فهرست مطالب زیبا بختیاری

The Covid 19 pandemic has put a lot of pressure on health systems. To improve the quality of nursing care in emergency departments, it is important to pay attention to the psychological disorders of nurses that may arise following the covid-19 outbreak. The aim of this study was to determine the status of stress, anxiety, and depression of nurses working in the emergency department of teaching hospitals affiliated to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences during the Covid-19 pandemic.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 125 nurses working in the emergency department of teaching hospitals affiliated to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences from January to May2022.Samples were selected by stratified random sampling method. The Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales were used to collect data. Perceived stress questionnaire was completed self-reportedly by research samples. The Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales were completed through an interview, with an appointment in the appropriate environment within half an hour. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including: frequency, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including: parametric tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 0.05 through software SPSS 22.

According to the results, the mean and standard deviation of age and work experience of nurses participating in the study were 29.98±5.20 and 6.26±4.49 respectively. Most nurses (72.8%) were female. Most (76%) had a history of Covid-19 and 91.2% of nurses reported a history of direct care for patients with Covid-19.The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of stress, anxiety and depression were 24.78±6.34, 13.24±10.5 and 12.73±9.67 respectively. Also, the mean of nurses' depression in the teaching hospitals was statistically significant (P <0.05).The results of Pearson correlation coefficient did not show a significant relationship between stress, anxiety and depression with age, work experience and number of children.

More than half of the emergency nurses studied had significant stress, anxiety, and depression during the Covid-19outbreak. It seems that while developing codified programs to support nurses in crises, effective and planned measures should be taken to prevent and treat the psychological disorders of emergency nurses.

Biofuel energy has various benefits for rural area particularly in developing countries. As education and communication could be an important catalyst for biofuel adoption, the role of agricultural professionals and experts is very important in this regard. Since agriculture professionals and experts are an important source of information for farmers regarding adoption and innovation. They can facilitate the adoption of innovations or they can limit their diffusion. The aim of this study is to provide much needed empirical data about the perceptions of Iranian agricultural professionals in Khuzestan province toward biofuels. It will provide a knowledge base for the development of public policy measures that aim ultimately to increase biofuel adoption among Iranian farmers. Sample of the research was selected based on quota stratified random sampling (n= 288). Findings revealed that, attitude and moral norm directly influenced intention toward extension and development of biofuel. While perceived benefits and perception of innovation indirectly influenced it. The results also showed that, perceived benefits, perception of innovation, fairness, attitude and moral norms variables in a total of explain 37% of experts’ intention toward extension and development of biofuel.

1. Many rural areas of the Iran experienced population decline due to out-migration. rural to urban migration have had consequences on social, economic, and political issue. On the other hand, Mobility rates were found to be highest for people between the ages of 16 and 29 years. Within this age group, the likelihood of leaving home increases as age increases. Also the research's has shown that young people who possess higher levels of formal education tend to move out of rural communities. Therefore, Youth out-migration is a common feature of most rural areas in both developed and developing countries. In other words, ‘Should I stay or should I leave my home region?’ is one of the key life course questions that many young people must address as they grow to maturity. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, migration intentions have in General been found to be a moderate to strong predictor of actual migration in various societies around the world. Understanding migration intentions is a difficult task, as decisions to migrate often reflect the influence of a range of factors in both origin and destination communities. Therefore, identify the influencing factors on willingness of youth to stay in their rural is important. So this study was designed to Investigate of the factors influencing on youth intention in order to stay in rural.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: According to various studies, several factors influence the intention to stay in a rural. A literature review showed that the Image of Rural, Attitude toward rural areas, the feeling of Belonging to the rural, the Moral and Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Identity, Perceived Value of Life in the rural and Satisfaction are the factors influencing the intention to stay in the rural.
3. This study is an applied research and with the survey method was conducted. Target population of this study consisted of 420 graduated students. Using a simple Quota random sampling method, 200 students were selected for this study. The sample size was determined using the Morgan table. The study site is Ramin agricultural university in the Khuzestan province. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on the conceptual model. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The survey was pre-tested and piloted on 30 students from outside the study area. This procedure highlighted any unclear sections of the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for the pilot study and used to refine the questions for the final questionnaire. All scales indicated good-to-excellent reliability, generally 0.70–0.85.
4. The results revealed a positive significant relationship between intention to stay and attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. Moreover, the results revealed that self- identity, Image of rural, Belonging, moral norm, perceived value and satisfaction had negative significant relationship with intention. The regression showed that image of rural, attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm are significant predictors of intention. These four variables predicted 58% of the variance in intention to stay. (sig=0/0001, F= 23/10, R2 Adjust = 0/55). perceived behavioral control is a key predictor of intention. perceived value and belonging were significant predictors of satisfaction. These two variables predicted 52% of the variance in satisfaction (sig=0/0001, F= 58/23, R2 Adjust = 0/51).
5. The results revealed that image, attitude, perceived behavior control and subjective norm are having an impact on stay intention. From a practical point of view, the present study provides a justification for using attitude, Image, perceived behaviour control and subjective norm dimensions in policies and programs that intend to decrease young people to migrant from rural area. a positive attitude towards rural living is a good starting point to stimulate willingness to remain in rural area. This relationship has received substantial empirical support (see Yazdanpanah & Zobeidi., 2017; Yazdanpanah et al, 2015; Liao et al., 2007). Furthermore, perceived behavior control refers to the grade to which an individual feel that the performance of behavior is under his/her volitional control. In line with findings of other studies (Liao et al., 2007), the Perceived behavior control was a determinant (main predictor) of intention. Moreover, our study unlike other studies (Yazdanpanah et al, 2015), revealed that moral norms were not a significant predictor of intention. therefore, attempts to encourage young people to stay in rural areas should focus on improving image of rural, attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms.

