فهرست مطالب مینا مبشر

Scientists now believe that precision medicine, which employs complicated technology and information derived from omics, can treat complex diseases and provide justice in health. Implementation of precision medicine will face new ethical challenges, considering the principles of medical ethics. With respect to philosophical principles, this study addressed the issue of justice and some ethical challenges of precision medicine. Because, in order to gain the benefits of precision medicine, a proper ethical framework must be developed while considering the challenges. The manner in which precision medicine information is shared and accessed can have an impact on people’s future careers, marriage choices, and type of health insurance. Furthermore, preserving people’s privacy and autonomy are important ethical concerns in precision medicine since there will be no perfect guarantee about data security and access. Although in the short and medium term, due to the design of studies and expensive and complex technologies, precision medicine will be limited to certain groups and will intensify the inequality in justice, in the long run, with the easy access and inexpensive cost of precision medicine technologies, the accumulation of medical expenses will decrease throughout life, and justice will be established between and within countries.

Academic faculty members play the most influential role in realizing the goals and ideals of higher education and community health. In the contemporary period, the cultural and educational role of professors, in the most crucial mission of higher education, has not received the required and necessary attention, and neglecting it has resulted in irreparable damages and adverse consequences. This study attempted to identify the prominent cultural roles of professors in relation to students (with an emphasis on higher health education), while explaining the necessity and importance, and effective solutions were examined and proposed. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and a focus group discussion. Selected views of expert professors and data from authentic local scientific articles and related topics in upstream documents were utilized. The findings of the study were classified into five main themes and forty categories. “Cultural goals and ideals”; “general mission of professors for the cultural education of all students” and “special mission of professors of higher health education”; “authentic methods”; and “requirements for cultural education of students” were identified and recommended under the eight selected topics in each axis in order of priority. University Professors play a central role in the cultural and ideological education of students. It is appropriate to develop this responsibility in an objective manner and with suitable scientific methods and observe its excellence and realization in the education system.

In the higher health education system, professors are in the axis of responsibility and the center of leadership that help protect values, achievements and continuity of activities. The aim of this study is to investigate important spiritual, moral and educational missions of the main basis of the educational system in critical and threatening conditions.

Data were identified in 15 items by means of focused group discussion, semi-structured interview, and researcher-made questionnaire. Description of subjects, delineation of dimensions and solution for implementation were presented for each item by obtaining expert opinions and using native studies.

The most important moral-spiritual responsibilities of professorsin critical and unusual conditions that have been analyzed and presented,include:the valuable and ethical-based mission in cultural and social changes, seeking justice, responsible leadership and protection of learners, smart solutions for continuity of activities and prevention of academic dropand recession , social responsibility, cooperationand playing key role in crisis control, clarifying the international dimensions of events and crises, efforts and measures to ensure, maintain, and promote the social, psychological and spiritual dimensions of health, identifying social determinants of health, giving hope and prevention of passivity, analysis of the crisis and finding solutions to it. Playing the role of a moral and practical model (in all of the life aspects, scientific, professional and social)for learners and policymakers, as well as introducing models, answering questions, clearing doubts, and helping promotion of creative thinking and criticism, are other findings of the study.

The responsibility of professors in the moral and spiritual education of learners in higher health education, and guiding the moral and spiritual processes of the university and society, are vital and decisive in all dangerous situations and in crises and unusual situations. To implement the moral and spiritual value-based responsibilities of professors, "educating and training", "disciplining and purification of the soul", "knowledge and ability", "responsibility and accountability", and "morality and spirituality", are considered necessary.

Using animals in science have had major contributions in progression of human knowledge. However, this contribution has been always accompanied with varying degrees of pain and suffering for these sentient creatures, whom they are completely unable to defend their rights. In a humane and ethical point of view, we humans are responsible for protecting them. One of the most important means for protecting laboratory animals (LA) is to educate researchers according to the highest available ethical and scientific standards, thus developing the concept of “responsible researching” among the scientific community. The aim of the current study was to develop a comprehensive guide for the care and use of LA in the country. This guide is also aimed to provide a basis for the activity of the animals’ ethics committees in the country. The current qualitative study was based on a Health System Research platform and is formed according to the structured communication technique of experts’ panels based on the Delphi method. Primarily any available ethical codes of LA research in the country were collected and integrated. Then, they were compared with the ethical codes of the selected countries and any necessary modification or update of the primary codes were performed to prepare a draft of the comprehensive guide. The draft was evaluated by a selected panel of experts in several rounds to achieve the maximum convergence between the experts. Results are presented narratively. The final version of the guide is presented along with this paper.

