فهرست مطالب محمدحسین تقدیسی

In recent decades, special attention has been paid to health culture research. However, the breadth of the subject and the variety of definitions made this article explain the concept of Iranian-Islamic health culture and introduce its components.

In mixed method review of national and international articles was done. By reviewing articles related to health culture, various definitions and topics were extracted. During 10 group discussion sessions with experts (scientific committee), the results of the review were discussed and opinions were shared. Upon analyzing the content of negotiations, going back and forth twice, the results were approved and finalized. The members of the scientific committee were tasked with rating the main topics on a scale from 1 to 10. Main topics were then sorted according to their highest scores. The main topics in order of priority are: “health culture requirements in education and training”, “promotion of health culture”, “healthy lifestyle with Islamic and Iranian model”, “principles, foundations, and values”, “strategic policy making in health culture”, “health system and health culture”, “patterns and role models in health”, “empiricism in culture and health culture building”,” health culture anomalies”, “research in culture and health culture building”.

A comprehensive definition of Iranian Islamic health culture was developed, and the components were classified into 10 main topics and 67 specific topics.

A precise definition of Iranian-Islamic health culture is essential for establishing a shared understanding of the topic. Furthermore, introducing the diverse aspects of health culture helps highlight its significance and generate discussions across various academic and non-academic levels.

Despite fundamental advancements in the understanding of health and the new strategy of the World Health Organization in enhancing the health of the individual, organization, and society, health education and promotion is a relatively new major in Iranian medical and health science. However, it has not yet been introduced as a specialist major at various levels. This research aims to investigate the challenges of educational quality and the position of health promotion and education.

The current study employs a qualitative research with a structured content analysis approach. In this research, 24 health education and health promotion specialists, and graduates were chosen using a purposive sampling method From September2022 to May 2023. Using semi-structured interviews, different people’s perspectives on the challenges of health education promotion were investigated, and After 22 interviews, no new code was extracted, but two more interviews were recorded to make sure, and sampling continued until data saturation (24 interviews). The collected data were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman approach.

The challenges of the major of health education promotion from the perspective of the research participants include two main components: 1) scientific capacities (with sub-components of improving the curriculum and empowerment of professors and students) and 2) structural capacities (with sub-components of creating a position for the major of health education and promotion and determining the organizational level of employment).

According to the findings, the quality of health education and health promotion may be enhanced by upgrading the curriculum, elevating professors, and providing a space for the major. In this respect, introducing the major at various levels of society can be useful in attracting motivated and talented people to study at higher levels and training scientifically and ethically outstanding professors in this major. As a result, to adapt to the aims of health education promotion and to apply it and the way professors teach, it is suggested to implement a broad curriculum reform and hold meetings with policymakers to expose the area to decision-making levels.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel habits and can significantly impair quality of life (QOL). Personality has an important effect on health-related quality of life. However, its effect on the quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome is yet unknown. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship of quality of life with neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness, and their subcomponents in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods & Materials:

 This is a descriptive-correlational study. The studied population was IBS patients referred to a private gastrointestinal clinic in Tehran in 2021.The sample size was 223, and subjects were selected through the consecutive sampling method. The data were collected using NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality Of Life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used at the confidence level of 95% through the SPSS software version 24.

The mean score of IBS-QOL was 57.68±20.55. Regression analysis suggested that personality subcomponents such as self-reproach (β=-0.376, P<0.001) and positive affect (β=0.160, P=0.020) were the most important predictors of the score of IBS-QOL. The scores of self-reproach and positive affect explained 22.6% of the variance score of IBS-QOL.

The results of current study suggested that the scores of some personality subcomponents including self-reproach and positive affect significantly predict the score of IBS-QOL. Hence, it seems that in addition to common pharmaceutical treatments for IBS patients, considering personality subcomponents (particularly self-reproach and positive affect) is effective in improving these patients’ quality of life.

