فهرست مطالب عباس سعیدی

Tax avoidance is legal behavior; That is, economic agents try to reduce their tax debt by using loopholes in the tax law and revision in their economic decisions. Paying taxes causes the cash flow of the company to go out. For this reason, investing in tax plans has always been in the focus of company managers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of institutional ownership, financial leverage and liquidity on tax avoidance in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, a sample of 97 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2017-2023 was selected. The information was collected by using the data available in Rahvard Navin software and reviewing the reports and financial statements of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange by referring to the official website of the Tehran Stock Exchange; And tests have been done using panel data econometric software. The results show: institutional ownership and liquidity have a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance. But financial leverage has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of institutional ownership, financial leverage and liquidity on tax avoidance with the moderating role of company size in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, a sample of 97 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected between 2017-2023. The information was collected by using the data available in Rahvard Navin software and reviewing the reports and financial statements of the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange by referring to the official website of the Tehran Stock Exchange; And tests have been done using panel data econometric software. The results show: company size has a significant negative effect on the relationship between institutional ownership and tax avoidance. Also, company size has a significant negative effect on the relationship between liquidity and tax avoidance. The relationship between company size in the relationship between financial leverage and tax avoidance is significant and positive.

Plants use a variety of strategies to cope with abiotic stress, depending on the species and the growth of the plant. Abiotic stresses such as drought is the most important stress that affects yield of agricultural products. In addition, drought stress is one of the main limiting factors in plant growth, it can also inhibit respiration, photosynthesis, and thus affects the growth and physiological metabolism of plants. Plants activate several mechanisms such as morphological and structural changes as well as the expression of drought-resistant genes, the synthesis of hormones and osmotic regulators to reduce drought stress. Drought accelerates grain leaf senescence, altering the expression of thousands of genes and ultimately affecting grain protein content and grain yield. However, the genotypic variability exists for drought induced disruption and tolerance in barley. In this review, the approaches can help for improving barley genotypes in response to drought stress through breeding and physiological traits, genetic engineering, and marker-assisted selection (MAS). We detected genes and proteins involved in response to drought-tolerance using proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches. Also, the introduced Quatitatives Traits Loci (QTLs) related to yield and Stay green and physiological traits found in this study can be used for MAS in barley improvement for drought tolerance in the future. In particular, comparative studies of genetically diverse germplasm exposed to adverse conditions such as drought provide valuable insights into plant responses to stress and create information on biochemical pathways involved in adaptation to environmental limitations. Proper evaluation of omics data can help the biomarker discovery.

The interaction of genotype with the environment provides the possibility of selecting stable genotypes for a wide range of environments. Evaluation of the interaction of genotype with the environment is necessary to increase the efficiency of selecting varieties with high and stable performance in a wide range of different environments. The objectives of this paper are: (1) evaluating the stability of 60 potato genotypes for tuber yield in two years using parametric and non-parametric stability methods, (2) identifying genotypes with good and stable performance when evaluated in variable environments and (3) investigating the relationship and correlation between stability statistics of tuber performance under water deficit conditions in Iran.

To evaluate the performance stability and adaptability of the 60 potato genotypes, two cultivars and 58 advanced clones, 17 parametric and non-parametric statistics were evaluated for tuber yield across eight environments during the 2018-2019 growing seasons. The genotypes were evaluated under normal and water deficit conditions in Karaj and Ardabil. In this study, the parametric analysis for yield was determined by such parameters as regression coefficient (bi), environmental variance (Si2), coefficient of variation (CVi), deviation from regression (sdi2), and Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi2), The non-parametric analysis included Nassar and Huhn's statistics (S(1) and S(2)), Huhn's equation (S(3) and S(6)), Shukla’s stability variance (σ2i), Plaisted and Peterson’s (θi), Thennarasu’s non-parametric (NP(1), NP(2), NP(3), and NP(4)), and Kang’s rank-sum (KR) parameter. Parametric and non-parametric statistics are used by agronomists and plant breeders. Currently, researchers are interested in applying several stability statistics to obtain the desired results, crucial for the selection of stable varieties

Composite variance analysis showed that the effect of place and year as well as the effect of genotype are significant. The interaction effect of year × location × genotype was significant at the probability level of 1%. The genotype effect was also significant at the 1% probability level. The interaction effect of genotype x location and genotype x year was not significant, which indicates that the average performance of genotypes is not different in different locations and years. Grouping of genotypes based on average performance and parametric and non-parametric stability statistics showed that genotypes are divided into four main groups. In general, based on the average rank of parametric and non-parametric stability parameters, genotypes G31, G21 and G36 had the least changes and were recognized as the most stable genotypes, and therefore they can be introduced as stable genotypes. The results of stability statistics and cluster analysis showed that G31, G21 and G36 genotypes can be introduced as stable and compatible genotypes.

