فهرست مطالب هادی حکیمی

The increase in urbanization has led to significant development in a number of urban areas, and in addition, changes in land use structure have been significant due to the rapid growth and expansion of urban areas. The city of Urmia is not exempted from this trend and its population and area have increased several times during the last few decades. Based on this, in the present study, the temporal and spatial patterns of the physical development of Urmia city during the last two decades have been investigated. The current research has been done in two basic stages. First, land use maps were extracted using Landsat satellite images and support vector machine classification technique in three years 1382, 1392 and 1402, and in the next phase, various trends were analyzed and the role of population was calculated using the Heldren model. According to Pejush's findings, the area of residential land in Urmia increased from 4377.2 hectares in 1382 to 5895.7 hectares in 1392 and 6573 hectares in 1402, and many lands were added to the city. Surveys have indicated the physical development of the city in different directions, especially towards the west and north, which is strongly associated with the expansion of informal settlements and the integration of villages into the urban context. Also, the results of Heldren's model also show that in the first ten years of the period, 88% of the city's physical development was due to population growth, which decreased to 78% in the second ten years. The results of the research show that in general, the physical development of Urmia city is of a spiral type and various factors such as land use change, population growth and marginalization were involved in it

Introduction :

Today, one of the most important challenges facing us is the issue of housing and informal settlements. The issue of informal settlement is a human challenge whose consequences are still visible in the developing world. Besides being a geographical, urban, and architectural phenomenon, informal settlements are also seriously considered a social phenomenon. Informal settlement is generally defined as the increasing, unauthorized, and self-organized production of new urban neighborhoods. These settlements have often become a place to attract migrants from the countryside to the city, provide cheap housing for more than a billion people, and create the basic infrastructure of neighborhoods in growing cities.

The following article is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in nature. The required data and information were also completed using forecasting methods and the use of questionnaire tools and interviews with specialists and experts. The statistical population in this article is the experts, specialists, and experts related to the research topic and the geographical area of the research is the middle city of Andam Khoi. Experts have been selected from the following fields: academic and scientific community experts with the specialized field of urban planning and housing, managers and experts active in the field of urban management, managers and executive agents involved in urban issues (municipality and road and urban development department) ). In this research, the Delphi technique was used to collect data, and the structural analysis method was used to investigate and identify influencing factors and variables. The key factors were also identified using Mic Mac software, and finally, the scenario planning method was used using Scenario Wizard software to compile and analyze probable and desirable scenarios.

The Delphi technique was used to identify the primary factors affecting the future trend of informal settlements in Khoy city. For this purpose, descriptive questionnaires were designed and provided to the relevant experts, then the received questionnaires were examined, and as a result, 72 factors were identified in 6 areas (economic, social and cultural, environmental, physical and physical, management and policies of city managers, macro-provincial and national policies) were identified. In the next round of the Delphi technique, the variables affecting the future status of the informal settlements in Khoy City were entered into the matrix of mutual effects to determine the intensity of their influence on each other and the future status of the expansion of informal settlements in Khoy City. The influence of factors on each other was measured from zero to three. The number zero represents the lack of influence of the factors on each other, the number one represents the weak influence of the variables on each other, the number two represents the medium influence of the factors on each other, and the number three represents the high influence of the factors on each other. After determining the amount and intensity of the influence of the variables, the matrix of structural effects was entered into the MikMak software to express the key variables. The dimensions of this matrix are 72 x 72 and its degree of filling is 60%, which means that the variables have influenced each other more than 60%. Out of the total of 5184 possible and probable relationships in this matrix, 2060 are zero ratios, 1936 are one ratio, 870 are two ratios, and 310 are three ratios.

This article aims to investigate the future status of informal settlements in the middle city of Andam Khoi with a foresight approach. The ever-increasing expansion of marginalization and informal settlements around the city of Khoy the contagion of the problems of these areas into the city of Khoy and the need to provide factors influencing the growth and expansion of these areas have led to this research. In this research, managers’ Delphi was used to identify the primary factors affecting the future growth and expansion of informal settlements in Shahr Khoi. In the first round, descriptive questionnaires were designed with open questions, in these questionnaires, experts were asked to identify the effective and involved factors in the studied system, after reviewing the questionnaires received from the experts, there were 72 factors in 6 areas (economic, social and cultural, environmental, bodily and physical, managerial and policies of city managers, provincial and national policies) were extracted. In the continuation of the Delphi questionnaire, the influential factors were entered into the cross-effects matrix to determine the extent of their influence on each other and the future state of expansion of informal settlements in Shahr Khoi. If the number of identified factors is N, an N×N influence matrix is formed. The degree of this influence is measured from zero to three. Out of a total of 72 primary factors affecting the future of the system, 26 factors were selected as key factors. Next, for scenario writing, 78 future situations were designed for these key factors. These possible situations are very important for the future course of the system in terms of policy. It can be acknowledged that the necessity of developing scenarios is to analyze the system’s conditions. Possible trends for each factor are different from other variables and the only common property between them is a range of favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable trends. Out of a total of 678 conditions governing the future development of informal settlements in Khoy City, 275 are favorable, 267 are static, and 136 are unfavorable for the future of the system. In this article, the selected scenarios were divided into two general categories:The selected scenarios are classified into two groups according to their desirability: perfectly favorable scenarios (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth scenarios), and scenarios with an intermediate and unfavorable situation (scenarios 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, twenty sixth).

The rapid growth of global population and urbanization has resulted in disorder in urban spaces, diminishing their effectiveness and exacerbating transportation issues. Furthermore, the lack of foresight by urban managers in long-term planning has hindered sustainable urban development. Consequently, policymakers and urban planners have been compelled to address these challenges through appropriate measures and strategies. The Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) approach has been presented as a viable solution to these disruptions. This approach aims to revitalize surrounding land uses and improve the movement of goods and services by making adjustments in the vicinity of public transportation systems. The metro station of Meydan Sā'at (Line 1) in the two-municipality area of Tabriz City holds significant potential to evolve into a TOD center due to its numerous challenges.

The research endeavored to foster sustainable development, cultivate a welcoming environment, and restructure land use in accordance with TOD criteria.Research

The methodology employed was descriptive-analytical with practical objectives and the research was conducted through the preparation of a questionnaire, data extraction from GIS software, and the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).

Upon analyzing 4 primary criteria and 9 influential sub-criteria, the results underscored the significance of options, such as enhancing economic efficiency, improving the public transportation system's effectiveness, and increasing density with the selection priority scores of 0.25, 0.183, and 0.161, respectively.

