فهرست مطالب علی زنگنه

Architecture in Shushtarhas evolved as the result of centuries of living experience in a region with a hot and semi-arid climate, representing a brilliant climate-responsive approach. A most valuable architectural strategy in this city is a type of brickwork (khavun-chini) which not only enhances the beauty ofthe structures but also caters to the climatic needs.The main objective of this research is to identify, document, and analyze the patterns and projection elevations of the khavunbrickwork in Shushtar. Using quantitative and descriptive-analytical approaches, 70 patterns from the facades of historical buildings in Shushtar, particularly from the decorative elements of main entrances and courtyard walls, mostly attributed to the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods,were studied. These patterns were documented through field studies in the historical fabric of the city as well as library research. Based on the obtained images, their patterns were drawn using AutoCAD software, and the collected data were uploaded to Excel to create analytical diagrams and perform quantitative analyses.According to the results, the average area of these patterns was found to be 0.45 square meters. Furthermore, the constituent elements of the khavunbrickworkwere introduced, and the role of each component in shaping each pattern was determined. The elevation of each pattern projectionwas calculated, and ultimately, the average elevation of the patterns was found to be approximately 35%. With the help of the results of this research, the conservation and reconstruction process of the khavunbrickworkscan be facilitated and shortened. Since the calculation and analysis of their constituent elementsare provided in this study, the amount of materials needed to produce each pattern can be calculated by referring to the tables in this article. Since the extent of the projection is a significant variable in the size of the shadow produced by that brickwork, the available data can also be utilized in assessingthe thermal efficiency and value of any brickwork.

In this paper, a self-healing approach for smart distribution network is presented based on Graph theory and cut sets. In the proposed Graph theory based approach, the upstream grid and all the existing microgrids are modeled as a common node after fault occurrence. Thereafter, the maneuvering lines which are in the cut sets are selected as the recovery path for alternatives networks by making cut sets of the faulted line. After forming the candidate networks with the minimum number of switching, an unbalanced three phase power flow is performed to be assured that the new network configuration does not violate technical constraints. In the case of the constraints violation, the other candidate networks with the same number of switching or more are assessed to find a proper scheme with high loadability and low voltage unbalance values. The proposed approach is scrutinized in two different case studies: with and without microgirds connection to the distribution network. The simulation results applied on a typical distribution network in the MATLAB software show the valuable performance of the proposed approach. The using of the Graph theory has reduced the number of switching and excitation time in comparison with evolutionary search approaches.

In this paper, a bidding strategy model is presented for electric vehicles’ (EVs) aggregator to sell the aggregated energy in the distribution network. The bidding price of the EVs’ Aggregator is determined through the Stackelberg game theory. It is modeled based on a bilevel programming problem between distribution system operator (DSO) and the aggregator. In the upper level of proposed bilevel model, the aggregator offered its optimal bidding price and EVs’ charge and discharge scheduling to maximize its profit. On the other hand, according to the price of the electricity market and bidding by the aggregator, DSO tries to optimally schedule the portion of energy which is supplied from either main grid or EVs’ aggregator to minimize its cost. In the equilibrium point of the problem, the optimal bidding price of the aggregator and the purchased energy from the aggregator and main grid is determined. The proposed bilevel programming problem is transformed into a single level mathematical programming problem with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. The obtained numerical results is used to assess the proposed bidding strategy of EVs’ aggregator.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of whey powder and physical form of feed on humoral immunity and transcript abundances of interleukin-4(IL-4) and interferon-gamma (In-γ) genes on 240 Ross-308 day-old-chickens. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in 6 treatments in factorial arrangement (2×3), whey powder at three levels (0, 4,8%) and physical form in two levels (mash, pellet) in broiler chicken diet with 4 repeats and 10 chickens per replicate. The diets formulated based on nutritional requirements of Ross strain-308 (2009) and were fed to the birds in three periods. To determine the immunity titer of ND, IBV, IBD and influenza blood samples were collected at day 10, 31 and 42. At the end of periods, one chicken was selected from experimental units and slaughtered; lymphatic organs were weighted and gene expression of IL-4 and In-γ measured after mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. It was found that the addition of whey powder did not have a significant effect on the weights of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius, but the pelleting in the growing stage had a significant effect on the weight of spleen (p<0.01). Pelleting and adding whey to diet in the growing period increased the IL-4 gene expression (p<0.05). In-γ expression was not influenced by whey powder, but pelleting increased its expression during the starter (p<0.01) and grower (p<0.01) stages.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed supplementation with Thyme-dried leaves (TDL) on growth performance, serum parameters, humoral immunity, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) relative weight of broiler chickens fed on wheat-based diets with low nutrients density. One hundred and sixty day old meal “Ross 308” broiler chicks were arranged in a random completely design (CRD) with 4 treatments (zero, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% dietary supplemented with TDL), 4 replicates/treatment and 10 chicks per replicate. Compared with the control group, birds fed diets containing 0.4% TDL had a higher (P

