فهرست مطالب علی خلج

"Physical development" of the city is a dynamic and continuous process, as a result of which, the physical bed of the city in the vertical and horizontal directions is quantitatively and qualitatively redundant. In today's era, unprincipled and unmeasured physical development is one of the issues and challenges of urban planning and management in underdeveloped countries.The present research was conducted with the aim of evaluating and determining the capabilities and constraints of the natural environment for the physical expansion of the city of Eghlid. The study area included a circular zone with a radius of 10 kilometers from the center of the city of Eghlid. Environmental variables included climate type, precipitation, temperature, elevation above sea level, land slope, lithology, distance from fault lines, topographical type, distance from rivers, well density, canal density, land use type, and land cover, and their data were collected from various library sources such as scanned maps, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and statistical yearbooks. Data preparation, management, and analysis were performed in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. To understand the favorable and unfavorable natural conditions for physical development, a classification of each environmental variable was used. Finally, the overlap of all spatial layers related to environmental variables was used to determine the optimal directions for future physical development of the target city. The results of interpreting satellite images over the past 30 years indicate the expansion of the city in a northeast-southwest direction. The overlap analysis in the form of a final land suitability map for physical development showed that the city of Eghlid faced significant limitations for its physical development in the north, east, and to some extent, the south, with 40% of the study area's land being in an unfavorable condition for physical development. In contrast, 25% of the area of Eghlid had favorable conditions for physical development, primarily in various western directions (northwest, west, and southwest). Among the factors examined, topography and geomorphology have played a significant and clear role in the past and present urbanization of Eghlid and will continue to be determining factors in its future development.

The current state of health has not been responsive in meeting the mental, psychological and spiritual needs of human beings. Therefore, compiling a comprehensive document and determining the current state of human health and designing the desired state based on an unchanging and divine source is a scientific and vital matter. The purpose of this study is to determine the current situation in spiritual health and design the main indicators of spiritual health from the perspective of the Qurchr('39')an and hadiths (optimal situation) by providing operational and practical strategies.

The research in this study is a fundamental and descriptive-analytical method with interdisciplinary studies and indicators have been extracted using experts (Delphi method).

Extraction and monitoring of spiritual health indicators using a survey method with sexual, age, educational, occupational and geographical distribution.

The results of this study show that revelatory and religious propositions with prescriptive and warning indicators in spiritual health can be shown based on measuring the ratio of good to bad. Also, it has been found that the indicators of God-centeredness, guardianship and self-care criteria are in an upgradable and modifiable condition and in relation to others are in a suitable condition. Determining the results of spiritual health profile can be a prelude to operational strategies and health-oriented approaches at the provincial, national and transnational levels to achieve the desired situation.

One of the most important types of immigration is "brain drain" or, in other words, "elite migration". This results in the loss of human resources and transfer from underdeveloped countries to developed countries. Immigration causes irreparable damage to the countries of origin and usually causes the country of origin to be deprived of advancements in science and technology. A descriptive survey was done via questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software , descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings show that the percentage of immigration of pharmacists in comparison with the total growth rate of pharmacists is relatively significant,( from 7.1% in 2006 to 13.8% in 2015). The rate of immigration of pharmacists (about 14%) is much higher than the average Iranian immigration (about 2%) and immigration of educated people in Iran (about 8%) and the average migration in the world (about 2.8%). The rate of immigration of pharmacists is growing. The results showed that the main factors affecting immigration from the point of view of pharmacists in the country is the economic situation of Iran, while according to the Iranian pharmacists living  abroad, the causes of immigration are higher education, and after that, obtaining a higher occupational status and higher income. Also countries where pharmacists are needed include Canada, followed by countries such as Germany, the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, France and Sweden. It seems that job security or, in other words, the availability of jobs appropriating   higher incomes, the possibility of continuing higher education as well as welfare facilities are factors affecting the immigration of pharmacists.

One of the main objectives of the national health policy of a country should be designing a strategic program for pharmaceutical research in order to take the best advantage of the allocated funds and to prevent wasting of national resources. This investigation was carried out to assess views of graduate and undergraduate students of Tehran University faculty of pharmacy, about the importance, priorities (applied or basic), problems and opportunities of the pharmaceutical research as well as its impact weaknesses, and its impact on the future careers of students.

This was a qualitative study carried out by focus group discussion in 2004 for four months on two groups of 6-10 undergraduate and two groups of 6-10 graduate students in the National Research Center for Medical Sciences of Iran.

Results showed that almost all participants believed in the necessity of pharmaceutical research, especially applied research based on demands of our country. Uncompromising rules about research, budget allocation, tardy and uneven appropriation of resources, weak and feckless administration, lack of the research ethos and ethics, paucity of skilled specialists, weak cooperation between universities and industry, lack of research registry system, weak research motives, inadequate inter association and ineffective evaluation systems for research and researchers were mentioned as the main factors impeding pharmaceutical research in Iran. The presence of young population, the country’s scientific history, decent human and financial resources and high potentials of the pharmaceutical industry were considered as strengths of the pharmaceutical research. Most students believed that doing research provides them with better opportunities to live and work abroad.

Results of this study supports the necessity of a strategic plan for pharmaceutical research in Iran and will be used in the development of this program.