Contemporary urban transportation system design involves formulating comprehensive urban plans to maximize the alignment between urban development policies and the need to reevaluate land use in accordance with urban network characteristics. Coordinated and simultaneous planning for transportation and other influential urban factors, such as land use and density, can reduce citizens' time and cost in utilizing urban spaces to fulfill their needs. However, the lack of attention to this issue and continuation of separate planning for individual elements hinder the achievement of an optimal city shape and structure, particularly given the escalating population and traffic trends in cities. This situation leads to increased costs for citizens to access different parts of the city and transforms traffic problems into formidable challenges for city managers. Consequently, utilization and spatial distribution of urban lands play a crucial role in optimizing urban space usage. In general, defining land use encompasses various types of land use, density, land use per parcel, building height, architectural appearance, and integration of commercial, residential, and healthcare facilities within each neighborhood. In response to emerging urban issues, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and haphazard city expansion, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has been proposed as an advanced perspective. Sustainable development, through the interconnectedness of transportation and urban development within the framework of smart growth and new urbanism movements, emphasizes public transportation to foster healthier societies and a more dynamic economy. By integrating transportation planning and land use, this approach aims to curb the scattered expansion of physical development and marginalization of cities. 

In line with the research objectives, a descriptive-analytical research method based on document analysis and library studies was employed with a practical orientation. Consequently, data collection involved a synthesis of global experiences, the structure and principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), and the information extracted from GIS software to elucidate the research theoretical foundations. Field observations were also conducted to gather the necessary data and information within the study scope. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software were utilized to analyze and evaluate the data derived from the completed field reports. In this context, the criteria and sub-criteria for regenerating the land use of Meydan Sā'at Station (Line 1) were selected based on an investigation of the study area and relevant fundamentals. Subsequently, expert opinions were incorporated through the creation of questionnaires to facilitate pairwise comparisons.

Evaluation of the sub-criteria revealed that "increasing economic efficiency" held the highest importance with a score of 0.232 in the economic criterion followed by "increasing the efficiency of the public transportation system" at 0.183 in the traffic criterion and "increasing density" at 0.161 in the economic criterion. Consequently, revisions were made based on the priority of the criteria and sub-criteria. Conversely, "increasing social interactions" scored 0.058 in the social criterion, "expansion of green space" scored 0.044 in the environmental criterion, and "increasing the safety of pedestrians" scored 0.064 in the traffic criterion indicated their relatively minor roles in achieving the research goals. Additionally, "increasing public services" scored 0.095 in the economic criterion, "expanding green space" scored 0.044 in the environmental criterion, "reducing biological pollution" scored 0.077 in the environmental criterion, and "reducing parking" scored 0.086 in the traffic criteria were identified as next in priority. 

Successful development of Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) hinges on the convergence of numerous intricate factors, including social conditions, demographics, economic conditions, political support, and promotion of alternative transportation among others. However, without a solid foundation, these factors become inconsequential. Therefore, the researchers’ objective in this study, based on the conducted research and theoretical concepts, was to assess the influential elements in integrating the efficiency of public transportation systems and land use according to TOD criteria with a focus on land use intensification within a city. To this end, analysis, evaluation, and prioritization of the research criteria and sub-criteria were conducted by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software. The results obtained from the AHP technique indicated that the "economic," "social," and "environmental" criteria held the weights of 0.48, 0.27, and 0.15, respectively. Furthermore, the sub-criteria of "increasing economic efficiency," "enhancing transportation system efficiency," and "general transportation" followed by "increasing density" emerged as the most significant factors with the respective weights of 0.232, 0.183, and 0.161. These findings aligned with the results of previous studies by Rafiyan et al. (2011), Saatian et al. (2010), Faramarzi Asli et al. (2021), and Mirfatahi et al. (2021).

Earthquake is one of the most destructive and unpredictable natural disasters that many countries of the world, including Iran, are facing due to the special geological conditions in most of the population centers and among the seismic areas of the Iranian Plateau, the Chin-Fault Belt. Zagros, on which the city of Kermanshah is located, is one of the youngest and most active zones exposed to large-scale earthquakes. The city of Kermanshah is one of the largest cities in the west of the country and is of great importance in terms of population, economy, society, and politics, but due to the inappropriate physical conditions of the city, in the event of an earthquake, it will suffer irreparable losses and damages and will be in a critical situation. took Therefore, in order to reduce the harmful effects of earthquakes, it is necessary to improve urban planning standards and achieve sustainable development in this city, and in this regard, the main goal of this research is to provide models for reducing the vulnerability caused by earthquakes using the sciences of geography and urban planning and The use of urban crisis management is to provide strategies and operational plans in order to reduce the vulnerability of Kermanshah due to earthquakes. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The required information was collected based on field observations, questionnaires, library and documentary studies, and data analysis, maps, and satellite images. Analyzing information using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software, and in the stage related to data entry, storage, processing and analysis, ARC GIS software was used in this research, the two main criteria of city physical stability and efficiency City relief in times of crisis, as well as 11 sub-criteria of land area, building occupancy level, type of materials, age of building, number of floors, type of structure, distance from hazardous centers, population density, distance from relief centers, access to open space and width of road Preparation of models and presentation of strategies and operational plans in order to reduce the vulnerability caused by earthquakes in four areas of very high, high, medium and low vulnerability have been examined and then scored, the models obtained from the research results show that According to the physical stability criterion, 69.31% of the buildings in the city are in the very high and high vulnerability zone, and according to this criterion, urban area 3 is the most vulnerable area. Also, according to the criterion of the efficiency of relief during the crisis, 65.13% of the city's buildings are in a zone of very high and high vulnerability, and according to this criterion, region 5 is the most vulnerable urban region. In terms of overall vulnerability, 23.78% of the city's buildings are in the very high vulnerability zone and 34.097% are in the high vulnerability zone. In this sense, areas 3, 7, and 4 are the most vulnerable areas of Kermanshah, respectively.
In most of the previous similar studies to check the level of vulnerability of vulnerability maps based on the area or the number of vulnerable buildings in the vulnerability zone, it is considered too high, which cannot be an accurate measure to determine the level of real vulnerability. For this purpose, in this study, in order to solve this defect, the effects of different degrees of vulnerability, including very high, high, medium, and low, have been considered for each of the sub-criteria. In order to achieve this purpose, the opinions of qualified people and experts determine the degree of importance of the effect of degrees of vulnerability in very high, high, medium, and low categories. After applying the weight of the options in terms of vulnerability, zoning maps, and tables of the vulnerability score of the areas in each of the sub-criteria, the main criteria and the overall vulnerability score of the city have been determined. Tables and maps in the criterion of physical stability, the importance of the priority of attention in the order of regions 3, 7, 5, 2, 4, 1, 8, and 6, and in the criterion of the efficiency of relief delivery in times of crisis, the importance of the regions in the order of regions 5, 3, 7, 2, 1, 4, 6, and 8. In the general vulnerability, the priority of attention is the areas 3, 7, 5, 4, 2, 1, 8, and 6. Considering the obtained results, finally, 6 general policies and 27 operational plans have been presented to reduce the vulnerability of Kermanshader City due to earthquakes.