Barriers of women’s participation could result from the prevailing social, economic and political systems. One instrument to economic equity is micro credit funds. Micro credit funds all over the world rely on feedback from women as their clients. Evaluation of micro credit funds clients’ satisfaction is essential for both internal and external reasons. In light of these facts, the aim of this paper is to measure women’ satisfaction with micro credit funds in Iran. The population of interest consisted of women who participate in the two micro credit funds in Fars and Khuzestan Province of Iran. Our study sample consisted of 800 Women who were selected through a simple random quota sampling method (n=200) based on a list of names from the Funds. The face validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts. Additionally, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients shows, all scales indicated good-to-excellent reliability, generally 0.7 to 0.9. The t-test analysis revealed that Participants in Fars and Khuzestan significantly differ from each other regarding their loyalty to funds. The mean score of Fars participants was higher than that of Khuzestan participants. The regression analysis revealed that expectation from funds and perceived quality explained 27% of the variance in participant perceived value. While expectation, perceived value and perceived quality explained 67% of the variance in participant satisfaction. Finally, expectation, perceived value, perceived image and satisfaction explained 42% of the variance in participant loyalty regarding micro credit funds.

The production and development of biofuels can occur naturally in rural areas in the life of rural people and cause dramatic changes, both directly and indirectly. Energy is essential for socio-economic development and improving the quality of life in Iran and other counties (Demirbas, 2008; Yazdanpanah et al., 2015b). Since the production of biofuels is dependent on the agricultural sector, agricultural professionals and experts represent an important source of information for farmers regarding their adoption and innovation. They can facilitate the adoption of innovations or they can limit their diffusion (Bakhtiyari et al., 2017). The aim of this study is to set out the factors affecting agricultural experts’ willingness for the extension and development of biofuels in Khuzestan Province using the artificial neural networks method, and to determine the best method for predicting agricultural experts’ willingness for this. The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The HBM was quantitatively tested using the survey methodology to understand professionals’ perceptions. The research sample was selected based on quota stratified random sampling (n= 288). The questions were scored on a 1–5 point scale (very low, low, moderate, high and very high) and the survey was conducted among agricultural professionals during February 2015. Data were collected through personal interviews based on a questionnaire structured to assess the central components of the HBM. Afterwards, the completed questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire's internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. All scales indicated excellent reliability, generally between 0.76–0.9. Finally, the validity (final step) of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts. Results showed that energy policy, the perceived benefits of renewable energy, the perceived severity of threats from fossil fuels and the cue to action and self-efficacy constructs can predict experts’ willingness. The agricultural sector is the main sector to produce the inputs and resources for the production of biofuels. Thus, farmers represent key stakeholders in the process of a transition towards a higher share of renewable energy. Taken into account that biofuels are a newly emerging technology, it is crucial to provide farmers with sufficient information about this technology and its benefits and risks, in order to increase their willingness to produce biofuels. Here, agricultural professionals play an important role in informing and educating farmers about innovations. The aim of this study is to provide much-needed empirical data about the attitudes of Iranian agricultural professionals towards biofuels. Our analysis revealed that that energy policy, the perceived benefits of renewable energy, the perceived severity of threats from fossil fuels and the cue to action and self-efficacy constructs can all predict experts’ willingness.

Production and consumption of genetically modified plants have been known as one of the new outcomes of biotechnology. These crops through economic benefits for farmers, pest and weed management, and reducing greenhouse gases, supplying enough food for the growing world population, and conserving the environment. It have significantly can lead to sustainable development. Whereas, agricultural experts have key role toward informing farmers as well as spreading and developing such crops, understanding their attitude about genetically modified crops is quite important. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the attitude of Khuzestan Province Organization of Agriculture Jihad experts towards genetically modified crops. A sample of 216 persons was selected through simple random sampling method. The results showed that, the attitude towards genetically modified crops, trust and perception directly affected the intention of agricultural experts to use those crops. Whereas, the perceived benefits, perceived risks and knowledge indirectly had effects on their intention. The variables of attitude towards genetically modified crops, trust, perception, perceived benefits, perceived risks and knowledge could predict 45 percent of variations of experts’ tendency towards those crops.