Media managers, in critical situations, have different mental patterns, which are the basis of their attitude for making decisions on how to inform people. This study, using the Q method, seeks to answer the question, what kind of mental patterns do media managers have for providing information in crises time? Data analysis was done by collecting the discourse space in the Q method and implementing three phases of research namely domain review, systematic review and individual sources (interview), resulted in 85 propositions according to the opinion of the nominal group, as a sample of Q, 60 people of media managers, as a sample of available participants, performed the sorting of the Q sample in the Flash-Q software and in the form of a diagram with a Likert scale of -8 to +8, and by entering the data in the SPSS software and creating a Q data matrix and Q data set. Finally, the following three mental models were identified: 1. The mental model of skill-oriented managers supporting the effect of social media in crisis; 2. The mental model of public relations -oriented managers who support information engineering in crisis; 3. The mental model of knowledge-oriented managers who are critical of superficiality in crisis communication. Strengthening stronger mental patterns or correcting inefficient mental patterns in media organizations requires reforming management systems, designing a comprehensive crisis management system, and using expert consultants in media management.

 Identification of obesity-related dietary patterns in any culture can affect policymaking. The purpose of the study was to summarize obesity-related dietary patterns and their food groups in Tehranian adults.

The study followed the five stages in the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. We searched international databases (PubMed, Web of Science), national databases (SID, Iran Doc) and Google Scholar search engine with the keywords obesity, overweight, dietary patterns, eating patterns, food patterns, diet and Iran for finding related studies that have been published in the last two decades (2000-2020) along with the manual search of the list of selected study sources and gray literature (dissertations and final research report).

A total of 12 studies were included in the review study. 17 out of 33 dietary patterns were associated with obesity. Eight diets were undesirable, eight diets were desirable, and one was inconsistently associated with obesity. Food groups common in undesirable diets include sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, desserts, industrial juices, sugar, red meat, processed meats, solid fats, refined grains, snacks. Food groups common in desirable diets include vegetables, fruits, poultry and fish, legumes, whole grains, olive or olive oil.

Obesity-related dietary patterns are common in adults in Tehran. This study provided information on food groups that guide targeted policymaking to improve the food groups in food store supply, household consumption, and food industry and agricultural products.

In recent years, drug therapies have played an increasing role in management of drug-related crimes due to decrease in efficacy of other anti-crime methods. This study investigated the relationship between methadone maintenance therapy and frequency of drug-related crimes.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 420 patients attending private addiction treatment centers who received agonist therapy in Kurdkuy and Gorgan in Golestan province, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and items on history of drug abuse, history of crimes, domestic violence and conflicts, divorce and remarriage, and work and employment. The questionnaires were completed at admission time and six months after initiation of methadone treatment through face to face interviews. Data analysis was done in SPSS V23.

The majority of patients were married (88%), had low educational levels (75%) and were Persian (88%). The most commonly used narcotic drug was opium used oral or inhaled. There was a significant inverse relationship between methadone maintenance treatment and cases of crime and domestic violence and a significant direct relationship between the treatment and cases of divorce or remarriage, and work and employment before and after treatment (P<0.05).

Methadone maintenance treatment showed a significant effect on reducing social crime and domestic violence. Further researches are suggested to study other associated factors in larger number of patients while considering other variables such as improvement of behavioral disorders and related diseases in long-time follow-up investigations.

Covid 19 has spread rapidly in the world. In dealing with this event, in addition to preventive and therapeutic interventions, psycho-spiritual approachis needed. Islamic spiritual health is intended to be guidance in daily life including the current pandemic.

Islamic references specially the holy Quran were searched for key word affection.

According to the Islamic references, there are two systems in the world, creation system and legislation system. Divine creative permission means that God allows something to happen. But the divine legislative permission is related to the divine commands. God knows all the details of world events. One of the important issues to be considered in all kinds of disasters, including the current Covid crisis, is the issue of the various circumstances surrounding an event. From the perspective of the Quran, the types of disasters which occur for human can be divided into six main categories. Self-induced disaster, troubles caused by oppressors, disaster for punishment, disaster for examination, troubles of the saints, troubles of duties.Based on Islamic beliefs there shouldbe active and rational planning and action along with promoting the relation with almighty God to increase the resilience.

There is urgent need to promote spirituality literacy in the community Based on Islamic beliefs rational planning and action along with religious instructions and praying are mandatory impositions.