Our results showed that G21, G31 and G36 genotypes contributed the least to the genetic × environment interaction (G*E) and were considered as stable genotypes under water deficit conditions. The different parametric and non-parametric stability procedures can be proposed to select drought tolerant genotypes under different environments conditions; these procedures could be useable for recognition of the best genotypes under drought stress conditions. Therefore, the analysis of yield stability could be utilized in combination with parametric and non-parametric methods to evaluate and identify drought tolerance genotypes. Dendrogram results confirmed each other with the results of parametric and non-parametric statistics. While G49, G51, G53 and G56 genotypes with the highest values were the most unstable genotypes.

Potato is the one of the important crop in the world. This plant in terms of consumption rate in the world levels is after rice and wheat. Thus, this crop is considered the maintain food security. However, potato influences the abiotic stress particularly drought and cold. The C-repeat binding factors (CBFs), also termed dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 1 (DREB1) family members, play crucial roles in the acquisition of stress tolerance, but in potato, the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance remain elusive. The cold and drought stresses are the most abiotic stresses across the world causing to decrease of the crop yield. To gain insight into these mechanisms, CBF1 gene was selected from four potato and was assessed their expression under drought and cold stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of cold and drought on growth and development on potato, a experiment was conducted at the the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute located at Karaj, Iran. The experimental design used was randomized complete block design with three replications under drought and cold stress (normal and stressed). Gene expression of CBF1 gene was performed in different tissues (root, stem, leaves, and tuber) under control condiotin. Further, analysis of expression in root and leaves under stress condition. After 3 weeks after cultivated in Karaj, the water stress was induced by irrigation suppression in 2 weeks. sampling was performed 5 weeks after sprouting under drought. Under cold stress, analysis of expression in root and leaves was performed at the 24h and 48h after 3 weeks of sprouting. CBF1 gene was selected as one of important gene in the investigation of molecular mechanism under cold and heat stress in potato.

Average induced expression in response to cold suggested a correlation between potato CBF1 expression and the acquisition of cold tolerance in root. Whereas, the expression of this gene was decreased in leaves. Under drought stress, the expression of CBF1 gene was up-regulated in root. However, the expression rate of CBF1 decreased under stress. Responses that varied between sections may reflect tissue-specific stress tolerance mechanisms, suggesting an effect of ecological context on the development of CBF1 mediated stress tolerance in potato. In this study, the investigation of transcription factor binding sites, co-expressed genes, and gene ontology of CBF1 in potato was performed. This gene is involved in multiple biological processes and pathways. The analysis of promoter showed that CBF1 gene had the highest and the lowest number of the TFBS in MYB and WRKY, respectively. The present study revealed that the CBF1 gene expression in root was the higher than leaves.

Overall, it can be concluded that CBF1 gene can contribute to cold and drought tolerance in potato and can be used for genetic and breeding manipulation to improve tolerance to stress.

Coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) gene, insensitive to bacterial toxin, the main member of jasmonates (JAs), is closely related to biotic and abiotic resistance of plants. COI1 gene acts as the main controller of plant responses regulated by JA. To better understand the molecular basis of JA function, mutant and wild type in Arabidopsis were investigated under biotic and abiotic stresses.

In this research, coi1 gene mutation and wild type were evaluated under Pseudomonas aeruginosa, IAA, ABA, salinity and drought stresses. Also, the physiological traits of mutant and wild type were investigated under the mentioned stress. In addition, the expression profile of JA-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves under five stresses was analyzed.

The expression level of five genes in the leaves decreased in the mutant and increased in the wild type. The transcript levels of five genes related to (JA fatty acid desaturase, defective anther opening 1, allene oxide synthase, PDA reductase and 13-lipoxygenase) were well correlated with JA accumulation under five stresses. Compared to the wild type, the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PRO) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were high in coi1 mutant leaves under five stresses. Under these stresses, Arabidopsis plants produce much higher levels of anthocyanins in the wild type compared to the coi1 mutant. The expression of other anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was also induced by JA and dependent on COI1. These results showed that jasmonates may regulate the growth of Arabidopsis. For the first time in this study, the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in coi1 mutant and wild type has been compared. The findings of the present study showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the effect of cronotine by strengthening a COI-dependent pathway for pathogen proliferation, and the wild type had a high gene expression of jasmonic acid compared to the mutant. These results confirmed that the COI pathway was caused the proliferation of pathogens and the mutant type is more resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the wild type.

