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Cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the best fresh fruits, which has a special place and importance in the Iranian fruit industry. Considering the rich germplasm of the Cerasus subgenus in Iran, knowledge of the genetic potential of this subgenus is important for identifying gene reservoirs and developing effective strategies for germplasm conservation. In this study, the seedling of some genotypes in the Cerasus subgenus P. avium, P. microcarpa, and P. incana species was assayed in full and without irrigation conditions performing physiological analysis in response to stress. From a genomic point of view, the genetic diversity of these genotypes seedlings was assessed using simple-sequence repeat markers (SSR). Morphologically, P. microcarpa species showed lower leaf area, height, and diameter compared to P. incana and mainly P. avium. Photosynthesis in seedlings decreased during drought stress, but this decrease was more in Avi-Ala 11 (5,500 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) compared to Inc-Kho (10,760 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and Mic-Kor 3 (10,340 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1). Our results show that both P. microcarpa and P. incana species can be considered drought-resistant rootstock in cherries and a possible genetic source for drought breeders. The results of this research can also help to determine the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic data for the identification of molecular markers associated with drought tolerance.

Microalgae have the potential to generate high-value products. The design of photobioreactors (PBRs), in which microalgae are cultured, is crucial because alterations in their configuration and operational conditions can affect the biomass production and productivity. The objective of this study was to optimize the diameter of the internal tube of an airlift PBR and to characterize the growth of Spirulina maxima in an optimized design. S. maxima was cultured in a mineral medium without an organic carbon source. The PBR consisted of an acrylic cylinder with an operational volume of 7 L. Daily determinations of biomass (by filtration), chlorophyll, N-NO3 and P-PO4 (spectrophotometrically) were carried out. The use of a concentric tube with a diameter of 3 inches led to an increased biomass concentration of 1.14 ± 0.136 g.L-1, allowing a global biomass productivity of 153 mg.L-1.d-1. The culture reached a volumetric consumption velocity of27.34 ± 1.596 and 2.29 ± 0.353 mg.L-1.d-1 for N and P, respectively. It was concluded that operational conditions must be specifically selected for each cultivated strain and that this configuration of airlift PBR can produce Spirulina biomass under laboratory conditions with a high biomass productivity.

Pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) has a prognostic value in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This study aimed to evaluate the ability to predict pCR using inflammatory markers, valuable to select the most adequate treatment strategy.

Patients undergoing primary tumor resection after long-cycle NCRT at a single center (2012 to 2018) were retrospectively collected (n=130). Patient demographics, preoperative laboratory measurements, tumor characteristics, treatment strategy and postoperative anatomopathologic variables were collected. The association of factors to CPR was examined using binary logistic regression and odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) and the discriminative capacity with ROC curve.

Out of 130 patients 42 pCRs occurred, a 32.3% of the sample. Variables identified as useful to predict pCR were total neutrophil count (

The absolute neutrophil count better predicts pCR than the rest of inflammatory indexes in selected patients with LARC who underwent long-cycle NCRT. The association of a neutrophil count less than 6400 cells/mm3, absence of diabetes and intravenous 5-FU NCRT strategy showed a relevant increase of the pCR.

Periodontal diseases are characterized by inflammation and destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. There is interest in anti-inflammatory substances of plant origin because of their advantage in relation to classic anti-inflammatory drugs. The cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of Scopulophila parryi and Psacalium decompositum (A.Gray) H.Rob. & Brettell were evaluated with the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) method and their pro-inflammatory cytokine profile was determined in a human peripheral blood monocyte culture model. The plant was collected and identified and the methanol extract was prepared by maceration. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro with the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) assay in two cell lines, VERO and Detroit 551 human fibroblasts. The anti-inflammatory activity of human peripheral blood monocytes and gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, were evaluated The extract of P. decompositum was less toxic on the VERO and Detroit 551 cell lines with a DL50 of 77.30 μg/mL and the S. parryi extract had 150.58 μg/mL. Both extracts significantly reduced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 at 300 μg/mL for S. parryi and at 400 μg/mL for P. decompositum. The extract of P. decompositum was less toxic for both cell lines and the two methanol extracts are good alternatives as immunomodulators of proinflammatory cytokines.

