فهرست مطالب امیر اشنویی

Nowadays, with urbanization of the battlefield, especially in large cities and metropolises, it is important to consider passive defense as a solution to reduce damage, increase and capability. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the urban vulnerability status from the perspective of passive defense in Zahedan city with seven criteria including distance from fire stations, access to higher education, administrative, medical, industrial, military, and urban facilities. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is practical. Required information was collected by document and field method and weighted in Super Decision software, then mapped in GIS environment. The results of ANP model showed that among the criteria studied, the highest weighted value was the index of access to military centers weighing 0.193. Has it. Thereafter the indicators of access to health centers, access to administrative centers, urban facilities, access to higher education, industrial use and access to fire stations were calculated as 0.171, 0.152, and 0.139, respectively , 127 /. 117 /. And /. The next priorities are set. Most of the vulnerability in the north and northeast parts of the city is due to the establishment of suburban areas and the presence of worn-out textures and central areas of the city due to the high construction density and high population density. In this regard, the following suggestions were made: Preparation of passive defense codes for special applications including industrial use, revision of urban development plans with urban safety approach, considering the geographical location of Zahedan city in arid and interest area. In the wake of many sunny days, it is necessary to consider solar power generation facilities as much as possible to generate electricity.

Smugglers are lively barometers of societies that are in a stressful state. Their status results from some of today's social phenomena of which accelerated urbanization and suburb-dwelling conisdered as the most important ones. In this study we examine the relationship between suburbdwelling and smuggling of commodities and foreign exchanges. The research method is documentary and survey using self-made questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consists of officials of governmental organizations in Kurdistan province and Sistan and Baluchestan province in 2010. Based on the Cochran sampling formula, 330 persons were selected as sample size, of which 165 persons for each province. The questionnaires were distributed randomly among them. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS. The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between suburb-dwelling and smuggling.

Urban streets have a special value in urban development programs. This is due to the impact of these spaces in strengthening the cultural dimensions and have social stability and production of social capital. Sustainable development of the city, in the sense of realizing the aspirations and needs of all members of society. Disabled people have the same rights similar to other citizens. The aim of this study is evaluation of urban spaces for disabled people in the Rajayi Street in Kashan, located in the city center and is one of the most crowded streets of the city. The methodology of this study includes survey, which its data has been collected through field observations. For this purpose 32 indicators to assess the current situation and the compatibility of the desired status was studied. The results of research suggest that the path for pedestrian circulation is not suitable specially for disabled. The most obvious problem was observed the vertical guardrails mounted by municipality in sidewalks and street, so it is recommended to provide wheelchair path.

The aim of this study was to investigate appropriate urban spaces for disabled access Case Study: Government offices in Kashan and understand the problems and inadequacies are available. A survey description. Data were collected through questionnaires. The study population consisted of 26 office buildings in the city of Kashan that is based on 46 indicators of children in accordance with the relevant rules of Kashan in Iran, government agencies were evaluated. The analysis of this study, further analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods and techniques of descriptive and inferential statistics such as Topsis fuzzy and GIS has been used in this study, a relatively wide range of qualitative and quantitative variables and parameters suitable environment for disabled people in office buildings respectively. The findings indicate that most of these buildings are not suitable for the physically disabled traffic. The best performance in the offices of the Social Security Administration and the Department of Social Welfare is studied. The weakest performance of the industry and trade office belongs. The findings also show that none of offices and government buildings, special equipment for disabled people is not the sum of these factors, turbulent atmosphere, unhealthy and lacking in safety and comfort for different social groups, especially disabled people in these spaces has created a situation poor requires careful planning and coherent in order to improve the situation and increase the comfort and safety and thus creating a social environment is lively and cheerful with disabilities.

Today, space that could be called the urban squares in cities can not be found. If there are urban areas due to poor growth of these cities lost their social function and has become a place for communication and the passing cars. In this article Tajrish and urban squares in Tehran Imam Khomeini located in districts 1 and 12 in Tehran, studied comparative study placed. The study is based on library research, documents and questionnaires and analytical research method - has been analyzed. The population in this study, residents of the surrounding area with a radius of vision and depth of 100-75 meters. After collecting the necessary data, the analysis is spss software. In order to measure and assess potential relationships between variables hypothesis Kendall correlation coefficient, regression, T-test was used. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability coefficient obtained 792/0, and to determine the validity of teachers and experts have been used. According to the findings of the study, despite having asked Unfortunately, both historical and cultural as well as the potential of nature is not in good condition and the name of your past have, but in practice into roundabout element of Bi identity followed by the pedestrian light sticks around it highlighted the presence of cars.