Inclusive city approach seeks to increase citizens' access to urban services and infrastructure through targeted and accessible investments.The city of Tabriz facing a major challenge in terms of the three basic dimensions of the inclusive city (spatial, social and economic inclusion); Because access to affordable infrastructure, land and housing (spatial dimension), the right to the city and participation in the urban management process (social dimension) and access to equal opportunities has become a major issue for urban development managers. Therefore, considering the issues and problems raised, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the inclusion of the city of Tabriz, to level the ten regions in terms of indicators.

The research method is descriptive-analytical. The steps and methods of conducting research, can be summarized in three steps. In the first step, the Delphi method has been used to identify the key factors of inclusive city. In the second step, Vensim model was used to find the cause and effect relationship between key factors. Then, VIKOR model was used to identify areas in terms of having the characteristics of an inclusive city and their ranking.

Based on the Delphi model, the key and influential factors on the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz by thematic axes are presented in the table below.Table 1-1. Factors affecting the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz Source: Results of the author's studies After identifying the effective factors and confirming their relationship to the formation of the inclusive city, these factors were modeled through Vensim software. The purpose of this software is to find optimal solutions in different situations that need to be analyzed. This software has the ability to simulate the dynamic behavior of systems by identifying causal loops and finding leverage points. Then, in order to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship (factors extracted in the Delphi model), key factors were entered into the relevant software. Findings obtained from Vensim model, show the effectiveness of two factors of spatial justice and resilience in the inclusive development of Tabriz.Then, in order to ranking the ten districts of Tabriz, the VIKOR model was used. Research indicators have been extracted according to the review of theoretical foundations and studies conducted in the field of inclusive city and urban sustainability. Therefore, after collecting the data and combining them, the raw data matrix of each criterion was defined in the study area. The decision matrix consists of options (rows) and criteria (columns). Our options are the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis and our criteria are 14 criteria that are given in the raw data table. The results of VIKOR model indicate that the comprehensiveness indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas according to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators. Areas 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.

The study of inclusive cities, requires study the city in all economic, social and spatial dimensions. Accordingly, the Delphi model was used to investigate the factors affecting the inclusiveness of the city of Tabriz. The results of the Delphi model show that the main factors of the inclusiveness of Tabriz city, can be divided into four main categories. Part of the factors is related to the economic situation of the city (or community) which includes economic growth, unemployment, land and housing prices and other economic and financial factors. Another part is related to structural issues, laws and regulations and general policies and even infrastructures and popular institutions that affect the formation of an inclusive city in the city of Tabriz. Social and environmental causes are other factors that affect the future of these developments. In order to identify the most influential factors and cause and effect relationships between factors, the Venice model was used. The results of Vensim model show that the two factors of resilience and spatial justice have the greatest impact on leading the city of Tabriz to inclusiveness. The results of VIKOR model show that the inclusive indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas with respect to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators and regions 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.

Inclusive city is a new approach to access to affordable necessities such as housing and services and access to suitable jobs and opportunities (to create wealth and property) as well as equal rights and participation of all members of urban society and it requires observing three spatial, social and economic dimensions. The purpose of this study is to provide a favorable scenario in order to move the metropolis of Tabriz to an inclusive city. The method of the present research is analytical-exploratory. The necessary information is obtained from reviewing the sources and documents and a researcher-made questionnaire has been collected. In order to analyze the information, the technique of analyzing cross-works in Mick Mac software has been used. The results show that the three variables of spatial justice, resilience and opportunity distribution were introduced as the variables that have the most impact and the most uncertainty. Due to the review of upstream plans regarding the role of economic reconstruction in the sustainable development of Tabriz metropolis, the variable of economic reconstruction was added to the above three variables. Then, the scenario of ideal and inclusive city (economic reconstruction and increasing resilience along with spatial justice and distribution of opportunities) was introduced as a favorable scenario in order to lead the city of Tabriz to the inclusive city.

Today, informal settlements and the lack of security of occupation in them has attracted the attention of many researchers , so much so that the Human Housing Organization has mentioned the insecurity of occupation as an indicator of deprivation in informal settlements. Occupation security is one of the most important issues facing informal settlements.The subject of this research (or study) is the analysis of the role of the security of occupation in the physical quality of housing in Yousef- Abad neighborhood, one of the informal housing centers of Tabriz metropolis, which is located within the area of Tabriz Region 1. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of perceptual occupancy security and the relationship between the perceptual occupancy security and the physical quality of housing in the studied area. The research method used in this research is of descriptive and correlation type, and it uses the survey method and a questionnaire tool, and SPSS. 25 software is used for data analysis. The statistical population in this study is the residents of Yousefabad informal settlement neighborhood. The probabilistic sampling method is simple and "Charles Cochran's" formula has been used to calculate the sample size And the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 373. The results show that the level of the perceptual occupancy security is very low in this district, and the Index of evacuation to any time is one of the main factors in reducing the security of perceptual occupation in Yousef- Abad neighborhood. and these is not a positive and meaningful relationship between the perceptual occupancy security and physical quality of housing.