The results of the present study provide new insight into JA accumulation and its potential roles during development. These results indicated that jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling could be regulated by a complex regulatory network

Since the beginning of creation, mankind has experienced various phenomena, and the most unfortunate of them are violent wars that have killed a group of people every time. Religious and historical teachings also emphasize on strengthening the defense base. The conditions governing the scene of future wars have made the improvement of defense capabilities inevitable.The vital and influential part of defense power is based on expert, professional and committed human resources. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief's menus and higher-level documents emphasize the improvement of defense capability. One of the defense sub-sectors are helicopter units, whose main component is human capital, especially pilot and technical staff. Considering the speed of development of defense technologies and the continuous evolution of the variables of the battle scene, it seems; The human capital of the helicopter units has a significant distance from the ideal situation. Researchers are looking for an answer to the question, what are the strategies for improving the human capital capabilities of helicopter units in accordance with future wars?The method of carrying out descriptive research is a mixed approach and a contextual case. Qualitative data has been completed by statistical library study and through interviews with experts and field study until theoretical saturation, and then the instrument has been developed. The questionnaire was compiled among the sample population of 90 experts with experience in distribution and strategies. The findings of the research include the strategies for improving the human capital of helicopter units in accordance with the future wars, which are presented in the form of 8 macro strategies in the conclusion section of the researc

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an economic crop that is grown and consumed worldwide. Potato is considered as the fourth important crop for human consumption after maize, wheat, and rice. Potato contain more carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins per unit area than cereals. However, this crops exposed environmental stresses during growth and developmental stages particularly, drought stress. Potato is sensitive to drought condition because of narrow root system. As a result, it is necessary the investigation of molecular mechanism involved in drought stress in potato. Drought stress affected on the integrity and structure maintain of biological membrane. The actin-based myosin is necessary for the growth and organization of the endomembrane system. Given that myosin genes allow to move intercellular and intracellular providing the possibility of repair of damaged membrane areas under drought stress in plants. In eukaryotic cells, organelle movement, positioning and communications are critical for maintaining cellular functions and are highly regulated by intracellular trafficking. Directional movement of motor proteins along the cytoskeleton is one of the key regulators of such trafficking. Most plants have developed a unique actin–myosin system for intracellular trafficking. Myosins participate in a different cellular processes, endocytosis, containing cell polarization, intracellular and organellar transport, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction. Motions are as molecular motors in biological systems. These can bind to filamentous actin and produce physical forces through hydrolyzing ATP. Myosins is one of the most diverse and largest protein families in eukaryote. Class XI and VIII motor proteins are characterized as a slow and fast motor proteins. Myosin XI possess many genes in Angiosperms. Whereas, myosin-VIII contain fewer members against class XI. Further, molecular size of myosin-VIII is smaller than myosin-XI.

Protein file of A.thaliana was downloaded and matrix file of hidden Markov Model (HMM) of myosin gene family was used. Here, phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, and gene expression were surveyed. Gene expression of two genes (StMyoXI-F and StMyoXI-B) was performed in different tissues (root, stem, leaves, and tuber). For analysis of expression in different tissues (leaves, stem, and root), sampling was performed 2 weeks after mother tuber growth. However, tubers were sampled 6 weeks after cultivated in Karaj. To evaluate expression under drought stress, after 6 weeks of growth, the water stress was induced by irrigation suppression in 2 weeks while, daily irrigation was maintained for control plants. Leaves and tuber sampling were performed under two conditions.

The seven StMyo genes were unevenly distributed in the two subgroups. The seven StMyo genes were unevenly distributed in the two subgroups. Class XI was the largest subfamily, which class VIII had the lowest subfamily. Drought treatment significantly increased expression of StMyoXI-B and StMyoXI-F genes by 80 and 8 fold compared to the control treatment, repectively. Under control conditions, StMyoXI-B and StMyoXI-F enhanced expression in root by 25 and 20 fold while, it showed low expression in leaves under control conditions. Under control conditions, StMyoXI-F gene showed the 3 and 4 fold change higher mean relative expression than the reference gene. The relative expression of StMyoXI-B gene has been increased 5 and 10 fold change in leaves and stem under non-stress conditions as compared to the reference gene. Among myosin genes, the number of exons varied from 1 to 39. Most of class-VIII proteins had fewer introns whereas, class-XI proteins possess more proteins than class VIII. This results indicated that occurred splicing process in the myosin genes.

Based on the obtained results, it is considered that these genes highly do not influenced in stem development. However, it had significantly affected in root, leaves, and tuber development. It seems this gene can be potentially a good candidate for drought tolerance breeding programs in potato.

To evaluate the interaction of genotypes in the environment (GEI) and promising clones, 60 potato genotypes were used during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. To identify the best potato genotypes in response to water deficit, GGE biplot and AMMI models were performed under two treatments (water deficit and normal conditions) with two commercial cultivars Agria and Sante. The experiment was performed in eight environments (2 treatments, 2 locations, and 2 years) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. AMMI and GGE biplot analysis showed that the G21 clone was more different than other genotypes for selecting the superior genotype. The yield of the tuber of promising clones G21 (90227), G31 (8708.177), G44 (KSG95), G28 (8707/861), and G18 (90127) was higher in all environments. The best-proposed genotypes for introduction are based on their greater stability for the target environment or parallel environments. In this study, using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis, superior genotypes were identified and selected.