It is universally acknowledged that death is a complex concept and different factors such as complicated philosophical ideas، contradictory descriptive approaches، and diversity in interpretations add to this complexity. Although a thorough understanding of the notion of death is important for everyone، this concept is of crucial importance to health care providers as they face enormous ethical challenges in the course of their careers. A few instances are controversial issues such as brain death، euthanasia and end-of-life care، where it seems essential to define a set of robust criteria for death. On the other hand، it can be argued that death is not a scientific concept and only different branches of medicine can provide a framework to clarify the subject of death. Therefore، it could be argued that theological approaches may shed some light on this concept. In this article، we aim to extract ontologic components of death mentioned in the Holy Quran، and will move on to propose a set of 12 criteria for death. This may help provide a clear understanding of the concept from the point of view of the Holy Quran، although more research is warranted to further illuminate this complex subject.

Dracocephalum polychaetum bornum is exclusively found in a limited geographical area in the Kerman province; It is used by the local people for treatment of abdominal pain, meteorism and musculoskeletal pain. No study has been performed on the effects of D. polychaetum bornum, so the aim of this work was to assess the role of the extract and essential oil of this plant on pain and anxiety assessed by formalin test and elevated plus-maze (EPM), respectively, in male rats. Analgesic effects: One hundred twelve NMRI male rats were divided into 14 groups. Aqueous extract and essential oil were administered to 8 groups at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg i.p., while 2 groups were treated with normal saline, and the last 4 groups (sham positive) received ASA (300 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5 mg/kg). Anxiolytic effect: Forty-two NMRI male rats were divided into 7 groups. Four groups were injected intraperitoneally with 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract of the plant and 2 groups were injected with normal saline (control group) and 1 mg/kg diazepam (positive sham). Anxiolytic effect was evaluated by EPM. The results showed that the extract but not the essential oil at the dose of 200 mg/kg had a significant analgesic effect 25, 30 and 35 minutes after administration. The findings on the anxiolytic effect revealed that there was no significant difference between groups treated with different doses. This study showed that D. polychaetum bornum had analgesic effects.

The number of research misconduct cases seems to be increasing so the need for developing a disciplinary charter of research misconduct is felt more than ever. This study was aimed to propose and develop a charter to determine types of research misconduct and dealing with them.

In this qualitative study, three consensus rounds were conducted. Each round consisted of five to six qualified experts with related specialties. They included one member of academic staff with sufficient experience in research management, two experts in professional ethics, and two experts in legal affairs. Each session lasted for 1.5 to 2 hours. Based on an extensive literature review and personal experiences, the different types of research misconduct were extracted in the first two sessions and in the third round, agreement on classification of research misconduct was made

In general, 49 types of research misconduct were explored and defined including 17 mild, 22 moderate and 10 severe ones. Based on the severity of each type, an appropriate penalty like "verbal warnings and summons" to "early retirement with reduced payment base" was determined. Finally the expert panel made some comments.

The results of this study revealed different types of research misconduct and dealing with them. Such an understanding can lead to a better design of national charters compatible with Iranian culture and it can also be as a base for preventive interventions

