فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 19 (بهار 1394)

Discourse analysis of Aqqad’s character in his story Sareh guides the reader to the relationship between thinking and speaking and its effect on his expression and any writer with special styles.Aqqad is an Egyption literary figure and an author with a special style. He wrote Sareh in order to examine men’s and women’s character when they love each other in the form of the novel. This inquiry is a discourse analysis--the study of a work and its dominant thinking. This article argues that language‚ type of expression and discourse of any scientist, particularly Aqqad, will be obtained through understanding of the relationship between their thinking and language. This goal will be achieved through checking two aspects of word selection and grammatical categories. This means that understanding a person’s thinking leads us to their method of expression‚ revealing their ideology and school of thought.

Imagination is one of the fundamental elements of poetry, also known as the essential part of it, based on which the poetry is appraised. The element of imagination dominates all aspects of human life, especially the mentality and the literary and artistic lives of literary men and artists, so that no area is found to be devoided of the presence of such a wonderful and charming force. Imagination, therefore, emerges dynamically and extensively in the science of ellocution and its important topics (i.e. simile, metaphor, irony). On the other hand, “Mulhama (epic poetry)”, referring in contemporary Arabic literature to long verse narratives depicting the story of a great man in different situations, is considered a literary genre, and religious Mulhama has always been of greater importance. Given the considerable position of Mulhama, especially religious one in contemporary Arabic literature and its unique styles, it seems necessary to pay special attention to this literary genre. This study trys to illuminate this area of the literary beauties in Mulhamas of Fartusi and Shakkur, focused on the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS), the Messenger of Allah. The diversity and extent of metaphorical images in two Mulhamas, the innovation, creativity and presentation of new images in Shakkur Mulhamas and the abundance of different types of irony and synecdoche in his work are among the results of this study.

The issue of the origin of poetry is one of the most important and philosophical questions in the philosophy of literature. This issue is important on the grounds that understanding the nature of a poem can be significant in recognizing good and effective poetry. In the contemporary era, some poets and critics have developed some ideas about this issue. In addition, the theories of new psychology have affected this issue. The authors of this paper attempt to investigate this issue in the anthology of Ilia AbuMazi who is one of the great poets of the contemporary world. The investigation of this issue will be done based on the newly-presented ideas and consideration of the literary tradition and the meaning of the words "creation and intuition". This issue is important in the viewpoints of Ilia AbuMazi, and the researchers intend to understand what his idea has been about the origin of poetry and if he has a particular viewpoint or is in agreement with his contemporaries. For this purpose, at first, the poetry of Ilia AbuMazi was explored using a descriptive-analytical method based on which the cases of "creation and intuition" were derived and at the end, this conclusion was reached that mature poetry is a mixture of "creation and intuition" and it is not possible to ignore any of them. In addition, the analysis of his poetry indicates that the origin of poetry is the unconscious mind of human beings, but its perfection depends on editing and revision.

Persian and Arabic contemporary prose wad transformed by the influence of social and political developments, dominant situation of society, enescapment from city and present realities; hence the tendency for rural writing and native literature was created among the writers. Najib Al-Kilani and Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, great contemporary Arab and Iranian writers, are among those who began rural writing, both finding the form of rural story and literature suitable for expressing social and political facts of society and people's issues and troubles, due to society’s conditions.In this article, rural literature features in "Curse of the Earth" by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad and “Stormy Spring” by Najib Al-Kilani have been analyzed from comparative literature viewpoint. Common features of these two works in outlining rural environment and nature, customs and traditions, beliefs, traditional system, and migration are analyzed.Among the most important results obtained are the effects of the transformation of social values, the influx of urban manifestations of civilization, and the clash of modernity and tradition in the disorganization of rural tranquility and the conflict between villagers.

The aim of this research is to study some of the Iranian cultural features in different Arabic translations of Hafiz Shirazi. The Iranian minds make a literary relationship between candle and butterfly, beeswax and candle, flower and butterfly, pine and pasture and so on and have a special, aesthetic concept of them as well. Pseudonym, Radif, subordinate words etc. are some of the characteristics of Persian literature. Unreal form of mistress, presence of the term Rend, Tarofāts (complements), exaggerations in respecting one another, cultural backgrounds and phonetic differences are considered as part of the factors which complicate understanding and taste of Hafiz’s translations in Arabic countries.The current research examines some linguistic and cultural features in the translations of Hafiz's poems and analyzes them in Arabic language. Arab translators in their encounter with cultural phenomena have translated in different ways using explicitation, omission, and shift. However, the heterogeneity of these characteristics as form or theme in Arab culture refers to Iranians’ independent characteristics and literature during the active Islamic culture.

Stream of consciousness is a new style in narrating in which an author's role is minimized because thoughts and feelings of characters are expressed as flowing in their minds. In this method, a chronological, locational and logical order of events is cluttered and narrative techniques include inner monologue, self hadith, and wise speaker. The writers who used the technique in their works can be referred to as James Joyce, William Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, etc. from the West; Najib Mahfouz, Ghassan Kanafani, Halim Barekat, etc. from the Arab world; and Sadeq Chubak, Abbas Maroufi, Hooshang Golshiri, etc. from Iran. The aim of this research is to criticize the novel "Robber and Dogs" by Najib Mahfouz using the criteria of the stream of consciousness and reach the conclusion that the author in the novel makes the transfer function of main parts of the story through talks, including the inner monologue, thereby letting the reader be informed directly and without the narrator's intervention of the stream of thoughts, and of hero's feelings in the story. He also shows the hero's character to addressees using various characteristics of the inner monologue like inner monologue's owner, neglecting agreed addressees, the way of characterizing, access to the hero's mind, synchronization phenomenon, and inner monologue types.

In conveying the message of a text and the influence of that through translation, many factors play a pivotal role. Aside from the qualifications a translator should possess regarding the theories of translation and the features of the native and the target language, the text to be translated is of special importance. This significance concerning the literary texts which carry rhetorical aspects through their formal features sets up various barriers against the translator, implying the untranslatability of these kinds of texts. This is most outstanding in religious texts especially the Holy Quran which, aside from the celestial and transcendental concepts, is known as a linguistic miracle. The interpretability of Quran also the time span between the translators and the revelation as well as the contextual differences also attach importance to the translation of the Holy Quran. Investigating four known translations of the Quran, the present study strives to study the role of the linguistic factors such as vocabulary and the morphological, syntactic and rhetorical issues in ayes from the Sura Yusuf and to compare and assess the Quranic translations regarding these factors. This is to specify if regarding some variations in reciting, and the syntactic views and the rhetorical points, the differences in the translation of Quran is unavoidable and if the appreciation of all linguistic issues in Quran and rendering all those categories into Farsi is ultimately difficult.