With the new developments in Iran, big cities quickly took over the growth and development factors and created a form of unbalanced system in the country's urban network. Meanwhile, strengthening middle-class cities at various levels of physical, economic and social was proposed as one of the most effective strategies to balance the distribution of population and economic activities in the regions. In this regard, the aim of this study is to identify the influential forces and ultimately the key factors affecting the growth and development of the central city of Khoy. In order to do this, Delphi technique was used for identifying the effective factors on the future condition of the system the result of which showed 30 initial effective factors on the future condition of the system were identified. In the next step, for extracting the key factors effective on the future procedure of the system, Cross Impact Analysis method was used by software Micmac. The results of the study show that the studied system is and unstable one and in the table of variables spread; five classes of factors (effective, Twosided, independent, influential and regulatory) can be identified. Finally, out of the 30 factors, 11 are the key factors for the main actors and affect the future status of the system. These factors actually play role as main players in the development of Khoy city. Given these factors in urban planning and policy making, one can witness a positive and tangible trend in the development of Khoy city at the provincial level. Nowadays, the world is at the bridge of significant developments and changes for which no match can be found in the history of mankind. It is a thorough revolution which has dominated all the fields and aspects of human life and will make a great gap between past and the future. There is no doubt that the world in the future will be the ground for developments and inconstancies and only those will be able to cope with different events who deal with changes in an active and preemptive way and even are the reason and agents of desirable changes. Here, the science of future studies, with an intelligent management of the future, has the ability to manage in a dynamic, inconstant, and unexpected environment and can pave the way for creating and architecting a desirable future by using modern managerial principles. It can be said that future-studies deals with change management.  This major, with its prospective, traditional planning, based on forecasting, challenges trends and designs beneficial guidelines and policies for mid-term and long-term periods in order to achieve a desirable future by using its comprehensive and systematic approach. Regional development through the growth of functional diversity of habitat and establish a strong relationship between them starts. Same basis of relationships and functional roles of settlements, settlement hierarchy is required in order to get the right pattern. With regard to the actual and potential role of central cities in regional development and it also accounts for a major share of its urban settlements, urban development, such as one of the ways to achieve a balanced network, more attention has been on the settlement.

  this study is applied-developmental and in terms of nature, it is descriptive-analytical.In order to do this, Delphi technique was used for identifying the effective factors on the future condition of the system the result of which showed 30 initial effective factors on the future condition of the system were identified. In the next step, for extracting the key factors effective on the future procedure of the system, Cross Impact Analysis method was used by software Micmac. The methods used in this study include: Delphi technique (for identifying effective factors on the future of the system), Cross Impact Analysis method (for identifying the effective key factors on the future condition of the system). The statistic society in this study was the experts and specialists of urban field and also the location of the study is  khoy city.

 This study, by using Cross Impact Analysis Approach  studies discusses the effective Components Affecting the Development of Medium-Sized City khoy. The goal of this study is to identify the key factors effective on the future condition of Components Affecting the Development of Medium-Sized City khoy. In order to do this, Delphi technique was used for identifying the effective factors on the future condition of the system the result of which showed 30 initial effective factors on the future condition of the system were identified. In the next step, for extracting the key factors effective on the future procedure of the system, Cross Impact Analysis method was used by software Micmac. The results of the study show that the studied system is and unstable one and in the table of variables spread; five classes of factors (effective, Twosided, independent, influential and regulatory) can be identified. Finally, . The structural analysis method was used with the help of MicMac software to extract key factors, where 11 factors were selected as key factors. These factors actually play role as main players in the development of Khoy city. Given these factors in urban planning and policy making, one can witness a positive and tangible trend in the development of Khoy city at the provincial level.

 Studying the future and planning for it is an inseparable part of the process of planning. In most cases, studying future, with emphasis on predicting and analyzing methods, has made innumerable problems in conducting different programs. These problems often arise from inattention to political, social, economic, and cultural effects and also an indifference to the novel or developing technologies in human’s life, or they could be because of neglecting the leading forces and key factors affecting the facilitation of the resolution of future problems. Nowadays, the world is at the bridge of significant developments and changes for which no match can be found in the history of mankind. It is a thorough revolution which has dominated all the fields and aspects of human life and will make a great gap between past and the future. There is no doubt that the world in the future will be the ground for developments and inconstancies and only those will be able to cope with different events who deal with changes in an active and preemptive way and even are the reason and agents of desirable changes. Here, the science of future studies, with an intelligent management of the future, has the ability to manage in a dynamic, inconstant, and unexpected environment and can pave the way for creating and architecting a desirable future by using modern managerial principles. It can be said that future-studies deals with change management.  This major, with its prospective, traditional planning, based on forecasting, challenges trends and designs beneficial guidelines and policies for mid-term and long-term periods in order to achieve a desirable future by using its comprehensive and systematic approach.An important feature of developing countries is the strong concentration of resources and populations in large cities and the spatial and geographical imbalances at the territorial level. In discussing decentralization of these cities, one of the basic issues is the need to look at the middle sections of the hierarchy of settlements, which in the meantime, Meanwhile, strengthening middle-class cities at various levels of physical, economic and social was proposed as one of the most effective strategies to balance the distribution of population and economic activities in the regions  With the growth and development of these cities, one can see a form of balanced urban system.

Informal settlement and marginalization are a growing phenomenon along with the growth of cities in Iran. As a result, this phenomenon has spread rapidly and irregularly, and in the response of the poor to the need for housing, they are formed in a very short time. The city of Tabriz is also one of the mentioned settlements which is facing the phenomenon of informal settlement. In addition to addressing the concepts and definitions related to informal housing, this study seeks to answer the question of how much the citizens of Tabriz feel social security (in terms of life, financial, etc.) when attending informal settlements. have.

The research method in this research is descriptive and correlational and it uses a survey method. The data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire that is directly distributed and collected in the study area. The statistical population in this study is all citizens of Tabriz. The size of the statistical population in this study is 1558693 people, which by placing the parameters in the Cochran's formula, the minimum required sample size among the residents and citizens of Tabriz metropolis is 385 people. Sampling method in this study is random sampling. Both descriptive and inferential statistics have been used to analyze the data.

The findings show that there is a significant relationship between gender, age, place of birth, marital status, employment status and also life history in informal settlements with the feeling of social security and affect each other, but There is no significant relationship between education and the feeling of social security. Among the four indicators considered for the feeling of social security (financial, life, intellectual, moral), financial and moral security has an average much higher than life and intellectual security.

To increase the social security of citizens, policies and plans should be implemented in informal settlements to reduce the causes of insecurity in these neighborhoods.

Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the major causes of damages and casualties caused by the earthquake, in addition to the negligence and nonchalance in observing the safety standards of structures, can also be resulted from the lack of appropriate urban development principles and plans. It is noteworthy that one of the issues of urbanization and urban planning that can be effective in reducing the earthquake effects and incrementing the urban Resilience is the compatibility of various forms of urban usages versus each other.