Opioids, as drug of choice in acute pain treatment, have many side effects including dependency. Therefore, the combinational therapy of other drugs accompanied with opioids could decrease the side effects, tolerance and opioid dependency. In this study the effect of gabapentin and morphine co-administration was evaluated in acute model of pain. In this experimental study, the antinociceptive effect of gabapentin (30 or 90mg/kg, s.c.) and morphine (0.5, 1 and 3mg/kg, s.c.) alone or in combination with gabapentin were measured by Tail-flick test every 15 minuxtes up to 105 mins in intact adult male rats. Control rats received normal saline. Area Under Curve (AUC), as antinociceptive index, was calculated for each groups. Both gabapentin (90mg/kg) and morphine (1 and 3mg/kg) showed antinociceptive response as compared to controls (p<0.05). But there was not any significant differences between the (AUC) of 0.5mg/kg morphine and 30mg/kg gabapentin as compared to controls, so these doses were considered as subanalgesic doses. The co-administration of subanalgesic doses of morphine (0.5mg/kg) and gabapentin (30mg/kg) increased significantly AUC as compared to morphine alone (p<0.001). The co-administration of gabapentin (30 and 90mg/kg) with analgesic doses of 1mg/kg (p<0.005) and 3mg/kg morphine also increased significantly AUC antinociceptive index as compared to controls (p<0.05). Gabapentin enhanced the antinociceptive effects of both analgesic and subanalgesic doses of morphine in a dose dependent manner in acute pain model in male rats.

The effects of Crocus sativus (Saffron) on the euphoric properties of morphine have not yet been studied. In the present study, the effects of water extract of C. sativus stigma on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) in male N-MARI mice (weighted 20-25 g) were investigated. This experimental study was conducted on 136 male mice that were divided into 17 groups (n=8/group). In a pilot study, different doses of morphine (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg) and C. sativus extract (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were injected to the animals, to evaluate the drugs ability in induction of place preference. In the second phase of the experiments, the extract of the C. sativus was administered during or after induction of morphine CPP. Then, CPP were tested in the animals. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for statistical procedure. Administration of morphine (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg), increased the required time in the compartment paired with morphine (i.e. CPP) that was significant (p<0.001) for those animals that received 4 and 8 mg/kg of morphine. Administration of the plant extract (50 mg/kg) also produced a significant CPP (p<0.01) compared with control group. Injection of the same dose of the extract before morphine (8 mg/kg) administration, caused a decrease in the time spent in drug-paired side only in dose of 100 mg/kg of the extract (p<0.05). In addition, injection of the plant extract in the test days to the animals, which reveived morphine (8 mg/kg) in the conditioning days, enhanced the expression of morphine CPP in the animals, that was statisticaly significant for the extract at the concentration of 50 mg/kg (p<0.05). It could be concluded that injection of the extract of C. sativus can inhibit the acquisition but enhanced the expression of morphine-induced CPP. In addition, the extract can produce CPP by itself.

Rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) is the most principal source of serotoninergic neurons to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and it has important role in pain modulation. Rostroventromedial medulla neurons have glutaminergic receptors. Gabapentin is a novel anticonvulsant drug, which has antinociceptive used. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the role of glutaminergic receptors in rostroventromedial medulla as an important supraspinal center, on antinociceptive effect of gabaoentin in rat.Methods and Materials: In this study, 56 NMRI male rats weighing 250-300 gr has been used. Surgical procedure and rostroventromedial medulla cannulation was done in stereotaxic apparatus for intranuclear injection of DNQX (1mg/ml saline) and/or MK-801 (6mg/ml saline) into this area as non-NMDA and NMDA antagonists, respectively. Animals were divided to 7 groups as Intact, Sham-operated, Gabepentin, DNQX, Gabapentin+ DNQX, MK-801 and Gabapentin+MK-801. Gabapentin was injected intraperitoneally (75mg/kg). Then tail-flick latency was recorded for 30 min in 5 min-intervals by tail flick analgesiometer. We used maximal possible effect of drug as an index for its analgesic effect. Gabapentin increases tail flick latency (5.86 ± 0.2 Sec) and maximal possible effect (32.64% ± 5.35) in compared to control group (3.81 ± 0.26 Sec). On the other hand, DNQX and/or MK-801 microinjection in combination with gabapentin, decreased tail flick latency (5.48 ± 0.36 and 4.85 ± 0.26 Sec, respectively) as compared to gabapentin group. These findings have been shown that a part of antinociceptive action of gabapentin is done through the rosroventromedial medulla. DNQX inhibits non-NMDA receptors in this area and activates its descending pathways to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Therefore, gabapentin can not be affected on the spinal cord and so, analgesic action of gabapentin is reduced. MK-801 inhibits NMDA receptors in rosroventromedial medulla and it also decreased analgesic effect of gabapentin. It’s possible that gabapentin enhances glutamate release and activates NMDA receptors in the rosroventromedial medulla.