The method of the present study was descriptive-survey and based on structural equations. Standard questionnaires of advertising awareness, brand awareness and brand value and brand image were used. The statistical population was all customers of Morooj sports brand in Iran. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 expert professors. The reliability of the questionnaires was higher than 0.8. Smart-PLS software was used to analyze the data. According to the results, the research model has a moderate fit, advertising awareness had a direct effect on the variables of brand awareness, brand image and brand equity. Also, awareness of advertising indirectly affected brand equity through brand awareness and brand image. Sports brand managers need to realize that branding in an industry is the way to go; Endless and requires research and application of relevant sciences, pay attention and understand the importance of brand value and the impact it has on customer loyalty to study and invest in the factors that affect it, such as advertising, brand awareness and brand image.

Human activities everyday release a huge amount of domestic, industrial and agricultural waste into water bodies and continuously change the ecosystem conditions in the world. Considering the harmful effects of these pollutants entering water resources, study about pollution transfer in streams and predicting the pollutant concentration at downstream points seem to be important. For this purpose, the well-known classical advection-dispersion equation (ADE) was presented as the first attempt for describing mass transfer and energy transfer in physical systems. This equation is useful for channels with relatively prismatic and uniform cross-sections. Experimental studies carried out in rivers show that ADE is no longer applicable for natural streams, especially mountain pool and riffle streams because of their irregular cross-sections. Afterward, some more accurate models, referred dead zone models or transient storage models, were suggested by several researchers for predicting solute concentration in natural rivers and calibrated using tracer approach. Such models cause more realistic concentration-time distributions which have lower picks and longer residence time. Solving such models, for which in most cases the analytical solution doesn’t exist, needs numerical methods –methods which usually deal with complexity and is time-consuming. In this study, we have applied Network Simulation Method (NSM) –a powerful and efficient computational method for simulating systems governed by differential equations based on the electric circuit concepts and the analogy between the governing differential equations of hydrodynamic and electrical phenomena– which according to the previous studies simulates desirably the transport of mass in natural streams, to solve two transient storage models. The method consists of two phases of designing and simulating. In designing phase, the system of differential equations corresponding to the prototype must be discretized spatially over the studied domain and then, for each term of the discretized equations the equivalent electrical devices are chosen. These electrical elements are connected based on the algebraic sign of the terms to satisfy Kirchhoff’s current low. Regarding the mathematical models, in most studies, electric potential and electric current are equivalent to the value of the unknown variable and its flux, respectively. The last step of designing the electro-analogical model is the implementation of initial conditions and boundary conditions of unknown variables using appropriate dependent and/or independent, voltage and/or current sources. Simulating this equivalent electrical network is performed through an appropriate electrical-computational circuit code, such as PSpice code. PSpice, which is a powerful circuit analysis software, uses the Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm to solve this set of nonlinear equations and performing the transient analysis. In this paper, NSM is firstly verified by simulating a transient storage transport model developed by Bencala and Walters (1983) for unsteady conservative solute transfer in pool and riffle streams. This model includes two equations for solute concentration in the main channel and in the storage zone and involves one storage zone. The analytical solution for this model has been presented in Laplace domain by Kazezyılmaz-Alhan (2008) considering a hypothetical channel with a constant cross-sectional area, flow velocity, and dispersion coefficient and for two types of upstream boundary conditions including a continuous injection and a pulsating solute injection. The results of this verification were desirable. Then, the accuracy and efficiency of NSM were compared with Finite Volume Method (FVM) –a widely used numerical method in computational fluid dynamics- through simulating an unsteady reactive solute transport using a nested two-storage zone transport model developed by Kerr et al. (2013). This model consists of three equations and involves two storage zones including the surface and hyporheic storage zones interacting together. The results of simulating a hypothetical solute transport problem with this nested model indicate a good match between these two methods with near-zero error indices. The computational time needed for NSM and FVM were 117 seconds and 505 seconds, respectively. So, NSM is much faster. Furthermore, the implementation of boundary conditions in NSM is direct, easier and more flexible. Therefore, NSM is proposed as a precise and efficient alternative for numerical methods in solving one-dimensional coupled differential equations of unsteady transport, simultaneously and providing benchmarks without complex mathematical calculations. Because of its analogical based concept, it can be used as a predicting and monitoring tool for transport phenomena instead of using troublesome physical hydraulic models to perform the water quality studies with less time, low expense and higher accuracy. Hence, in critical conditions, including a sudden spill of a high-hazardous contaminant in a specified point of the river or increasing the concentration of a chemical element to its maximum level, the monitoring and controlling measures at different parts of the river can be carried out with an acceptable accuracy and speed to improve the water quality.