The dynamics and patterns of urban-rural relations significantly shape the formation, growth, and development of rural habitats, influencing their structure and functionality. Recognizing the crucial role of these relations in the transformation and development processes of urban and rural centers, this study delves into various types and reasons for these relations, while exploring their economic, socio-cultural, and spatial-physical effects and consequences on both urban and rural domains. The research aims to mitigate the adverse impacts of these relations and contribute to the systematic organization of urban and rural areas, fostering the grounds for sustainable development. This study specifically focuses on investigating the social, economic, and physical shifts induced by urban-rural relations between Dargaz city and rural settlements in the central district of Dargaz. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, and the statistical population encompasses households residing in villages within the central part of Dargaz city. The research methodology combines documentary (library) and survey studies (questionnaire) with a comprehensive evaluation of 37 items across three key components: social, economic, and physical. Following a thorough review of literature and theoretical foundations, the study identifies crucial components and factors influencing city-village relations. These components are then utilized in crafting field data collection instruments. The statistical population comprises 237 residents from 22 villages in the central district of Dargaz, selected through a random sampling method. The findings reveal significant transformations in rural land and housing prices, limited agricultural land sizes, inadequate health services in villages, and a pronounced dependence of rural settlements on the city of Dargaz.

Potato is one of the most important sources in the supply of food and industrial raw materials not only in Iran but also in the world which its yield is affected by various pathogens. Among these pathogens, PVY, PVX and nematode are the main factors of yield reduction. The molecular mechanism underlying disease resistance in potato remains largely unknown. In this study, analysis of gene expression profiles from the GEO data of three pathogen infections in potato was performed and morphological traits under four stresses were investigated. For this purpose, 501 common genes with different expression (DEGs) were studied in two experiments. Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs are more involved in nitrogen and primary metabolic cycle, GTP binding and GTPase binding, which are continuously up-regulated after inoculation with different pathogens. Based on the analysis of morphological traits under four stresses, PVY and PVX/PVY interaction left a significant difference with other stresses (PVX and nematode) on these traits. Potato microarray data extracted from GEO database were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Based on the results of the network, 2 groups (modules) of genes were obtained whose expression profiles were highly correlated with each other in response to the above-mentioned four stresses. The results of this experiment provide valuable insight into the pathways and genes affected by PVY, PVX, PVX/PVY and potato nematode viruses, which may facilitate to identify genes resistant to many diseases in potato.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the environment for plant growth and productivity, especially in the flowering and filling stages of barley. A study was conducted to compare some statistical methods and different indicators of stress tolerance with the aim of introducing an ideal method for selecting drought tolerant lines. After wheat, barley is one of the most important crops. Barley is the fourth cereal crop in the world after wheat, corn and rice. One of the factors affecting the production of plants is water defecit, and barley has more efficient mechanisms against water shortage than other grains. Because it has higher relative drought tolerance compared to other grains. In these arid and semi-arid regions like Iran, the presence of drought stress during plant growth is a natural problem.

In this study, 18 diverse barley lines at two water levels (normal conditions and water deficit stress) were examined. This experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj, Iran in 2020. Drought tolerance and susceptibility indices were assessed. These indices included stress sensitivity index, mean productivity, tolerance, stress tolerance index, geometric mean productivity, harmonic mean productivity, performance under stress conditions (Ys) and normal (Yp) conditions. Correlation coefficient between yield in drought and irrigation conditions and other stress indicators was estimated according to statistical techniques. Correlation between indices and grain yield under stress and normal conditions was calculated using Minitab software. Selection based on multiple traits in breeding programs is likely to be effective in improving grain yield under drought stress conditions. The purpose of this study is to identify the most suitable indicators and compare different stress tolerance indicators to select high-yielding and drought-tolerant lines and to identify the superior barley line.

The highest GMP and MP were related to 4 and 13 lines. Based on tolerance index (TOL), genotype 1 had the lowest and line 7 showed the highest level of tolerance, respectively. Based on MP and GMP indices, 4, 7 and 13 lines had high drought tolerance. A high positive and significant correlation was observed between MP, GMP, Ys, Yp, which indicates that these indices are suitable for identifying drought tolerant lines. Based on the results of the principal component analysis and the bi-plot diagram, it was observed that the lines tolerant to drought stress are almost consistent with the clustering pattern of tolerant lines and the lines sensitive to drought stress are also consistent with the clustering of sensitive lines. MP and GMP indices are suitable for evaluating drought tolerance because they showed a high correlation with grain yield under normal conditions and under water stress. The closeness of 4 and 13 lines to GMP, MP, HARM, Ys indicates the tolerance of these lines to drought stress and therefore they can be suggested as drought tolerant lines.

Selection of drought tolerant lines based on a combination of tolerance indices can provide useful criteria for drought tolerance. A high positive and significant correlation was observed between MP, GMP, Ys, Yp, which indicates that these indices are suitable for identifying drought tolerant lines. These results help the modifier to select lines in different environments. Principal component analysis showed that it is important to introduce genotypes with desirable traits such as genotypes with high yield and resistance to drought stress. It is possible to speed up the improvement of new barley cultivars by using stress tolerance indicators by breeders. In general, 4, 7, and 13 lines were drought tolerant and can be used for barley improvement programs. Based on principal component analysis, drought sensitive and tolerant lines were consistent with cluster analysis. Exploiting the results of the present study can help breeders to select and identify genotypes that have relative tolerance to drought stress.

