فهرست مطالب سید علی اکبر فلاح پور نوش آبادی

Exercise increases pressor pain thresholds in pain-free individuals, known as exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Exercise with blood flow restriction can produce higher hypoalgesic responses, but the effect of exercise with blood flow restriction on hypoalgesia in patients with patellofemoral pain is unknown. The main aim of this study was to compare the immediate effect of exercise with blood flow restriction on quadriceps muscle hypoalgesia in patients with patellofemoral pain.

Fifty-two patients with patellofemoral pain (based on inclusion criteria) were randomly divided into two groups of isometric squat training with and without blood flow restriction (26 people in each group). The group without blood flow restriction was included in the study as the control group. Pressure pain threshold in the quadriceps muscles was evaluated with a dynamometer and pain tolerance in the leg was evaluated using Algorometry of hand-controlled cuff before and after the intervention.

The change in the pressure threshold of the quadriceps muscle after squat training did not show much difference between the two groups. The squat group with blood flow restriction had a 18.99% increase in quadriceps pain threshold, while the group without blood flow restriction had a 16.55% increase. But the change in pressure pain tolerance in the squat group with blood flow restriction was 7.7% higher than the squat group without blood flow restriction.

Exercise with blood flow restriction compared to exercise without blood flow restriction caused more hypoalgesia in patients with patellofemoral pain. Therefore, this training method can be used as an effective therapeutic intervention for hypoalgesia in patients with this syndrome.

PGC-1α is a therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes that responds to aerobic exercise. Recent research has identified hypoxia as a new therapeutic intervention in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of low intensity aerobic exercise in hypoxia on muscle PGC-1α content, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and maximal oxygen consumption in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n= 8 per group): healthy control, diabetic control, aerobic exercise, hypoxia, and aerobic exercise in hypoxia. Induction of diabetes was performed by high-fat diet-streptozotocin method. Exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week and 40-60 minutes at a speed of 10-15 meters per minute in each session. Normobaric hypoxia with 14. 4% oxygen was used. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test.

One-way analysis of variance in the study groups showed a significant difference in the research variables (p=0. 001). Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference between the groups of healthy control, aerobic exercise, hypoxia, and aerobic exercise in hypoxia with the diabetic control group in PGC-1α, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. In addition, the groups of healthy control, aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise in hypoxia were significantly different from the diabetic control group in Vo2max (p<0.05).

Low intensity aerobic exercise in hypoxia had a greater effect on research indicators compared to hypoxia and low intensity aerobic exercise.

It has been observed that PGC-1α content decreases in type 2 diabetes. In addition, hypoxia has been introduced as a new therapeutic intervention in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of daily normobaric hypoxia (60 minutes) on PGC-1α content of soleus muscle, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this study, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic hypoxia. In diabetic groups, induction of diabetes was performed by HFD-STZ method. The plan consisted of eight weeks, five sessions per week and 60 minutes of exposure to normobaric hypoxia with 14.4% oxygen in the diabetic hypoxia group in each session. At the end, tissue and blood samples were extracted for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance.

The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference in all three variables (p=0.0001). The results of post hoc test indicated a significant difference in PGC-1α between control and diabetic groups (p=0.0001), between control and diabetic hypoxia (p=0.0001),  and between diabetic and diabetic hypoxia (p=0.009). Also, the post hoc test among three groups showed a significant difference (p=0.0001) in variables of fasting glucose and resistance to insulin.

Due to the effect of normobaric hypoxia on the increase of PGC-1α, the decrease of fasting glucose, and resistance to insulin, normobaric hypoxia can be used as a new treatment strategy in type 2 diabetes.