The main purpose of current study is “evaluation of effectiveness of mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB_EAT) on weight, self-efficacy, emotion regulation and healty diet in obese women.”

The research method was semi-experimental with Pre-test, post-test and follow-up test design, and comparing them with a control group. Forty subjects were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups according to the inclusion criteria and targeted sampling. Weight, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and self-reported diet intake were assessed before, after and three months after the intervention. Mindfulness-based eating awareness training intervention was held during 12 sessions of 150 minutes. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used.

The results showed that mindfulness-based eating awareness training weight, self-efficacy (P = 0.001), emotion regulation (P = 0.001) and nutritional behavior was effective (P = 0.001).

Mindfulness based-eating awareness training was effective on biological, psychological and behavioral indicators of overweight and obese women. This study is designed to maximize real-world application.

The current study aimed to evaluate the experiences obtained from the 4030 telephone system from the perspective of managers and consultant operators.

In this qualitative content analysis, we examined the views of operator consultants (n=21) and executive managers (n=5). The interviews were conducted by telephone one month after the launch of the 4030 system in two weeks. Interviews were audio-recorded after receiving the approval of interviewees. Data were analyzed in OpenCode version 4.2 using the CFIR framework.

A total of 220 semantic codes were extracted and then categorized into five themes of program characteristics, inner setting, outer setting, characteristics of individuals involved in the program, and implementation process.

Initial planning, recruitment process, initial evaluation and training, and in-service training are of particular importance, which were not performed properly due to the hasty launch of the program. Internal interaction (between individuals, managers, and system administrators) and interactions with other target organizations were identified as weak. From the perspective of executives, participation (i.e. at all levels of planning, implementation, evaluation, and decision-making) has not been achieved properly, which has created a major obstacle for several mid-level management and executive processes and actions. It seems that with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in China and the possibility of its expansion to other countries, the precision of initial planning, expanding infrastructure, human resources, and other processes has increased.

Obesity is a metabolic and medical condition in which adipose tissue accumulates too much in the body. The main purpose of current study is “evaluation of effectiveness of integration of eating awareness training and implementation intention model on body mass index, waist circumference, mindfulness eating, and physical activity in obese women.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up test design, and comparing them with a control group. The population of this study were obese women with a BMI higher or equal to 25 in Karaj in 1398. Forty-one subjects were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups according to the inclusion criteria and targeted sampling. Weight with digital scales, waist with meter tape, mindful eating questionnaire and physical activity with checklist, were assessed. MB_EAT was held during 12 sessions of 150 minutes each session and with the implementation intention model, daily planning for physical activity was done. Data were analyzed by mixed analysis, Shapiro-Wilk, Loon, Mohali sphericity, with significance level of P<0/001. Finally, 35 people were analyzed.

The results showed that the integration of implementation intention and mindfulness-based eating awareness training reduces the mean BMI in the post-test (71.57± 0.6) and follow-up (69.78 ± 0.97) compared to the pre-test (77.00 ± 1.05) and eat mindfulness eating in the post-test (53.52 ± 0.80) and follow up (53.21 ± 0.67) and increase the average physical activity in the post-test (24.06 ± 2.84) and follow up (23.65 ± 2.52) compared to the pre-test (28.91 ± 3.18) .(P=0.001).

The result of integration of MB_EAT and implementation intention model was to increase peoplechr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s ability to self-regulate and be aware of the body sensations and emotional symptoms of eating and doing physical activity on a daily basis, which eventually led to weight loss.

Decision making as a basis of management is like a nervous system of an organization and crisis is effective in decision making processes. This study aimed to analysing available researches about decision making in crisis in media organizations.

This systematic review was implemented from March to June 2020.English language publications (2000-2019) were filtered in databases of Willey, Elsevier, ISI, Pubmed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar search engine by combination of following keywords:"Decision making"AND"Media"AND"Crisis"in title, abstract and keywords.

After searching 6155 papers and removing repeated and unrelated ones, finally 14 papers were selected for deep analysis according to items identified. Results of this systematic review indicated that following factors are effective in descion making in crisis:"Attention to time of content production, Agile organizations, Decision-making models, Method of news coverage continuation ,Effects of place on crisis management ","Creating the trust, Recording experiences before during and after the crisis, Shortage of human resources in crisis, Interactive nature of social medias,Attention to panoramic dimension of the crisis , Time of the crisis, using tools of social medias and attention to new media trends".