Water deficit poses severe limitation to potato cultivation as a drought-sensitive crop plant. Selection of tolerant genotypes based on a combination of tolerance indices can provide useful criteria for breeding drought tolerant potato varieties. Water deficit affects plants at various levels and stages of their life cycle. This abiotic stress not only affects plant–water relations through the reduction of leaf water content, turgor, and total water, but it also affects stomata closure, limits gas exchange, reduces transpiration, and disturbs photosynthesis. In potato, tolerance to drought is a very complex trait. Photosynthesis is one of the basic physiological processes of plants with internal and external conditions. Any reduction of the intensity of this process causes a decrease in the amount and quality of crop plants. One of the indicators for early prediction of potato yielding can be the measurement of chlorophyll content. It is an informative tool for studying the effects of dif ferent environmental stresses on photosynthesis.  Chlorophyll content has an important role in photosynthesis and in understanding plant functions.  In any research, measuring of the chlorophyll content is used for assessment of potato genotypes tolerant and/or sen sitive to environmental stresses.

In this study, 20 potato genotypes were evaluated under two water levels; normal and water deficit stress conditions. The experiment was performed as spilt-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2018. The correlations among the different traits were measured and estimated by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients using the statistical tool in Minitab 17. Tuber yield, yield components, growth parameters, and morphological traits were measured under both well-watered and water stressed treatments. Morphological and reproductive characteristics such as plant height, leaf dry weight, chlorophyll content, yield tuber, ware yield, seed yield, non-marketable yield, and marketable yield were measured. 

Analysis of variance showed that stem number, chlorophyll content, stem thickness, plant height, leaf dry weight (LDW), total yield, ware yield (yield>55 mm), seed yield (yield 35-55 mm), non-marketable yield (yield<35 mm), and marketable yield (ware and seed yield) were significantly affected by genotype and drough and their interaction. Analysis of variance showed that the simple effect of genotype treatment on all studied traits including yield, ware yield, seed yield and marketable yield, LDW, stem thickness, plant height, chlorophyll content, and stem number were significant at 1% level. Correlation of stem number and plant height was highly positive and significant at the 0.01 level. Principal component analysis (PCA) and measured traits showed that genotypes 2, 5, 7 and 13 had high performance in the studied stress environment. To fully reflect the various factors that played a principal role in the comprehensive indicators, PCA was carried out on quantitative traits. The accumulative contribution rate accounted for 99% of the total variation for PC3. Analysis of PCA by the correlation matrix and the biplot analysis methods used in this study revealed that these parameters could be used for evaluating the responses of potato genotypes to water deficit in different environments.  The associations among traits related to yield and genotypes are graphically revealed in a biplot of PC1 and PC2. The PC1 and PC2 axes mainly distinguish the morphological traits and yield-related traits in three different groups.   

Parameters related to yield and leaf photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll content) were used to rank the clones and cultivars tested for comparative analysis. Based on our results, genotype 7 performed well under normal and water stress conditions. Water deficit is an important constraint limiting the crop productivity worldwide. Plants show a wide range of responses to water deficit which are mostly expressed by a variety of alterations in the growth and morphology of plants. Field experiments revealed that water deficit affects all evaluated morphological and yield related traits.

Nitrogen is one of the most important components of biomolecules, amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, chlorophyll, and many plant hormones, which are essential and necessary for plant growth and development. In the condition of nitrogen deficiency very different responses such as yield reduction, leaf chlorosis, plant growth and root structure formation appears in phenotypes of plants. In the last decade, to increase the amount of biomass and as a result the yield of plants, a wide use of nitrogen has attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, the expression analysis of seven nitrate transporter genes (NRT2) was investigated in Arabidopsis in response to nitrogen deficiency stress at 4 and 7 days after this stress. The expression analysis of NRT2.3 and NRT2.4 genes showed increased expression at 7 days after applying nitrogen deficiency stress. But all the genes did not show a significant increase in expression at 4 days after N stress application. NRT2.4 gene showed a significant increase in 4 and 7 days after applying nitrogen stress compared to other genes. Overall, our results showed that increased nitrate transporter gene expression in leaves contributes to nitrogen uptake for plant growth and nitrogen accumulation in response to long-term low nitrogen stress. These findings can lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of low nitrogen tolerance and therefore the increase of other cultivars with nitrogen deficiency stresses.

With the discovery and development of CRISPR, genome engineering, and gene therapy have been revolutionized. Genome editing research is expanding globally, and this technology is increasingly used in agriculture and medicine. The global CRISPR technology market was estimated to be around $3.4 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a rapid rate of 22.3% to reach $9.2 billion in 2027. One of the advantages of this technology is that it can perform targeted gene editing in a short time, unlike traditional breeding methods. Despite the many advantages that CRISPR has for treating diseases and improving human health, there are also biosafety concerns associated with the development and use of this technology. Among these concerns are the presence of off-targets, concerns about the appropriate vectors used in this technology, the different transfer methods, and gene drive. The rules for using products from this technology in some countries are the same as the existing regulatory rules for transgenic products. Some other countries do not consider these products as transgenic products and these products are exempt from the regulations, similarly to products derived from traditional breeding. This review also mentions the existing laws for the use of CRISPR products in some countries of the world.

