilation of educational program is needed toincrease pregnant women’s breastfeeding self – efficacy.

Nowadays the rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity(OW/OB) in children is one of the most alarming public health issues facing the world.Overweighed Children are facing the risk of obesity and obesity in adulthood and itscomplications. Various studies have indicated direct relationship between lifestyle andobesity. Therefore, the present study has been investigated to determine the relationshipbetween lifestyle pattern as one of the important indicator of lifestyle and body massindex in elementary school girls of Tabriz. This is a descriptive study done in Tabriz (2009) in which 1500students (age range of 7-11) were selected as a sample through a randomize clustersampling. Height and weight of children were measured by standard methods fordetermination body mass index (BMI). Based on CDC criteria, the students were dividedinto four following categories: below the 5th percentile as "underweight ", 5-85percentile as "normal weight", 85-95 percentile of the standard as "overweight" andabove the 95th percentile as "obese". The other demographic data were gathered byobtaining parental consent and filling the research questionnaires. Statistical analysiswere done by SPSS/16 comparing the means by using Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation for studing correlation between them. The results of the study showed that 73 percent of school girls were normalweight, 12.5% were overweight, 5.8 % obese, and 8/6% underweight. There was asignificant relationship (p = 0 / 04), between the hours of watching television and BMIamong the subjects, while there was no relationship between BMI and the number ofhours that they play computer games, and hours that they study or read books. Although this study could not clearly show the correlation between BMI andLeisure activities pattern in girls, there were average differences between the obesity andoverweight groups which was significant in the number of TV-watching hours. Thereforeit seems that TV-watching plays an effective role (more than the other sources) in theincidence of child obesity and overweight. There is a need for prevention of childhoodobesity with emphasis on improving the pattern of leisure activities.