In health crisis (Corona Pandemic) Convincing use of communicational message by media organizations with the goal of effecting in belief, attitude and health behaviors of society is necessary.Meanwhile designing a big and panoramic picture of all related dimentions of media and health and attention to “Media litracy” and “Health litracy” of media managers besides designing and implementing researches based on descion making methods development  in crisis and also benefit of other countirs experiences will leads to effective descion making in health system.

Multiple sclerosis is one of the most common neurological patients. Pain is a common phenomenon in MS patients and it has recently been shown that it plays an important role in mental health and quality of life of these individuals, so that the severity of pain further leads to a weaker performance in most of the components of mental health and social function, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the perception of pain in MS patients.The present study was a descriptive, quasi-experimental study. Among the individuals referring to brain and neurologists in the province of Alborz, 30 subjects were selected in a purposeful and accessible way and divided into two groups of 15 (two experimental and one The control group was divided into two groups. After examining the pain with the MPG, the experimental group received 8 sessions of treatment and the control group did not receive any treatment during this period. The results of Ancoe and Mankwa tests showed that the variables of pain were different in the experimental and control groups. In assessing the scores, evaluating the pain, the pain was not significant (P <0.05).

Given the role of behavior in the prevalence of breast cancer, the present study was conducted to determine the predictors of adopting preventive nutritional behaviors against breast cancer based on social-cognitive theory ( SCT ) variables in women of reproductive age in Davarzan city in 2017. 

This is a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study conducted on 160 women of reproductive age in Davarzan, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Linear Regression tests using SPSS 18 software.

The mean age of participants was 32.6 ± 9.32 years. The results showed that among SCT variables, only the variable of awareness had a significant correlation with behavior (P=0.04, r=0.15). These variable could predict 12% of the changes in the preventive nutritional behaviors of breast cancer in women (R2=0.12, P<0.001).

Considering the findings of the present study, in developing educational interventions to increase preventive nutritional behaviors of breast cancer, more focus on women’s awareness is suggested.

Risk communication (RC) and community engagement are perquisite for management of epidemics. Triumph of RC depends on adjustment of message and considering the characteristics of the sender and the audience according to the context and situation.

This article has been prepared using scientific and relevant articles and guidelines.

For effective RC , the essential steps include public participation; planning; credibility ; deference of other sources of communication ; financing & ethical considerations. For success in RC one should consider community culture, people's beliefs and their understanding of the event . The people’s right to be  worried in epidemics should be recognized by the authorities and participatory strategies rather than compulsive one should be prioritized.

In the pandemic of COVID-19, series of successful and nonsuccessful experiences happened. The of review of these experiences may help the policy makers in their future efforts .

Health promotion is important in advancing Sustainable Development Goals by focusing on "Health for All and All for Health"; this can create the necessary hype to promote comprehensive health, media and clinical literacy of the community and promote prevention. The Iranian Health Education and Promotion Association emphasize the priorities of health in the current situation.The greatest responsibility of the headquarters and officials of the Ministry of Health is transparency, accountability, trust building and informing community to promote prevention, self-care and improve community health. Using the capacity of non-governmental organizations by establishing public participation makes use of lessons learned by other countries of the world. The current systematic approach, in addition to coordinating all relevant organizations and institutions, makes it possible to plan short and medium-term strategic programs for management of crises. This management and distribution of tasks help to overcome the crisis at hand and create a culture of harmonious management by using formal and informal social capital.

Quality of life is a multidimensional concept that is influenced by many important factors such as physical and mental health. Health literacy is also one of the factors that has a significant impact on quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nurses' quality of life and health literacy in the largest heart center of Northwest Iran in 2018.

The present study is an analytical, cross-sectional study that was performed on 217 nurses working in the largest heart center of Northwest in Tabriz through random sampling. Study data were collected using the 36-item Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36) and the Adult Functional Health Literacy Standard Questionnaire (HELIA). Data analysis was performed using ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, by SPSS software version 25.