The nomadic lifestyle as the first social system of human society is accompanied by more difficulties than the rural and urban systems. Various strategies have been proposed by related planners and specialists in order to improve the quality of this way of life. One of the most important strategies is settlement of nomads. For this purpose, numerous nomadic centers (guidance and supportive) with different processes have been established for the settlement of volunteer nomads. According to the formation process of nomadic centers, the degree of acceptance and satisfaction of nomads from these centers is different. The purpose of the current research is to compare the formation process of nomadic centers and measure the acceptance and satisfaction of nomads in Kohrang area (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari). This research is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is documentary and field with a survey approach. The statistical population of the research includes settled nomadic households in the nomadic settlement centers of Kohrang district. The results show that the participation of the nomads in the implementation of the nomad settlement plan was more in the supportive centers than in the guidance centers. In terms of satisfaction, according to the results of one-sample T test, the level of satisfaction and acceptance of the nomads from the supportive centers (3.95) has been evaluated more than the guidance centers (3.26).

According to islam, preparation for confronation with the enmy is an obligatory and necessary issue thet Goad emphasizes in the Guran in sureh Anfal, verse 60: Prepare against them whatever you can of{military} powerd and war-horses, awing therbay the enemy o allah and your enmy.In recent decades, more than ten wars have taken place in the surrounding areas of Iran, the last three of wich have occurred in the neighborhood and near the borders of the Islamic Republi of Iran. The presence of the United States as a hegmonicpower in the Persian Gulf region, in addition to the real interests of this country, should be mentioned as a result of region issue and challenges that in the past ages created the ground for the influence and presenceof world powers in the region and deterrence for I.R.I has becom inevitable so that this presence may in the future lead to military conflict or a full-scale war against I.R.I.The purpose of the study is to explain the lessons learnedfrome the political and diplomaticgoals used in the recent triple wars in Southwest Asia. This research is considered as a case-field research and has been conducted with a mixed approach, descriptive- analytical method.  According to the findings of this study, The must important influential components in southwest Asia are:( strategies, policies, defates, victories, economy, military component, social component and media component).

Abiotic stresses are among major factors limiting crop yields. Cold, heat, and high-light are the most important abiotic stress among plants. Thus, it is considered the understanding of molecular mechanisms response to stress.  FtsH metallopeptidase is one of the key regulators of plant response to abiotic stresses. Many surveys were performed on the FtsH in different plants. However, there is not report on potato under cold, heat, and high-light stress.

In this study, the gene expression of StFtsH5, StFtsH6, and StFtsH10 was evaluated in root, stem, and leaves under cold, heat, and high light stresses. Agria genotypes were planted under controlled greenhouse conditions. After cold, heat, and high light treatment duration, leaves, stem, and root sampling were performed under two conditions stress and normal after 24h and 48h treatment. The relative expression of selected genes was estimated.

StFtsH5 gene was strongly up regulated in leaves and stem at the 24h and 48h under cold stress as compared to non-stress condition, respectively. Further, this gene had the higher mean relative expression than normal condition in root and leaves at the 24h and 48h under heat stress. At 24h after high light stress, the more mean relative increase StFtsH5 gene than control condition was observed. However, StFtsH6 gene is not increased gene expression under low temperature, and high light after utilization of stress treatment in leaves, stem, and root. StFtsH10 gene showed the significantly increased expression of in stem and root under high-light stress at the 48h. It showed an increase in gene expression in stem and leaves under cold stress at the 48h after stress treatment. However, this gene had the high gene expression in stem and root as compared to control at the 24h and 48h after stress treatment. The results of this study showed that StFtsH5 and StFtsH6 had the maximum and minimum gene expression in stem, leaves, and root under three stress treatments.

Among three genes, StFtsH5 showed the high expression in three tissues under cold, heat, and high-light stress. According to the above results, changes in gene expression of StFtsH5 could refer to the key roles of this gene in abiotic stresses, particularly cold, heat, and high light stresses.

Seed germination is an important process that determines the beginning of the seed plant life cycle. However, the mechanism underlying seed germination in barley remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanism of the seed germination in barley, WGCNA analysis was used to detect the hub and responsive genes and to reveal the expression of the genes on seed germination. WGCNA is a valuable tool for studying the correlation between genes, identifying modules with high correlation, and identifying Hub genes in different modules.