The term resilience is derived from the Latin word "Resilio" which means “to return (or to bounce back) suddenly”. The concept of resilience has undergone many changes throughout the time. Although the existing interpretations for this term are complex and diverse, but what is certain is that there is a close relationship between disaster risk, resilience and the built environment. In this context, consideration of resilience as the ability to organize the threats posed by accidents as well as the ability to attract people and resistance against disasters- while still retaining essentially the same function - is particularly concerning. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of returning to the situation that existed before the disturbance occurred, and also improving the situation, for further development of the system, is called resilience. By compatibility factor in planning, we mean the land use compatibility, which means that the use of lands that are within the sphere of influence of each other, should be consistent with each other in terms of compatibility, stability and activities and do not cause problems for one another or impede others from accomplishing their activities.

In this study, considering the proximity of urban usages relative to each other and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the urban usage compatibility of district 4 in Tabriz was assessed. For this aim, first all urban usages in the study area were classified in 10 classes and the compatibility of each usage relative to other usages were studied. Then the usage layers were combined in GIS software by AHP model and finally, the compatibility map of urban usages for district 4 was obtained.

The results show that 5.9 % of the urban land usages in district 4 are totally incompatible with each other and 43.9 % of the urban usages are completely compatible with each other in the case of an earthquake. In general it can be said that most parts of the district 4 of Tabriz are in good condition in terms of the index of the urban land use compatibility and in case of an earthquake, less damage will be imposed on this area. Only the lands used for industries and workshops as well as municipal, administrative and military facilities are not in proper conditions in terms of the compatibility factor. So, on the basis of GIS-generated maps, because of incompatibility of industrial, municipal, administrative and military land uses, it is necessary to take effective measures in order to create a favorable environment in the city; because neglecting and disregarding the importance of the compatibility of these land uses can be dangerous for the surrounding area and it can increase the casualties caused by the earthquake in an area.

Paying attention to the indicators of urban vitality can improve the social-economic, cultural, psychological, physical, and physical dimensions, etc. of the inhabitants of informal settlements. Therefore, the present study was conducted with developmental-applied nature and descriptive-analytical method to measure and evaluate urban vitality indices among residents using SPSS software and multivariate regression tests, one-sample t-test and Kruskal. The required data were collected using library studies and field research, and the sample size was estimated to be 305 according to Cochran's formula. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the psychosocial index of the residents of the Seilab neighborhood of Tabriz and the level of urban vitality in this neighborhood using the components of children's recreation and happiness and cultural activities. Other findings showed that among the studied components, the psycho-social component with an average (2.43) has the first rank and then the welfare-service component with an average (2.18), the second rank, and finally the component. Physical-spatial with an average of (1.39) ranked third. Finally, it can be concluded that the situation of the components of urban vitality has not been the same for the citizens.

The issue of spatial belonging is one of the concepts that are of great importance among the residents of informal settlements. This is because not addressing the components affecting the persuasion of the sense of belonging among citizens of these settlements, followed by improvident migration and social harms such as depression emphasizes the necessity of paying more attention to the sense of belonging. Accordingly, the present study aims to assess the importance of spatial belonging components. The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is developmental-applied in nature. The required data are collected through library and field studies. The statistical population of the study includes 35,000 people, and the sample size is estimated to be 380 according to the Cochran’s formula. SPSS software and Pearson and Friedman tests are used to analyze the data. The results of Friedman test show that the priority of the importance of spatial belonging components for residents of Hokmabad neighborhood of Tabriz is as follows: environmental quality index is ranked first, with social belonging and spatial identity placed next. The results of Pearson analysis also show that there is a positive correlation between the components of "social belonging and environmental quality", "environmental quality and spatial identity" and "social belonging and spatial identity", but not statically significant.

In developed countries, housing includes an aspect of social well-being, and housing development programs are focused on qualitative improvements. In Iran, housing is a prime necessity, and its provision is consistent with the supply of food and clothing. The demand of housing has two dimensions: qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative dimension, the need for housing includes recognizing things and stuff that raise the issue of the lack of shelter and accessibility to it. In examining the quantitative dimension of housing, in fact, the amount and degree of responsibility to housing demand, regardless of its quality is considered. Housing Indicators are perhaps the most important tool in house planning. Known indicators: In general, we can categorize housing indices into three main groups: A. Indicators of housing. B. Housing Quality Indicators. C. Economic Indicators of Housing. The housing sector in the city of Urumia is facing a lot of problems, which has caused instability in this area. As some of these problems, the age of a large number of residential units in the city, especially in central neighborhoods; Use of inadequate building materials, Lack of attention to the regional climate situation in the construction of housing, Failure to fully observe the laws and regulations of urban planning in the construction of housing, The lack of optimal distribution of utilities and urban amenities at residential neighborhoods, High dependence on non-renewable energies for heating and cooling of dwellings, And the incorrect disposal of residential units' wastes (sewage and waste). Considering the importance and long history of the housing issues, many research has been done in this area. According to the 2016 statistics of four provinces, Urumia city is the 637th urban areas; therefore, in addition to suffering from class discrimination among economic groups, Urumia metropolitan area is also threated by the spatial discrimination of quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing and urban services.

In the present research, the applied method is quantitative analytical with an applied and objective approach to measure the statistical areas of Urumia metropolitan area for their better management. It is based on library and documentary studies and data and statistics are collected by the Iranian Statistics Center in 2016. The first step in this research is to extract the quantitative, qualitative and socio-demographic variables of the housing, and convert them by percentage and different proportions to indices. We analyzed the moron statistics and the local spatial solidarity (Moran Test). Moran World Coefficient is one of the most important quantitative indicators to measure this situation.

Results indicate inequity in the distribution of services and quality indicators of housing. Spatial justice in relation to qualitative indicators separately, also shows the difference in the amount of injustice. In the figures in in the statistical domains where the set of factors (down-down) and (top-top) dominate the color, there is a spatial pattern of inequalities, so that it determines that part of the city is completely different from the other. Indicator for all factors that the pamphlet is considered to be the main and effective factor. 41 of the statistical domains, the highest of which are located in the 4th and 2nd regions, are in the top-to-high and 20 of the statistical domains where the highest of these domains are located in regions 1 and 3. The resulting findings Analysis of the data showed that the spatial dispersal pattern of Urmia metropolitan area follows the cluster model. Upper-high of 5/18%, the highest of which is in the 2nd and 4th regions, and 6/7% in the bottom-bottom and 35th / 2% in the bottom-up category and 78% in the top-bottom-up. In general,‌21/18% of the departments are among the deprived areas of 18/18%,‌33/53% have an average of 13/18%, and9/57% are fully entitled; and areas 3 and 1,‌2 are more to be considered than inequalities The results of this study showed that the clusters in the 3rd and 2nd clusters in the regions 1 and 4 tend to be more strongly.