That is why changing rural areas to city has become one of the most significant challenges in the late decades, especially in developing countries. This study is based on an applied-basic research. Applied, because in this research, it is being tried to evaluate the theories in one region and on the other hand, it is basic because the research results can be effective in changing rural areas to city. The case study has been chosen according to the purpose of getting familiar and analytic the consequences of this change. Therefore, the impact of changing rural areas to city can be seen and analyzed in their advancement. Going through this research, documental and analytic methods can be used. To analyze the indicators it is needed to collect in formations which the sample volume (700) has been chosen according to the city population with the use of Cochran method. The number of the samples is divided equally in to four rural areas which were changed to city and distributed in Kashan randomly and finally. The data's have been analyzed by SPSS software. results have shown although having city role has got negative aspects such as increasing life, land expenses but the positive ones are more for instance increasing of quality and quantity services , decreasing immigration, increasing of accepting immigrants, development in employment, rise of leisure activities like internet and computer games, exercising, reading books ,magazines ,newspaper ,artistic activities ,travelling , listening to music, increasing people participation in political social affairs. Thus, changing rural areas to cities in Kashan has got a positive process.

Most old towns in old tissues have many problems that are causing the problems retardation is such Bafts. The recent era of rapid changes in the lifestyles of people living in metropolitan and wide with mass By Bafts care of the old and updated to suit the needs life, causing failure Inserts in the physical presence of the Bafts to meet the needs of the present, and stagnation or slow drain, along with physical erosion and structural damage and occasional interventions in the urban managers often leads to aggravation of it.updated to suit the needs life, causing failure Inserts in the physical presence of the Bafts to meet the needs of the present, and stagnation or slow drain, along with physical erosion and structural damage and occasional interventions in the urban managers often leads to aggravation of it. updated to suit the needs life, causing failure Inserts in the physical presence of the Bafts to meet the needs of the present, and stagnation or slow drain, along with physical erosion and structural damage and occasional interventions in the urban managers often leads to aggravation of it.

Importance of green spaces in urban environments has been raised to the extent that as an indicator of development of the society. the same time there are measures to improve quality of life. Urban parks have a social, economic and ecological, values and advantages such as the treatment of mental illness, favorable environment for raising children, social integration, maintaining peace and so on. The media, however, are considered as a measure to improve quality of life and community development. In this regard, one of the issues in Kashan, is uneven distribution of green spaces in different areas of the city. Per capita green space in Kashan 2/5 square meters. In some areas, the need for recreational areas and green space and parks per capita ratios have not been payid enough attention, so that psychological comfort and security of people living in the city is disrupted. Therefore, knowing the quantity and quality of these spaces in each region can play an effective role in urban planning. This study aimed to determine the satisfaction of Kashani citizens to parks and green spaces with review of capabilities to further optimize their use of these places. Thus the question can be raised following: factors affecting the feeling of relaxation in green spaces and recreation in the city of Kashan? What is the relationship between visiting green spaces and recreation and the relaxed feeling?
This article is based on an objective, applied research Using the library, the theoretical research has been collected. Field visits using a questionnaire to collect information was needed in action. After developing the questionnaire, using random sampling, the questionnaires were completed. The research population included all residents of the city of Kashan, the number is 325275 people. The sample size using formula, and with 95%, was 300. SPSS software was used in the questionnaires. Analysis Finally, using statistical analysis (Spearman) standardized coefficients of each criterion was calculated. In order to analyze the factors affecting the satisfaction of respondents from urban green spaces, factor analysis was used. The results obtained showed the reduction of 20 primary variables through Operating 4 in varimax rotation.
Means comparison shows that the highest average satisfaction of the comfortable variables is places to enjoy (3/617)and the lowest average is of the variable sense of place (2/602. Spearman test results indicate a relationship between visiting of green spaces and recreation and the respondents are respondents feeling relaxed. This means that the higher the level of respondents feeling relaxedin green spaces and recreational areas would increase their willingness to participate in urban green spaces. Factor analysis also shows test results of comfortable places to enjoy the greatest impact among the variables under study. There fore, it is better to provide shelter and corner for further communication and interaction between citizens together and places to sit and relax.
Universal access to urban services and social justice requires that all classes of urban green spaces and urban parks and equal access to places of leisure enjoy, not to certain classes of people in parts of the city's most beautiful landscapes for his/ her life, and gradually all of these perspectives are reserved for the upper classes. But now if we see it also, in many cities in the contemporary urban landscapes, nothing but buildings and towers have been soaring and people are less able to escape from the mass of cement, iron, asphalt, etc. relaxed and enjoy life in cities. In the meantime, convenient access to urban green space of the issues that play an important role in guaranteeing the relative social and individual health, peace of mind and improve the quality of life of citizens.
Overviewing previous studies, in general we can suggest that in a particular study the factors influencing the feelings of relaxation and recreation in the city's green spaces were fully observed. This study is from this perspective and can be a step forward in this area, but the study results are in line with Jacob, Sacrifice and Timur (1389), Ghasem Zadeh and colleagues (1392) confirms.
A very important point in the selection of public green spaces, is green spaces and recreational social necessity. Location-spatial poor urban green spaces lead to problems such as low use of green spaces created by citizens, restricting the selection and arrangement of suitable vegetation, disturbance in the urban landscape, the lack of appropriate social interaction, mental, and social security to reduce and ultimately reduce citizens relaxation.