Raw microarray data related to germination stage were obtained from the GEO microarray database for 0h, 3h, 9h, 18h, 33h and 71h after germination stage. Then, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized for detection of co-expressed network genes. In the present study, a barley cultivar, Mahtab, was utilized to show expression pattern after 9h, 18h and 71h after germination stage. A total number of 4137 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, with some genes showing higher expression in Mahtab and three genes verified by qRT-PCR

Most of these DEGs were involved in metabolic processes, cellular processes, glycolysis, and response to stimulus. Hub gene in MEbrown was alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily protein, MEpurple was U-box domain-containing protein 4, and MEdarkgrey was B3 domain-containing transcription factor ABI3 which were positively correlated with germinated seeds. The results showed a microarray database and candidate genes for further study of barley at germination stages. In addition, DEGs were divided into three modules by WGCNA. In this study, gene modules associated with seed germination during barley seed germination were identified. Transcription factor and alpha/beta-hydrolase played an important role at germination stage. Also, gene modules and hub genes at 9h, 18h, and 71h after germination were detected. As there is lack of information on seed germination requirements of barley, this research was conducted to study seed germination mechanisms as well as evaluation of hub genes to study molecular mechanism seed germination in barley.

The results of the present study provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying barley seed germination. Based on the network analysis, transcription factors (TFs) and ubiquitin proteins were involved in germination. Most of the genes related to each module were related to proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, and protein degradation. Our gene expression results can serve as molecular markers in barley cultivars during seed germination. These findings can be suitable for molecular assisted selection and breeding of fast germinating barley genotypes.

Calmodulin is a regulated protein of calcium and is a small intracellular protein that binds to calcium ions and mediates many of its intracellular actions. Calmodulin-binding transcription factors (CAMTAs) are recognized as one of the stress-responsive proteins. In this study, CAMTA genes were selected in maize. In this study, CAMTA family genes in maize were selected and chromosomal distribution, gene structure, domain patterns, and phylogenetic tree of CAMTA genes in maize were analyzed to further evaluate. To identify expression levels in different plant tissues, CAMTA gene expression analysis in response to heat stress and germination was studied. ZmCAMTA1 and ZmCAMTA2 genes were expressed in heat stress. Gene structure was similar in most proteins in each group, confirming the phylogenetic classification of CAMTA. Prediction of cis-elements in the promoter region of genes showed that bZIP and AP2 / ERF had the highest cis-elements in the promoter region of ZmCAMTA genes. In leaf tissue, ZmCAMTA1 gene was up-regulated expression in response to heat stress. ZmCAMTA2 gene was up-regulated in stem tissue in response to heat stress. The ZmCAMTA2 gene in response to increased expression germination showed that this study could be considered as a useful resource for future comparative studies of ZmCAMTA in different plant species and provide useful information for finding candidate genes in response to stress.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an important food and economic crop in the world. However, potato shows susceptiblity to drought stress. Thus, the investigation of molecular mechanism of drought stress tolerance is essential considered. GF14/14-3-3 protein is one of the conserved dimeric proteins that regulate several cellular processes, ranging from metabolism to transport, growth, development, and stress response. However, only few reports are available regarding the effect of 14-3-3 genes in response to stress in potato.

In this study, twelve 14-3-3 genes were detected in the potato genome using bioinformatics methods.  Further, motif analysis, gene structure, phylogenetic analysis, TFBS and synteny analysis were performed on the 14-3-3 genes. In addition, expression analysis of two genes (StGF14i and StGF14h) in four tissues (root, stem, leaf, and tuber) and their expression under drought stress in greenhouse was investigated.  

Based on phylogenetic relationships, the StGF14 family members were categorized into two classes. Analysis of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in the promoter region of 14-3-3 genes revealed that the highest and the lowest number of TFBs were MYB and CSD, respectively, which found in promoter of 14-3-3 genes.  Moreover, different frequencies of TFSB in 14-3-3 genes could indicate that these genes control different developmental stages and are involved in complex regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, genome evolution of S. tuberosum using orthologists and paralogues identification was studied. The number of exons in 14-3-3 genes was from four to seven and most of these genes in the same subfamily them had the same exon–intron patterns. The expression of two genes in leaves and tuber under drought stress as well as the gene expression of both genes in root, stem, leaf, and tuber tissues under drought were examined. Based on the expression analysis of two genes StGF14i and StGF14h in tissues and survey of drought stress, StGF14i gene has a maximum expression in four tissues and also, highest expression in tubers under drought stress. Our results revealed that two orthologous gene pairs between S. tuberosum and A. thaliana as well as eight paralogous genes among potato genomes were identified.

The expression patterns of StGF14i and StGF14h genes in different tissues and in response to drought stress that two genes had the conserved and necessary roles in potato growth and development potato. It is hope that the results of this study will be useful for further investigation of functional role and molecular mechanisms of 14-3-3 genes in response to drought stresses.