The aim of the study is to study spatial inequalities, propose development strategies for achieving a balance between Urmia’s metropolitan areas For this purpose, descriptive and analytical methods have been used based on the data available in the Center of Statistics of Iran. Having changed them into indices in question, raw data of Excel were entered to SPSS for performing factor analysis, so we achieved 35indices.The eight factors of the factor analysis were obtained, with four factors as the main factor and four The factor is known as a sub-agent and then the factors connected to the GIS environment are analyzed; This situation indicates the class difference and dichotomy in urban space and the difference in having the indexes studied in 1395, and the findings indicate unequal distribution of housing indices Among the citizens of Urmia city.The existence of inequality in living standards among one town's residents is not a new phenomenon cities around the world but in countries less developed like Iran the spatial variation of the cities has intensified due to the more pronounced socio-economic differences, therefore, the weakness and inefficiency of urban management and planning in the provision of good urban services have also created the cause of injustice in access to various urban services. Urumia city has been having an accelerated and ungovernable growth during the last recent years and have seen a considerable changes on its body and population due to its natural population growth, immigration, service expansion, headquarters center, socio-economic changes etc. With this rapid increase in the Urumia population, there was an atmosphere of inequality in the city, so knowing of this inequality seems essential to balance and in order to shape properly and also proper and justice based planning on sustainable development.

One of the important aspects of urban planning is the proper positioning of urban service elements. Within their extensive spectrum involving facilities and equipment, these services include elements that should be positioned in suitable locations according to a set of policies and criteria; terminals are one of those elements. As communication junctures between urban and suburban roads, the presence of terminals prevents the entrance of buses to cities; therefore, they play a constructive role in improving traffic, reducing urban environmental pollutions, and managing trips. Given the absence of terminals to provide services to the rural areas surrounding Meshkinshahr City, taxies and vehicles occupy the streets which results in traffic congestion and its related issues. Accordingly, this city was selected in this study which is aimed at identifying the most suitable location for a terminal.

Review of Literature:

Some terms are needed to be clarified in this study.Location: In his book titled urban land use planningPourmohammadi (2003) defines location as an activity in which the capabilities of a region is assessed and analyzed in terms of suitable and sufficient land for a particular use.Urban Transportation System: Urban transportation systems include facilities and services that enable travelling to the entire region and provides opportunities including i) movement of residents and commodities, and ii) access to different urban lands with various uses.Terminals: Terminals are junctures in which travel and shipment begin or end.Studies conducted on the area of rural terminal location are considerably limited.Foreign sources in this field has mostly been focused on identifying locations for multiple stations using network analysis as well as achieving the best possible model to minimize costs. A number of domestic inquiries involve terminal location using methods such as AHP, P-Median, etc. through multiple criteria.

The purpose of the present study is applied in which the causal method was employed. There are a number of different indices for terminal location; the indices used in this study was examined in four aspects including physical, environmental, economic, and social. Indices used in the physical aspect include adjacency to the main roads, access to the main urban routes, adaptability, access to facilities and equipment. In the environmental aspect, indices included digital elevation model, and gradient, and distance from rivers. The economic aspect involved the land cost and finally, the social aspect included population density and households.In order to express the relative significance of indices, first their relative weight should be determined. To this end, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed. Through indicating the priority of layers over each other using the Expert Choice software, the final weight of each layer was obtained with an instability coefficient of 0.02. Then, the layers should be standardized using fuzzy logic. Unlike Boolean logic, the certainty problem does not exist in fuzzy logic and each layer is graded ata scale between zero to one. At these scales, higher values mean higher utility. In addition to the issue of choosing a scale to draw fuzzy maps, the type of the fuzzy function should also be examined; in this study, functions including sigmoidal, linear and user-defined were used. Moreover, one of the points that should be taken into account while standardizing fuzzy maps is indication of the threshold limit which is also called control points.The ELECTRE method is one of the multi-criterion decision analysis methods used from the middle of 1960s in Europe. As a “non-grade” method, options in this method are not graded. The ELECTRE method was employed in this study in order to grade suitable zones. In this method, all options are assessed using non-graded comparisons and ineffective options are removed.

Following the preparation of the intended layers in Arc Map and the application of weights obtained from weighing process in the expert choice software using the AHP method, a model was provided in which criteria including closeness to main roads with a weight of 0.234 and distance from rivers with a weight of 0.029 involve the highest and lowest final weights, respectively. Other criteria involved weights between these two values. Next, layers were standardized in the Idrisi software. Then, layers were multiplied by each other using the GIS Analysis command in Idrisi software and the obtained result included a zoning in which the suitable locations for terminals were expressed. Finally, zones with perfect potentials were graded using the ELECTRE model; the grading results showed that option 1 which is located in the northern part of the city and involves the closest access to the main road is the first suitable option for a terminal. Another reason this location was selected is that passengers who enter the city can gain access to the main urban routes as fast as possible. Moreover, land uses present at this zone are more adaptable to the terminal and there are more arid lands where terminals can be constructed. In terms of land prices, this option is more cost-effective compared to others. Other priorities were obtained as options 2 and 3 (South East of the city).

In this study, different social, economic and natural aspects were examined and scientific models and principles were employed in order to identify suitable locations for terminals. First, the accessible informational layers and criteria were studied and location analyses were conducted so as to obtain an output map that shows suitable and unsuitable zones for terminal construction. Then, zones with perfect potentials were graded using the ELECTRE model.The majority of studies conducted in the area of terminal location have mostly focus on physical, environmental, economic, and social factors. It was also attempted in this study to take all these factors into account. However, the merit of the present study lies within the use of the WLC model and the ELECTRE method for zoning and grading suitable zones, respectively.Recommended Strategies:1. For the purpose of cost-effectiveness, the construction of the terminal should begin before the price of the zone is increased.2. The establishment of incompatible land uses should be prevented before the construction of terminal.3. Since the criterion regarding the multitude of the surrounding rural areas was overlooked in this study due to certain limitations, this index is recommended to be examined in future research.