Unplanned and unidirectional development throughout the country causes to put many capacities of country useless, make problems in different levels and increase spatial, social and economic inequalities at the country level. Hence, the use of spatial planning perspective helps to the balance of the social-economic development of different areas and prevent to smuggling of goods to be the ominous outcome of the unbalanced and unfair development. A methodology of this research is survey and documentary done by questionnaire. On this basis, it reviews the current position of Bushehr province and evaluates weakness, straightness, opportunity and threats by SWOT method and finally, presents the solutions of approaching the priorities based on the sustainable development biases. A research population consists of 11 experts of the office and organization related to smuggling of goods in border areas of Bushehr province. The sample size is 55 people. The results suggest the spatial planning solutions for declining smuggling of goods through improving social-economic position of residents in border and strategies for changing the intelligently direction as initial priority for this province as these strategies consists of: creat export terminals for agricultural produces with regard to the international excellent condition of commerce, improvement and organizing directions of transiting of goods by the use of economic and geo-strategic position of this province, foster cooperatives and border markets for declining black market and underground economy, create small and rural industries in order to declining poverty and exclusion and optimized distribution of facilities and resources for keeping local expertized and skilled people in the province.

Texture of the old city, one of the most valuable and most precious cultural relics are evidence of a civilization that is magnificent and proud Birth certificate is real and cities. Despite all the glory of his exemplary, Due to the lack of accurate and appropriate, Some have been on the verge of exhaustion and weakness of the various threats to their lives have been affected and continue to ponder the alternatives. This study was designed to examine the old town of Aran Bidgol. In this method, the documents (library) are used to navigation. The population of experts in the field of tissue repair and refurbishment of the old city are included in the. Random sample of 30 individuals was determined. General Questions for the descriptive analysis of the survey data were used to analyze. SWOT model based on the strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and threats are analyzed, and the strategies to achieve priority-based scheduling strategy for making old strategy are developed. The results show that the first priority for strategic planning and development strategy is old. the strategy of attracting tourists and generate income and employment, Public use of the road to empowerment, Rehabilitation and reorganization of the company for the development of tourism, Cultural practices and culture and information, Increased interaction with civil society organizations, religious institutions, the context of civic participation.

Housing as a key component of a built environment plays a very important role in the sustainable development of cities. This study aims at the factors affecting the social sustainability in the residential district of historical texture in the city of Kashan. The researchers have sought to measure and evaluate the impact of social sustainability indicators of housing. The study population consists of 45,552 inhabitants from six quarters of the historical texture of the city. Therefore, using the formula sample and a questionnaire, the perspectives of 364 inhabitants in the historical texture of Kashan were collected and analyzed. Using factor analysis, the results showed that two factors, namely "Identity and Belonging" and "recognition and identification with the place" are the most important factors affecting the social sustainability of housing in the context of the historic city of Kashan. Also, the results of a correlation analysis showed that the period of residence in the historical texture can also affect the resident's satisfaction, and this satisfaction, in turn, can have a positive impact on the sense of belonging to a place and on encouraging the residents to usefully participate in the affairs of their historical residence.