This paper analyzes how feasible it is to use electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate, and blast furnace dust as fine aggregate in the manufacture of hot asphalt concrete for roads. Three mixtures were designed using the Ramcodes methodology, the M1 mixture of control with conventional materials, the M2 mixture replacing 50% and the M3 mixture replacing 100% of the conventional aggregates, which were submitted to tests to evaluate the susceptibility to moisture damage and plastic deformation, as well as others to determine the resilient modulus and the fatigue laws for each type of mixture. The mixtures with EAF and BFD presented better mechanical characteristics than the mixture with natural aggregates, met the acceptance requirements and the results of the performance tests are within the required requirements.

The number of multiple pregnancies has been significantly increased in the last decades due to assisted reproduction techniques development. Compared to singleton, twins and multiple pregnancies are associated to more complications and risks for both mother and children. The objective of this study was to examine the proportion of patients preferring a multiple birth over a singleton after an IVF/ICSI attempt, their reasons and the influence of socio-demographic and clinical parameters on their preference.
A prospective study was conducted in two different Spanish centers in 2014; a public university hospital and a private clinic, with different populations and embryo transfer policies. In order to evaluate patients and partners attitudes towards twins and singletons, an anonymous 10-question survey was conducted and 399 were invited to participate.
58.2% of participants preferred having twins to having one child at a time and 4.8% preferred triplets. Primary reasons for preferring twins were "avoiding a new IVF/ICSI attempt" (61.6%), "I like the idea of having twins" (27.3%), "avoiding the waiting list" (5.8%), and "in my opinion with the latest technology, the rate and severity of complications in multiple pregnancies are low" (5.2%). The multivariate analysis showed that the only significant parameter related to a preference for multiplets was the transfer of women’s own fresh embryos (OR=3.31).
Twin pregnancy risks are not perceived as important by the majority of IVF/ICSI couples, and many of them specifically prefer twins. In our opinion, much more information is needed highlighting the multiple pregnancy risks and that information should come from medical sources besides general media.

Between August 1945 and February 1950, the Nazi concentration camp of Buchenwald was turned into the Soviet Special Camp Number 2 by the Soviet secret service to house individuals perceived as opponents of the Soviet system. We have investigated the system of health care for psychiatric patients in this camp. We have consulted and reviewed the archives of Buchenwald concentration camp (Arkiv der Gedenkstatte Buchenwald). Archival documents regarding the Soviet period have been partially declassified recently. During its five years of operation, 28 455 prisoners were held. In Buchenwald, psychiatric patients were held in the Psychiatric Station (barrack VIIc), guarded by a neuropsychiatrist and a nurse. The number of inmates who passed through this station is unknown, however, at one point there were more than 60. The medical system run in Gulags for decades was already exported to camps created in German territory after the end of the war. The internment of dissidents in psychiatric centers was a common practice of the Soviet authorities.

The study of the reinforced concrete (RC) columns’ response to horizontal loads is of full importance to understand how earthquakes affect the integrity of structures, essentially those already built and especially vulnerable to this type of action, as is the case with many existing buildings on significant seismic activity zones which are not adequately prepared for that eventuality. Consequently, there is also the need to perform a significant number of experimental and numerical studies to understand how much the columns resistance is affected by the horizontal loading path combined with axial load. The present study focus on the comparison between the RC columns response when subjected to uniaxial and biaxial loading through a literature review of the experimental test data results. Additionally, a parametric study was performed to analyze the load-path influence in the columns response. Non-linear static pushover analysis were performed in more than 36 columns with different cross-sections, reinforcement ratios and axial load ratio, performing a total of 1300 analysis. The numerical results will be presented in terms of capacity curves, maximum strength comparison between the uniaxial and the biaxial response and several ratios were also determined to a do a better comparison.