Classical Persian literature, as we know, has influenced the literature of neighboring lands for many years, both in its Persian language and in other languages. One of these languages is Urdu language and literature in the Indian subcontinent (including India and Pakistan).In the article, after introducing the Urdu language and how the influence of Persian literature and its influence in the subcontinent are discussed. Then, the introduction of the literary figures of speech of "Rekhta poem" is presented. In the statistical community, 94 poets have been mentioned. In the other part of the article, the pattern of poetry cast in the following cases: 1) The first and second Persian hemistich; 2) the first Persian hemistich, the second Urdu hemistich; 3) Mixed is introduced and analyzed. In the next section, the weights of the cast weights are analyzed and the statistical diagram of the weights of the cast weights - which is mainly influenced by Persian literature - is followed. Literary technique and fantasies are other parts of the article. In this section, the effect of imaginary forms and expressive combinations of Persian literature on cast poets is presented analytically. The conclusion is quoted at the end.

Rural and urban interactions are very important in planning and foresight of urban and rural studies. In such a way that the slightest disturbance in this process leads to disruption of order in the levels of spatial structure. The study area in recent decades, especially after the Islamic Revolution under the influence of various economic and social factors and forces, including forces and currents and rural-urban ties and deep and extensive connections with the city of Ahvaz has undergone physical and spatial changes.

In the study, a questionnaire filled out by rural households was used to measure the independent variable (rural-urban relations) and the dependent variable (physical-spatial changes). The rural-urban relations are formed from different flows that each Which are obtained in the questionnaire with different items. Then we measure their role on the transformation of the physical-spatial pattern using the obtained data and the regression test of the effectiveness.

Most of the flow was related to the flow of population, and the movement of residents from the village to the city. Which can be formed for various reasons. And then there are interactions related to health and medical issues. According to the observations, the lack of medical, pharmaceutical and health services can be a good reason to visit Ahvaz.The lowest flow is food and nutrition services, distribution, technical and construction services.

Due to the formation of different currents between the village and the city, being one-sided towards urban settlements and the lack of rural-urban links, especially in the study area of ​​Ahvaz metropolis and surrounding villages, and subsequent developments have been formed.

NFXL1 and NFXL2 proteins have NF-X1 type zinc fingers domains, DNA binding, and PHD finger motifs, which potentially mediate its protein interactions. NF-X genes play an important role in response to defense signaling using plant hormones.

In this study, 12 NF-X genes were selected in barley, maize and wheat. The gene structures, duplication patterns, phylogenetic tree, developmental of the 12 NF-X transcription factors in nine species were analyzed to further investigate the functions of these factors. In the present study, a comparative analysis was performed to identify orthologs and paralogues of NF-X in the genomes of maize, barley and wheat.

The phylogenetic tree of NF-X from H.vulgare and Z.mays revealed two groups based on their homology and the exon numbers of NF-X genes, ranging from 1 to 13. According to the synteny analysis, NF-X genes of barley, maize and wheat revealed high similarity, which TaNFXL1.2 with HvNFXL1; HvNFXL2 with TaNFXL1.3, TaNFXL2, TaNFXL2.1; TaNFXL1 with TaNFXL1.1, TaNFXL1.3; ZmNFXL1 with ZmNFXL1.1 genes revealed similarity more than %90. Prediction cis-elements showed that NF-YB; NF-YA; NF-YC, bHLH, myb/SANT, WRKY, Dof, and Trihelix had maximum frequency in the promoter region of NF-X genes.  The HvNF-X2, ZmNF-X2 and TaNF-X2 genes had the highest number of cis-elements. Analysis of NF-X genes showed that tandem duplication and segmental duplication play an important role in the development of barley, maize and wheat genomes. NF-X gene expression analysis showed that these genes were up-regulated in almost all developmental stages. However, the number of tandem and segmental duplication showed that these factors are major factors in the evolution of NF-X genes. Since this is the first study to compare NF-X genes in three species, our findings could be considered as useful source for future NF-X genes studies in comparative studies among different plant species.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize NF-X genes in nine species via in silico genome-wide analysis approach. HvNFX1, HvNF-X2, and ZmNFXL1.1 genes showed that gene expression in all development stages. The gene structure in most proteins in each group was similar, which validated the NF-X transcription factors phylogenetic classification.

Haworthiopsis limifolia, a cactus native to South Africa, is one of the herbaceous ornamental plants belonging to the Asphodelaceae family. This succulent perennial plant is known for its medicinal properties, including antibacterial and antifungal properties. The production and cultivation of this plant are traditionally associated with low yield and time consumption, which do not meet any needs of the market, and the producer faces problems with mass production. To solve these problems, new propagation methods, such as tissue culture, are used. The objectives of this study were to introduce a novel protocol for disinfecting Hawthorn for in vitro tissue culture and investigate the effects of different levels of growth regulators, including BAP (benzyl amino purine) and IBA (indole butyric acid), on the micropropagation of this plant. The results showed that 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes was the best treatment for the disinfection of the isolated cultures. In addition, our results indicated that the highest number of succulents (10) belonged to the treatment of 1.5 mg /L BAP. According to the mean comparison, the best treatment for rooting was 1.5 mg/L of IBA.  The 1.5 mg/l concentration of BAP led to the maximum number of succulents. Moreover, BAP had a more significant effect than IBA on cacti's rooting, shooting, and suckering.