Every city and every area the properties of the natural environment and the socio-cultural environment, throughput will open their identity that distinguishes it from other cities and areas stems. The study population consisted of 22375 persons, all residents of the city arranged to form by taking samples from the formula and the samples were 260 people. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared and arranged city's urban identity with conventional statistical methods was standardized. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, T and correlations were analyzed using the statistical software Spss. 43 primary indicators, including quality of service, operating 6 - update neighborhood physical identity, security, participation and solidarity inner neighborhood residents, neighborhood aesthetic risks and commitment in maintaining the fabric of the neighborhood has been reduced. According to the results of factor analysis, the first factor in the quality of service varies updates with eigenvalues (120/23) is the smallest element of a variable commitment in maintaining the fabric of the neighborhood with eigenvalues (974 /.) Is T-test results for the respondents belong positioned lower than their location is. Also, the test results show a correlation between two variables tendency to participate and how attached they are there somewhere.

Important indicators in the evaluation of tourism development, infrastructure capacity and quality of the hotel. Normally, capacity and quality hotel facilities with both domestic and international tourism growth are directly linked. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the status of a city hotel for the good service to the users of its services in 7 includes transport and accessibility index, collision, and know-how the hotel staff to, site of the area around the hotel, local facilities and services, the quality of the hotel food, education, security and trust. For this purpose, questionnaires of satisfaction with the quality of tourist services in the hotel industry were prepared using standard statistical methods. Analytical methods and the type of application - development and methods of data collection and survey were conducted in two forms. Population of the study, domestic tourists all 30 hotels in Shiraz in 1390 and by the form of the formula Cochran sampling, sample size was 360 people. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and analyzed CSM index. The results show that although targeted seven dimensions studied, slightly higher than the average, but to achieve the expected performance (on 100) apart. Assess the importance of perception in the minds of tourists indicates that the area around the hotel and most important for tourists (65.5 %). The second important variable quality of the tourists feeding (61.8 %).

Abstract: Place attachment implies positive bonds between people and places that influenced by individual, physical and social factors and affect spiritual needs of people and the quality of the urban environment. The purpose of this paper is to examine the place attachment of resident and non-resident people to BabaAfazl Street of Kashan and the influence of individual variables, length of stay and buy daily necessities from the street on the attachment to it. The research method is descriptive-analytical. after reviewing library resources and study the theoretical framework of subject, required data collected by questionnaire survey, and then extracted data analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics methods(Pearson, t and ANOVA test) using SPSS software. The results show that among individual variables, education, income and marriage status are effective on the place attachment and the relationship between being resident or non-resident in mentioned street and length of stay in it with attachment is statistically significant. The relation between buy daily necessities from the street and place attachment not confirmed. Due to the low value of the participation compare to other aspects of place attachment assessment, reinforce it through participation and inclusion of stakeholders in the organization of understudy area can be effective in increasing the place attachment there.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between city size and rate behaviors vandalism has been done in Iran. And in that documentary and survey procedures have been used. The population of the city of R 3 Fars (Shiraz metropolitan, town center jahrom and sarvestan) is based on the Statistics Center of Iran in 1390. Cochran's sample size formula samples, respectively, for the cities of Shiraz, jahrom and sarvestan numbers 384, 383 and 380 are calculated. Data collection was conducted by means of questionnaire. Data processing and software SPSS, variables measuring the level of statistical methods, descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis, and W. Kendall) is used. Chi-square test results show that the amount is not appropriate behaviors vandalism in cities. Spearman's test results show that the deprivation of the civil service and there are no significant differences between behaviors vandalism. Kruskal-Wallis test results indicate no significant difference in the rate of behaviors is vandalism in cities of various sizes. According to the results of the test rankings W. Kendall was determined that the average grade level behaviors vandalism in sarvestan (2.23) than in the cities jahrom (2.22) and Shiraz (1.55).