In this manuscript, fluoride releasing dental materials controlling demineralization in fixed orthodontic patients, and the current strategies to prevent white spots were evaluated.
General literature review was carried out in SciVerse ScienceDirect databases. The search strategy included the terms from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) created by National Library of Medicine.
44 relevant studies were included and the respective data were extracted. Many studies showed new alternatives for the treatment of white spot lesions by the use of orthodontic appliances.
Patients receiving fixed orthodontic treatment should be instructed in a proper brushing technique using a fluoride containing toothpaste, and high risk patients should be bonded with fluoride releasing agent. Additionally, it is recommended to apply fluoride varnish periodically during orthodontic treatment.

The performance of petroleum recovery methods is dependent on the characteristics of the reservoir rock, oil quality, and formation water. One fundamental feature for considering petroleum recovery methods is the wettability of the rock reservoir. Also, this feature impacts the displacement of fluids in the rock reservior. In the case of the limestone, which normally features oil wettability, enhanced recovery methods are responsible for altering surface wettability. In this study, the effect of concentration of a cationic surfactant in the oil recovery from limestone is shown. In these tests, finite-bath technique was used to investigate adsorption by varying the amount of adsorbent and contact time. By carrying out contact angle assays, the wettability of the limestone was assessed. In addition, the oil recovery was effected by spontaneous imbibition. In this study, the limestone samples with solutions of CTAB in the concentrations of 0.8596 g/L and 1.2280 g/L, using a 2% KCl solution are treated. The results showed enhanced adsorption of CTAB at the CMC. The nature of this phenomenon did not induce changes in the wettability of the rock, which was confirmed by the contact angle measurements. In the spontaneous imbibition, more oil could be recovered when using a CTAB below the CMC, possibly due to less intense adsorption by the limestone.

In this study, the isothermal electroosmotic flow of two immiscible electrical conducting fluids within a uniform circular microcapillary was theoretically examined. It was assumed that an annular layer of liquid adjacent to the inside wall of the capillary exists, and this in turn surrounds the inner flow of a second liquid. The theoretical analysis was performed by using the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equations, and the momentum equations for both fluids were analytically solved. The interface between the two fluids was considered uniform, hypothesis which is only valid for very small values of the capillary number, and shear and Maxwell stresses were considered as the boundary condition. In addition, a zeta potential difference and a charge density jump were assumed at the interface. In this manner, the electroosmotic pumping is governed by the previous interfacial effects, a situation that has not previously been considered in the specialized literature. The simplified equations were nondimensionalized, and analytical solutions were determined to describe the electric potential distribution and flow field in both the fluids. The solution shows the strong influence of several dimensionless parameters, such as μr, εr, w  ,   and sf Q , and 1,2  , on the volumetric flow. The parameters represent the ratio of viscosity, the ratio of electric permittivity of both fluids, the dimensionless zeta potential of the microcapillary wall, the dimensionless charge density jump and charge density between both fluids, and the electrokinetic parameters, respectively.

The possibility of allopurinol electrochemical detection, assisted by pervanadylvanadyl redox pair, has been evaluated from the theoretical point of view. The correspondent mathematical model has been developed and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. It was shown that the steady-state stability in this system is maintained easily. The electroanalytical process is diffusion-controlled. The oscillatory behavior in this system is more probable than for general case, due to the presence of electrostatic and DELinfluencing factors.