The mean and standard deviation of nurses' quality of life was (59.17±7.6) and the majority of subjects 84(37.8%) had good quality of life. the mean and standard deviation of the overall health literacy was estimated to be 75.9 ± 13.3, indicating adequate health literacy among nurses. There was a significant relationship between different dimensions of quality of life with total health literacy score (P <0.001), but there was no significant relationship between understanding and quality of life’s dimensions.

Findings showed that increasing nurses' health literacy has positive effects on some aspects of their quality of life. Therefore, while communicating with nursing staff, nursing managers should pay close attention to their health and quality of life, and should try to improve their quality of life by developing educational programs and promoting health literacy.

In patients with multiple sclerosis, pain is a common phenomenon and plays an important role in mental health and quality of life of these individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive behavioral group therapy and hope-based group therapy on perception of pain in patients with MS.

This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and control group. 45 patients were randomly selected from MS patients with pain who referred to neurological and neurology specialists in Karaj, Iran , in the first six months of 2017. The participants were assigned to three groups with 15 subjects (two intervention groups and one control group). Each intervention group was treated for 8 sessions and the control group did not receive cognitive behavioral interventions and hope-based therapy. Pain perception was measured in pretest and posttest with Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).

Independent results showed that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and hope-based therapy had a significant effect on pain relief in MS patients (P=0.05). Also, the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotional pain was significantly different from that of hope-based therapy (P<0.05).

The results indicated the importance of both methods, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, in reducing pain perception in patients with MS. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use both methods to reduce pain in these patients.

  Various definitions of health literacy have developed gradually. This concept refers to individuals’ capacity to acquire, process and perceive information and basic healthcare services. The above items are required to make decisions on healthcare. In fact, improving both the individuals' access to health information and their capacity to use such information effectively are considered as efficient tools for community empowerment. In the domain of healthcare promotion, health literacy goes beyond the ability to read medical orders and use healthcare services. In the healthcare promotion approach, the emphasis is not put on disease experience or the appropriate use of medical services. Besides, the emphasis is put on the improvement of individuals' life conditions, and providing and promoting required resources for a better life. From the viewpoint of healthcare promotion, healthcare literacy is relegated to the individuals’ ability to make better decisions in the realm of health care. Health literacy approach must try to promote individuals' required knowledge and skills in the domain of healthcare determiners and the way to maintain and modify them. Looking at health education from an applied viewpoint, the final result of health education and communication is to increase the level of healthcare literacy. Reviewing various approaches, levels and types of healthcare literacy will pave the way to conduct researches in this domain

Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common cardiac diseasesall over the world.Patients with ischemic heart disease encounter with multiple physical, psychological, and social stressors.The social support is one of the factors that decreasesproblems ofpatients with ischemic heart disease and enhances their adjustment power versus problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social support in improving the health of patients with ischemic heart disease. The present study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included all patients over 30 years old who referred to health centers of Birjand city in 2016and were diagnosed with ischemic heart disease by a trusted doctor. Out of this statistical population, 310 people were selected by available sampling method. The research tools used in this research included the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS22and simple linear regression test. The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between some of the components of perceived social support (family, friends, and other important persons) with the total score of psychosocial adjustment with the disease (P< 0.05). The subscales of perceived social supportcan predict psychosocial adjustment of patients with ischemic heart disease.

Traffic and transport, as a political and social phenomenon, play an important role in the quality and socio-economic structure of a society. This phenomenon is one of the foundations for modern urban life and the social needs of populations. The aim of this study was to identify the viewpoints of urban residents and key informants in Sanandaj on the impacts of urban traffic and transport on the social determinates of health (SDH). It was a qualitative study with conventional content analysis approach. The method of sampling was purposeful. Data collection were conducted through 4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (including 22 residents) and 8 In-depth Interviews. MAXQDA10 was applied for the purpose of data management. The SDHs that we found to be negatively impacted by Sanandaj urban traffic and transport included socio-cultural factors (recreation and free times, daily work trends, the safety of within-city commuting, tobacco use, and education) and environmental factors (vegetation, antiquities, soil, food and water status, noise pollution, urban aesthetic status, and total environment). Urban traffic/transport stakeholders and health policy-makers as well as health professionals in Iran should pay much more attention to the impacts of urban traffic/transport plans on health and its determinants. Comprehensive health impact assessment of the urban traffic/transport in Iran seems to be necessary.