Today urban management has changed into one of the influential factors on the citizens' life and they are always in touch with it. Measuring people's satisfaction of the urban services is of paramount importance for determining their quality. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the city management from the view point of the citizens. The method used is descriptive and researchers have used questionnaires in order to obtain the citizens' ideas.All the citizens of Pasdaran neighborhood in the city of Tabriz forms the statistical population who were selected using chi - square method.For testing indexes, regarding the multitude of the samples, T-test was used.The results showed that the satisfaction of the residents is medium to low. The results using Friedman test showed that the greatest amount of satisfaction goes to higienics and environmental cleaning using trash coellecting and street cleansing with 3.70 points and the least amount goes to letting the reside take part in city affairs with 2.15 points.The final results based on the Chi-square and Spearman tests showed that there is a significant difference between level of education and age as the independent variable with satisfaction of the city management as the dependent one. The results also showed lack of any significant correspondence between the variables of gender, income and marital status with level of satisfaction in the studied area.

Given the significance of housing provision for vulnerable segments of the urban society and the need for new planning to identify and manage future challenges, future studies has turned into an indispensable necessity in this field. In this way This study, by using the modern approach of future studies and the principles of normative paradigm discusses the effective factors on the future condition of housing planning of low-income groups of Tabriz metropolis. The goal of this study is to identify the key factors effective on the future condition of low-income groups of Tabriz metropolis. In order to do this, Delphi technique was used for identifying the effective factors on the future condition of the system the result of which showed 59 initial effective factors on the future condition of the system were identified. In the next step, for extracting the key factors effective on the future procedure of the system, Cross Impact Analysis method was used by software Micmac. The results of the study show that the studied system is and unstable one and in the table of variables spread; five classes of factors (effective, Twosided and independent and influential and regulatory) can be identified. Finally, out of the 59 factors, 13 are the key factors for the main actors and affect the future status of the system. and the current circumstances of these factors are not that desirable; thus, the future condition of the system will be a continuation of the current condition with a desirable procedure.

The tourism industry plays an important role in the economic cycle of the countries, and predictions made by some global organizations show that the tourism industry will play a more important role in the urban economy over time, In this regard, the aim of this study is to identify factors affecting the growth and development of tourism of Tabriz city. The present research is based on the nature of applied one. Data gathering was done through a questionnaire. it was developed based on five economic indicators, infrastructure, socio-cultural, services and diversity of environment and brand., validity and reliability were calculated for different dimensions by Alpha-Cronbach's test. The statistical population of this study is one million domestic tourists who traveled to Tabriz city in 1396 ., 384 Sample were selected with a 0,05 error rate and 95% confidence intervals, Using the Cochran formula. To analyze the data of the questionnaire, the exploratory analysis based on the principal components and Kruskal-Wallis test was used in SPSS 24 software. Finally, the analytical analysis summarized the variables of research in 14 factors, which explained 62.26 of the factors that affecting the growth and development of tourism of Tabriz city. The results show that the first factor in the prosperity or lack of prosperity of tourism in Tabriz in relation to advertising or lack of advertising of touristic attractions in Tabriz, socio-cultural issues, including language and different life style in Tabriz, quality of Services and hospitality of the host community has a great effect on the tourism promotion and prosperity of Tabriz city. Also, the results of the research showed that The effect of research indicators versus the research hypothesis on tourists with different income and education groups is the same.

Governmental budgeting in any country is influenced by four main social groups that’s mean voters (or suppliers costs), political team (shapers costs) Bureaucrats (price donors) and are pressure groups (direction makers). As aspect of public view. These groups not behave differently from each other and in own function continuously will be given to private interests. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between political participation (Percent of voters in presidential election) and Resource allocation in Iran. This study as aspect of nature and method is descriptive – analytical. There for were used fund Data related to between 1997, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2012 and province voters' percentage of presidential election in four periods. For analyzing data were applied quantitate methods such as correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA.the results show that there is significant correlation between fund allocation and political participation of province (the percent of voters in presidential election) as the allocated funds between 1997, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2012 years with the percent of voters in presidential election in order of 0.741, 0.766, 0.606, 0.466 and 0.482 Correlation is significant at the level 0.01. Also the results of ANOVA and regression analysis confirmed this issue.

Developed by World bank, empowerment considered as a liberal strategy for improving of informal settlements. Its feasibility in Iran would be ambiguous. Thus, the research is to study feasibility of its different dimension and  indicators to show  what dimension and indicators have more chance to be implemented in the informal settlements of Iran. Extracting the dimensions and indicators through different resources, they sorted in AHP structure questionnaire. This questionnaire were distributed among 30 elites of empowerment, housing , social and urban planning fields. The findings indicates that  out of the 6 empowerment dimensions, technological, environmental, economic, social, legal and administrative dimensions have more feasibility chance in the informal settlements of Iran. Among the indicators, making the accessibility to communication technologies, learning IT to women, interactive learning in environmental learning through first-hand experience, have more chance and reforming NGOs, NGOs development, improving surveillance on the officials have less chance to be implemented.  

Informal settlements are a special housing pattern, which has a large part of the population, and is mainly low-income. Since the principle of fair distribution of urban services is the ability of all classes to access these services, providing suitable urban services for informal settlements and proper urban residents' access to these services is one of the most important issues in urban planning. Because the metropolis of Tabriz is integrated into the system and the regions and regions, the lack of attention to some areas can create problems for the whole city. Understanding the informal settlements neighborhoods in the metropolitan areas of Tabriz regarding the level of utilization of urban services and their ranking in relation to the various indicators available in the following research and providing a program for organizing and optimal service of these neighborhoods have been the objectives of the research. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data gathering tool using available resources and detailed design data and evaluation of service distribution using VIKOR model. The results of the research indicate that informal settlements have better service and amenities near to more affluent and better economic and social conditions.