The trafficking of goods in our country, in addition to having adverse economic effects is also important as an economic-social challenge. In addition, at present,this phenomenon is a serious threat to free tradeand imposes significant costs on the economic structure of countries.On the other hand, with globalization of industry, trade, finance and changes in the international system, geo-strategic thoughts have turned towardbeliefs in geo-economic borders.Thus, changes in the functionofborders and seeing it as an economic opportunity by political system in place has caused an increase in population rates in border areas and has led to the creation of new conditions. This new situation has forced the center to reconsider its relations with its surroundings. Border regions of countries are considered sensitive and strategic areas.The isolated environment of non-fertile border regions, especially in mountainous and desert areas, linked to the absence of welfare systems and a lack of incentive for living is considered the basis of political, economic and security problems of present day governments. Inability to produce goods, lack of employment, low income and lack of access to basic needs are the most important socio-economic characteristics of the region that could lead to problems and disorders such as immigration, goods smuggling, insurgency and insecurity in the region.On the one hand, cities in these regions are very limited and are under-developed and there is a great need for comprehensive planning for these areas. So far, however, various problems related to these border areas have only been sporadically studied. Not only are border areas not been laid out and explained in the national development plans, but also their dimensions and characteristics are less likely considered.Goods smuggling as a sinister social phenomenon hasa very negative impact on the economy. Goodssmuggling is one of the important components of economic corruption.The present study analyzes the economic and social factors effective in reducing goods smuggling in the border areas of Kurdistan Province. In the present research, survey method was used. After collecting data using questionnaires and processingit with SPSS software, based on the measured variables descriptive statistics (frequency distribution tables) and inferential statistics (factor analysis) was used. Research statistical population consisted of officials and experts at 11organizations associated with smuggling in border areas (including security agencies and departments, the Governor’s Office, customs, the justice department, anti-smuggling campaigners, law enforcement, Economy and Finance Department, government inspection bodies, oil companies and the mining industry and trade) .The determined sample size consisted of 55 cases. Thus, in each organization or agency 5 experts were questioned. The research was carried out in 2012. A multiple-choice questionnaire was used and based on the Likert Scale, from very low to very high. The findings show that in the social component, the top priority was human resources followed by training, participation and quality of life. In the economic component, the top priority was financial investment followed by financial capital and commerce. Thus, it is recommended that in the utilization of natural mineral and agricultural resources in border towns, local labor force be used for export development. In addition, it is recommended that for the development of agricultural activities, local natural agricultural resources and native labor force be made use of in border towns in order to develop processing industries dependent on agricultural products and pave the way for creativity and innovation of young people in entrepreneurship and enterprise..

There are some significant differences from the point of view of welfare and development between a part of the country which has an important geographical region such as border areas and main population centers. This can be due to reasons such as being far from the center, geographical solitude and under-development. In spite of the of capacities of central areas of the country, there are no social and economical indicators in optimal level and its promotion to national average of indicators level needs a lot of investments and measures. Definitely, it takes time for such regions to develop and the government to fulfill its responsibilities. Therefore, analyzing the socio-economical indicators of border areas and considering its relation with the increase and reduction of smuggling through planning of land preparation can be an effective step in the path of sustainable development in border areas such as Kurdistan, Boushehr, Sistan and Balouchestan provinces.

In this era، development is one of the stable base in all countries plan and like universal proce with the social and economical aspects needs some principle changes in social structure and is stated as a terrific model. Human capital got some aspects in which in this research it’s tried to analyze each of them. They are: broad- cast medias، people’s religion، training، progression motivation، job creation، social capital and cooperation that their relations have been analyzed with economical social development. The statistical society of this research consists if Kashan citizens in the age group of 20-50 that with the use of cochran formula، 336 people have been chosen as the volume sample. Survey and documental research is with the use of questionnaire. To analyze the datas، we use the descriptive statistic method، Pearson test، Chi-squared test and direct analyzing method. Datas have shown that there’s a relationship among all variables (except the broad cast medias) and economical social development. Direct analyzing model results also have shown that training variable with 83%، job creation with 78% and social investment with 74% have had the most effect on Urban development of Kashan city.

The aim of this study is to evaluate accommodation centers in Mashhad as the largest city for tourism in the country. Therefore, their services were investigated in seven parameters including: transportation and access, knowledge of the hotel staff, hotel location and the surrounding areas, local facilities and services in hotels, quality of hotel foods, education, security, and reliability. The study is descriptive one- analytical and documentary research has been done in two ways. The study statistical population consisted of 990,886 people in the city of Mashhad domestic tourists comprise 856 accommodation centers with a sample size of 360 was determined by sampling formula. The results of the factor analysis is the first variable factors related to satisfaction with convenient transportation access to the attractions from the hotel with a special rate (3.07) and the second variable is related to quality of hotel foods with eigenvalues (2.4). The results showed that test of assumptions between underlying variables with the satisfaction of service quality has a significant relationship.