Healthy workplace models that have been used in the country merely appraised the situation of workplaces and were less practical and participative. The aim of this study is to indigenize the world health organization health promoting workplace model.
Indigenization of the world health organization healthy workplace model to develop assessment tool for healthy work place were conducted in 3 phases. In preparation phase, checklist for assessment of different dimensions of the healthy workplace was prepared. In second phase, a practical guideline for application of model was developed and in third phase, the adaptation plan finalized draft of checklist and practical guideline was finalized through a joint meeting of panel members and representatives of the end users.
Situation of industrial workplaces in the country was considered in adaptation approach. Assessment tool for different dimensions of the healthy workplace including the physical work environment, the psychosocial work environment, the health resources and the enterprise involvement in the community and the practical guideline were finalized.
Developed assessment tool for healthy workplace model and the practical guideline can be used by policy makers and planners.

Traffic jams and transportation are an important part of the spectrum socioeconomic and environmental factors outside the health system with impacts on health. The aim of this study was to explain the residents’ viewpoints about the impacts of urban traffic on their physical health in Sanandaj.
The study was carried out qualitatively with content analysis method in 2014. Twenty-two residents of the city were selected as participants who were interviewed in a Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (4 sessions) and in-depth individual interviews (8 sessions), respectively. A purpose-based sampling method was used in this study. The MAXQDA10 software was applied to facilitate the coding and categorizing the data.
Based on the viewpoints of the participants, urban traffic jams has two direct and indirect negative impacts on physical health. The direct effects cause premature aging, excessive fatigue, and mental illness and make some problems in the musculoskeletal system, digestive system, nervous system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system. The indirect influences include pure reliance on the car, accidents, traffic congestion and air pollution.
Healthcare researchers and urban traffic policymakers should design comprehensive studies to assess the impacts of urban traffic jams and transportation on community health. Therefore, they would be able to investigate the impacts on the health of individuals after the enactment of each law and planning and to implement community-based health promoting strategies in the society.

Nowadays, recycling has attracted interest as an effective method in waste management. Teaching recycling to students is of great importance due to the important role this group plays in the participation of parents. This research dealt the effects of recycling educator students on operation of parents in the separation of waste.
In this quasi-experimental study, a school as the experimental group and a school as the controls group were randomly selected. The parents of students selected, 100 Person (50 in the experimental group and 50 than the control group) participated in the study. After the needs assessment by researcher, a questionnaire was developed that included question on demographic, awareness, attitude, performance, and participation of the parents. One session of discussion with these parents was held to attract their cooperation with the students and also Educational program for students in the field of waste separation was performed. Then The effect of education on parents, one month and three months after intervention in both groups were assessed by questionnaire and data analyzed in spss16 with using descriptive and analytical statistics.
The results showed that, after the educational intervention, Separation of recyclable waste from non-recyclable, with 58%, was the highest scores. Also, after the intervention in the experimental group mean on awareness, attitude, performance, and participation of the parent’s changes were significant (P Findings of this research showed the positive effects of the students on their parents’ participation in recycling at source.

Due to physiological and anatomical changes elders are more susceptible and exposed to numerous dangers including elder abuse. Elder abuse is a complex issue; so that it is mentioned as one of the indirect predictors of death which it is hard to assess. The objective of this study was to make researchers become familiar with the concepts, types and indexes of elder abuse. To reach a uniform concept towards this issue will help to make more cohesive actions to track and reduce cases of elder abuse.
Different definitions of elder abuse and a variety of elder abuse, indicators and behaviors associated with each type of harassment was offered. The first and most important step in dealing with a phenomenon is to become familiar with the concepts and terminology position.
Based on the findings of this study, uniform concepts in the field of elder abuse and its different variety will help policy makers and planners have access to the uniform concept in this field. In addition, it is used in setting policy and related policies for the elderly to pay special attention to elder abuse as a specialized subject.