The mitogenic effect of the analogous insulin glargine is currently under debate since several clinical studies have raised the possibility that insulin glargine treatment has a carcinogenic potential in different tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the Igf-1r, Insr, and Igf-1 gene expression in colon and liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in response to insulin glargine, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, and metformin treatments.
Male Wistar rats were induced during one week with streptozotocin to develop Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and then randomly distributed into four groups. T2D rats included in the first group received insulin glargine, the second group received NPH insulin, the third group received metformin; finally, untreated T2D rats were included as the control group. All groups were treated for seven days; after the treatment, tissue samples of liver and colon were obtained. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to analyze the Igf-1r, Insr and Igf-1 gene expression in each tissue sample.
The liver tissue showed overexpression of the Insr and Igf-1r genes (P>0.001) in rats treated with insulin glargine in comparison with the control group. Similar results were observed for the Insr gene (P>0.011) in colonic tissue of rats treated with insulin glargine.
These observations demonstrate that insulin glargine promote an excess of insulin and IGF-1 receptors in STZ-induced diabetic rats, which could overstimulate the mitogenic signaling pathways.

Application of biotechnology for production and enhancing of important secondary metabolite by plant cell cultures and elicitors is one of the most noteworthy researches by scientists. This research was carried out with the aim of analysis the effects of Vanadyl Sulfate (abiotic elicitor) on media consumption by Satureja khuzistanica cells under suspension culture. Cells obtained after four subcultures from suspension culture of Satureja khuzistanica used in the present study. B5 liquid medium containing 5 mg.l-1 BA (benzyl adenine) and 1 mg.l-1 IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) were prepared. Three levels of Vanadyl Sulfate (0, 2.5 and 5 mg.l-1) were analyzed. According to results, the highest consuming rate of culture media and the lowest cell dry weight obtained by 2.5 mg.l-1 Vanadyl sulfate. Furthermore, concentration of 5 mg.l-1 showed approximately equal content of dry biomass compared to the control condition. The maximum biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid was obtained by cells in media containing 2.5 mg.l-1 Vanadyl sulfate. These results showed that application of Vanadyl sulfate have positive effects on biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid. Altogether application of different concentrations of Vanadyl sulfate as an abiotic elicitor in Satureja khuzistanica showed a normal dry matter production; while rosmarinic acid was increased. Therefore, application of this elicitor in suspension culture of Satureja khuzistanica is suggested to increase rosmarinic acid production.

Candida spp. causes semen candidiasis, the most important sexually transmitted fungal infection; this microorganism affects male fertility potential and could alter oocyte fertilization. The in vitro effects of the yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and their soluble factors of fungal metabolism on semen quality were studied.
Candida strains (2, 0.5 and 0.05 McF) and their soluble factors were incubated for 3 hr with selected spermatozoa. Conventional (Viability and motility) and functional parameters (Mitochondrial membrane potential, membrane integrity, detection of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation) were quantified in 35 semen samples. In addition, human spermatozoa were incubated under capacitating conditions with Candida spp. and soluble factors. Finally, spermatozoa were incubated with mannose before incubation with either yeast to block sperm and yeast interaction. Data was analyzed using Friedman test, and p The conventional sperm parameters were statistically affected by the two yeast strains after 3 hr and their effect was maintained until the 24 hr incubation. However, the functional parameters were altered, this change was not statistically significant. Pretreatment of spermatozoa with mannose decreased the effect of Candida spp.
The presence of C. albicans or C. glabrata affects seminal parameters. The effect is related to incubation time and yeast concentration, it can be supposed that the yeast sperm interaction is mediated through the mannose sperm receptor.

This paper analyses the occurrence of temporary speed restrictions in railway infrastructure associated with railway track geometry degradation. A negative binomial regression model is put forward to estimate the expected number of temporary speed restrictions, controlling for the main quality indicators of railway track geometry degradation and for the maintenance and renewal actions/decisions. The prediction of temporary speed restrictions provides a quantitative way to support the assessment of unavailability costs to railway users. A case study on the Lisbon–Oporto Portuguese line is explored, comparing three statistical models: the Poisson, the ‘over-dispersed’ Poisson and the proposed negative binomial regression. Main findings suggest that the main quality indicators for railway track geometry degradation are statistically significant variables, apart from the maintenance and renewal actions. Finally, a discussion on the impacts of the unavailability costs associated with temporary speed restrictions is also provided in a regulated railway context.

In this paper we considered some new classes of multivalent functions by using Aouf-Silverman-Srivastava operator and derived some important results using convolution and subordination technique. This new class is an extension of a class which introduced before.