The main aim of this research is to study the relationship between the variable of land price and building density in the first zone of Tabriz megalopolis so that a proper understanding of the study of building density, recognizing the potentials of development, height increase and determining the final potential of the neighborhood and areas of the first zone of Tabriz municipality and the most important point of building density, that is economical facet with land is acquired The hypothesis was that having in mind that there is a relationship between building density with the most important subject of density, that is economical facet with land price, it seems that there is a direct and positive relationship between land price and building density in the studied area.
In the principles of the research, the concepts of building density and land property have been studied. Building density is one of the most important subjects in urban planning, in such a way that, in every work done on urban management, we can see a hint on density. Building density is the ratio of the building foundation to the area of the land.
Land and housing as an asset. Or in some instances as an investing asset, are heavily influences by the economical characteristics of a city and the influences of the different factors affecting the city economics are reflected in land and housing prices.
The research is functional regarding the aim and is analytical, explorative and based on field study regarding the essence. Secondary data has been acquired using library methods and primary data has been acquired from real estate agents. The research equipment is based on Pierson method. After gathering data from library and field methods, these data will be organized using a GIS base and will be classified according to the need and byusing these bases, the map of the area will be produced and for drawing the tables Excel.13 software has been used.
The results showed that there is a significant and direct positive correlation between price and building density in every time and place. This coefficient is .697 for the first period (2006-2011) and .724 for the second one (2011-2015). So, the increase of land price in the areas studied will increase the height of buildings and will also boost buildinf sky-scrapers.
If we look at the review of the related literature, in spite of the fact that the researchers have not had grappled with this subject directly, all the results of them are quite the same and they show that there is a direct relationship between land price and building density. That is, the higher the price of the land, the more the building density will be. Of course, it is possible to have a reversal relationship in other areas which is need of comparative study.
According to the studies and collected information in this study, the lack of balanced urban facilities among the neighborhoods in the first region of Tabriz is visible, which causes a large difference in land prices and housing between the neighborhoods of this area. This is contrary to urban justice.
In Tabriz, as one of the metropolises in Iran, the cost of buying land or so-called dilapidated has been close to 50% of the whole cost of building housing, which means that land is considered as the main building component. According to this, the average price per square meter of land in Tabriz 1, especially in the eastern part, reaches 7 million tomans, while the share of land price in construction and per square meter of residential construction is almost equal With one million USD; Therefore, Taking into account the level of land occupancy in each building, the level of density in each building construction and the fact that the price of the land is calculated based on all the foundation, the price of per square meter of land reaches about one fifth in each square meter of residential construction. This fact clearly indicates the full correlation between land prices and construction density even when the cost of land price is prorated in the number of construction floors.
According to Researchers of the current research approved the hypothesis but because of the probability of inverse conclusions in other areas, we are in need of further comparative research. Some suggestions, in two areas, are proposed for the use of urban managers and academics:• It is a necessity that urban facilities and services be distributed in an equal and balanced way so that sharp increase in land and house price can be prohibited.
• -Forming of a commission for setting land and house price in each area to prevent sharp increase in land price in some of the neighborhoods.
• Urban organizations’, like municipality, monitoring on land transactions and building construction for preventing land dealing.
• -Proposing a functional method in calculating the maximum building density and at the same time, respecting the characteristics of housing blocks.
• Studying comparatively the relationship between the variable of land price and building density in other areas.

For Iranian citizens traveling to turkey without visa is possible and the main reasons of Iranian citizens for traveling to Turkey are; resting, leisure time, enjoying various attractions like sea side, cultural, trading especially buying clothes and etc. The tourism industry is one of the main driving forces of Turkish economy. The increase and decrease of traveler to turkey depends on various factors in both national and international levels. This article wants to forecast the amount of Iranian tourist which traveling to Turkey by using the Artificial Neural Network; (ANN). On the other hand, the present article attempts to attend to explore the importance of used variables in tourism demand to Turkey. The variables effects on Iranians’ tourism demand were extracted by exploring the literature review, and the present research just utilized 13 variables for forecasting the tourism demand. The results of the research showed that accessed estimates had less error in comparison with real data. According to present research, four important variables effect on tourism demand of Iranian citizens are the daily crude oil producing in Iran, inflation volume in Iran, gross domestic product in Turkey, gross domestic product for working people in Iran.

Modernization is a short term for a variety of views that used by non- Marxists for the Third World and through it occurs the Growth of technology, industrialization, mass consumption, urbanization and suburbanization of human life, mass communication, government centralization and formal education systems development. This study was conducted to evaluate and critique of modernization approach. The method of research was descriptive - analytical and for collect data is used documentary (library) method. The results show that due to the nature of modernization approach, criticism Pose, such; Linear perspective to the development process, ignoring the role of external factors in the backwardness of the country, destroying the economic and political independence, A tool for influence West capitalism, Destruction of cultural and historical character In contrast modernization approach, Abstract studies, destruction of meaning foundations ,Tradition as Obstacle to development, Ontological insecurity and Ignoring the role of class. Despite these criticisms should be noted that most of the human societies progress After World War II Happened Based on the theoretical foundations of this approach and still the developed world, Is the industry and urban world that this cases is emphasized Indicators of modernization theory.

study was to analyze the difference between socio-economic indicators and individual resilience of of informal settlements residents in Urmia.. Research in terms of purpose is applied, In terms of the nature is descriptive and analytical methods and to collect information and data, is used of documents and field (questionnaire) method. The study area in the Research is Haji Pirlo, Vakilabad and Islamabad 2 informal settlements of Urmia city, in the West Azarbaijan Province. Therefore, to complete the questionnaire on the basis of revised expenditure Cochran 380 households were selected for the survey and questionnaire. As well as to analyze the data, was used analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result of this research showed that among the economic indicators studied, the employment index with Self-reliance and feeling of uniqueness components with sig 0.000 and sig 0/002 Respectively, Income indicator with self-efficacy and self-confidence components with sig 0.002 and sig 0/000 Respectively, Housing property index with positive emotions component with sig 0/000, Car ownership index with Sense of Community component with sig 0/001, indicated Significant differences. Also from among the Social-Demographic Indicators studied, only the education index with Self-reliance and confidence component with sig 0/000 and 0/001 respectively, indicated significant differences.

Housing is one of the basic human needs and perhaps one of the first human needs that has physical form. However, this need is one of the first physical needs of humans that was achieved. But today its supply, especially in big cities, that face Lack of development space and population increase, has become a serious problem. Housing indicators as the basis of a comprehensive program and an indispensable tool for explaining the various aspects of economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical of housing, have a special place in the housing planning. Housing indicators not only as descriptive tools are to expression of different dimensions available housing status, but also an appropriate tool to assess the criteria in the process of housing development. The present study was carried out to identify, analyze and rank the country provinces for urban housing indicators . In this regard, first were collected the data of 18 indicators related to the housing sector from the results of the 1390 national population and housing census on the scale of urban areas. Then The use of two methods, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, were to identify, analyze and rank the province that selected indicators. The results of the ranking is based on principal component analysis revealed, Yazd and Isfahan provinces have respectively with combined index 4.010 and 2.671, first and second rank. Also, based on cluster analysis, the provinces have been classified into four clusters. The provinces of Yazd, Isfahan, Kohgiluyeh-Boyer Ahmad, Chaharmahal Bakhtyary, Semnan, Alborz, Tehran, Markazi, Fars Are located in the first cluster and Sistan- Baluchestan province were in the fourth cluster.