Nowadays microgrids have been widely considered due to their economic and technical features. The most important feature of microgrid is its flexibility which means microgrids are be able to operate in both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. This paper presents a bi-level scheduling model for optimal operation of an integrated microgrid between grid-connected and islanded modes by using Benders decomposition method. Also a neighbor microgrid is considered in the model and it is assumed that the main microgrid enables to exchange energy with its neighbor in the islanding mode. The proposed model consists of a master problem for the grid-connected operation mode and a sub-problem for the islanding operation mode. The objective function of the master problem minimizes microgrid operation cost including cost of fuel, start up, spinning reserve as well as purchasing power from main grid or neighbors. However, the objective function of the sub-problem investigates whether the power generation of the microgrid is enough or the loads can be supplied continuously in the islanding mode of microgrid. Uncertainties of distributed energy sources, energy price and load are modelled by two-point estimate method.

There are special guidelines for the design of structures resistant to earthquake forces; parameters, such as the conditions and seismicity of the site, and the importance and type of structure, are the main eective factors. Consideration of these parameters in calculation and distribution of earthquake forces is signi cantly different in various design codes. In most of these design codes, the computation and distribution of earthquake forces are based upon the elastic structural analysis. In this approach, the real behavior of the structure is not considered and consequently it may sustain large displacements and irretrievable damage. Therefore, a new design method has been utilized in this paper, by which, the base shear and its distribution in the height of the structure are calculated according to the plastic behavior of the structure, and which takes advantage of the energy balance. The latter is known as the Performance Based Plastic Design (PBPD) method. In this method, the target drift and yield mechanism are used as performance parameters, which are based on the energy method; in addition, the equilibrium relation between the demanded work for monotonic displacement of the structure to achieve the target drift, and the internal energy obtained by the spectrum response of the equivalent SDOF for the elasto-plastic system, is used to compute the base shear of the structure. This method has been successfully performed on MRF, CBF, EBF and special truss systems. In this paper, the PBPD method has been developed for coupled shear walls with steel link beams. The results of the PBPD method are compared with the results of the ordinary method. It is demonstrated that the plastic hinges, the inter-story drifts and the plastic rotation of links are distributed more uniformly at the height of frames designed by the suggested method compared to those of the ordinary method.

Reactive power management is a vital part of the power system operation to reduce power losses and to release available capacity of transmission lines. This further motivated the reactive power market development for distributed generation (DG) units at distribution networks. In this study, a mechanism is proposed for reactive power pricing of various DG technologies considering different cost functions of DG units. For this purpose, the reactive power production cost curve of the DG units is linearized using a piecewise linear approximation into 10 predetermined regions. In this approach, at first, DGs offer their prices for each of 10 regions and then an integrated price is determined for each region based on the price of reactive power purchase from transmission network. The market clearing price of reactive power is calculated by a multi-objective optimization algorithm (NSGAII).

Many countries have their own specific code for seismic resistant design of structures. In all these codes, it is important to know site characteristics, site seismicity, building importance, type of structural resistant system and situation of building. corresponding, coefficients in different codes are varied. Defining the base shear and its distribution at floor levels are based on elastic analysis, which cannot simulate the actual behavior of structure under severe ground motions. This is mostly contributed to the formation of plastic hinges along the height of the structure which are not accounted for in elastic analyses. Therefore, new method referred to as "performance based plastic design" (PBPD) has been used to simulate the actual behavior of structures under severe ground motions. In this paper, the seismic performance of eccentrically braced steel frames with symmetric horizontal links (H-EBF) that are designed based on Iranian 2800 standard code (3rd edition), IBC 2009 and PBPD are compared. In PPBD method, the plastic hinge, story displacement and plastic rotation of links are uniformly distributed along the height and nonlinear behavior of the structure is accounted for.