Chemical, thermal and mechanical homogenization of both slag and steel during the ladle furnace process depends on the design of the gas injection system in gas bottom stirred ladles. In the past, a large number of variables have been investigated, nevertheless due to the importance of the slag layer during the process, it has been incorporated in water modeling studies in more recent investigations.
In large industrial size ladles is common to use two porous plugs. The configuration of the injection system with two porous plugs requires optimization of both nozzle radial position and nozzle separation angle. In this work the effect of nozzle radial position, nozzle separation angle, gas flow rate and slag thickness on mixing time has been investigated using a water model. The effect of tracer concentration on mixing time was also explored. It is shown that a separation angle of 60 degrees provides the best mixing efficiency.

This work studied the natural infection of Neospora caninum during the first gestation of heifers in a dairy farm in animals consuming a ration contaminated naturally with Zearalenone (ZEA), and to find out effect of mycotoxin in the levels of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P4) and that`s relation to the infection to N. caninum and in the abortions.
The study was conducted in a dairy farm located in El Llano municipality, in Aguascalientes, Mexico, in 2013. Two groups were formed, the group “A” with 20 seronegative animals to N. caninum, and group “B” with 20 seropositive. Once a month was determined the levels of total IgG to N. caninum, the serum concentration of E and P4, and the level of ZEA in the ration; in cases of abortion, fetal brain samples were taken to identify the presence of N. caninum DNA.
In group “A”, was observed two subgroups: seronegative (60%) and seroconverted (40%), and three abortions. In group “B”, all animals maintain their serostatus, and three animals aborted. All abortions were positive for N. caninum DNA. The level of ZEA in the ration has an average of 426 µg/kg; during the gestation did not identify that animals suffer any alteration in the levels of E or P4. No statistical differences among the studied variables (levels of E and P) in time (nine months of gestation) were detected. It was not identified any interaction with the natural exposure to ZEA intake in any of the groups under study.
The chronic ingestion of ZEA does not affect serum concentrations of E and P4 during gestation of heifers under study and cannot be related to the infection for N. caninum and the abortion.

Performance evaluation is crucial for land cover change modeling. The main objective of this study is performance evaluation of GEOMOD using landscape metrics and spatial processes in landscape transformation for modeling change patterns of forest cover in Neka River Basin, north of Iran. Therefore, the land cover maps for the years 1984, 2001, and 2010 were used as the observed land cover maps. Suitability map from forest to non-forest was produced using weighted linear combination algorithm. Fuzzy membership functions and analytical hierarchy process were used to standardization and weight of criteria, respectively. We calculated the indices including class area, patch density, edge density, mean fractal dimension index, interspersion and juxtaposition index, effective mesh size, and mean related circumscribing circle using Fragstats and spatial processes using decision tree algorithm in Land Change Modeler. The relative error obtained by comparison of observed map versus simulated map for patch density, related circumscribing circle, and for effective mesh size metrics was the highest. The model was able to predict shape complexity, fragmentation, compactness and spatial heterogeneity, and area of forest class with high consistency. Landscape transformation analysis determined attrition according to the decrease in patch density and area of forest. Besides, the model predicted the same spatial process. The results of this research showed that this method can produce comprehensive information with high performance from uncertainty of result accuracy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the origin of wheat grown by different farming systems on the physicochemical properties and milling characteristics of grain. Four varieties of spring wheat from two growing years and cropped under Organic (OR), Integrated (IN) and Conventional (CO) management systems were included in this investigation. Grain from IN farming was characterized by the highest values for grain weight and diameter, and the lowest values for grain hardness and average particle size. The values for these parameters obtained for wheat from OR and CO farming systems were similar. Grinding energy indices showed that grain from the IN farming system was characterized by the lowest grinding energy requirements, whereas the energy requirement for size reduction of grain from OR and CO cropping was similar. Moreover, IN farming caused an increase in the milling efficiency index and the amount of phenolic acids in flour. The data showed that the studied farming systems influenced the results of grinding and milling by modifying the physicochemical properties of wheat grain during plant growth.