فهرست مطالب پیمان عباسزاده دهجی

One of the most important factors limiting the growth and yield of plants is the zinc deficiency. Considering the importance of recycling rubber tires and the possibility of using them in agriculture, the present study aims to investigate the effect of organic ligands on the availability of Zn in rubber ash-treated soils. The present research was carried out in factorial form in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included four levels of rubber ash (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 %w/w) and three levels of organic ligands (control, citric acid and EDTA with a concentration of 1.5 mmol kg-1 soil). The results showed that the application of organic ligands in soils treated with rubber ash could not affect the vegetative traits of corn plants, while the concentration of Zn in the aerial organs and plant roots increased with the application of organic ligands in pots treated with rubber ash. The highest concentration of Zn was observed at the level of 1 %w/w rubber ash and with the use of EDTA ligand. In addition, the concentration of Zn extractable by DTPA in the soil increased significantly with the use of rubber ash treatment. The results also showed that the treatment of rubber ash, ligand and their interactive effects did not affect the concentration of Cd and Pb in plants. The results of this research showed that the tire rubber particles could provide zinc required by the plant in a short period of time. Of course, it is necessary to study the effects of gases produced during rubber ash production on human health and the environment.

Considering the high costs of controlling wind erosion and the difficulty of working conditions, choosing basic and technical methods to stabilize these areas, in addition to increasing work efficiency, will also be effective in reducing costs. The first priority and the most effective method of controlling wind erosion is to cover the ground with vegetation, and the more the amount of vegetation, the more effective its role will be. If it is not possible to implement biological plans, mechanical and chemical methods such as mulching should be used. Usually, the main purpose of using mulch in quicksand stabilization activities is to increase the stability of the soil surface against wind erosion in order to create a period during which there is a suitable opportunity to carry out and establish other biological activities of sand stabilization such as planting, sowing seeds, cuttings, etc., and these biological materials can be established in the desired field. In this regard, this research was carried out with the main purpose of investigating the effect of two combined mulches, Pistachio-PAM and Pistachio-PVAC, on the growth and development and nutrition of the Haloxylon persicum.

Pistachio-PAM and Pistachio-PVAC mulches are new hybrid mulches that combine an optimal ratio of pistachio harvest residues and polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) water-soluble polymers extracted from these wastes and water has been obtained. In this study, the establishment, growth and development of the Haloxylon plant under the conditions of applying Pistachio-PAM and Pistachio-PVAC mulches and the conditions without mulch spraying (control sample) were investigated in four replications. The effect of treatments on the growth and development of Haloxylon was determined after a period of 4 months and afterward, the plants were cut from the crown and the shoot and root parts were separated. Then, shoot and root dry weights were determined and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese in roots and shoots of the plants were measured separately. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 14 software in the form of a completely random design, and the average repetitions were compared with MSTATC software in the form of Duncan's multi-range test.

The results showed that utilization of both mulches caused a significant increase in the shoot and root dry weights and also nutrient concentrations and their absorption by the plants. Furthermore, the presence of the investigated mulches increased significantly the root concentration of elements such as nitrogen, potassium, and manganese, where an increase of almost 250 % in the potassium concentration was observed. Also, both mulch treatments increased significantly the shoot dry weight, N and K concentrations in Haloxylon shoots and an increase of almost 150 % in the shoot dry weight was achieved in the plants treated with the mulch compared to the control.

The increase in vegetative growth in plants and the consequent increase in the concentration and absorption of elements in plants can be discussed in several aspects. Preventing the evaporation of water in windy sand is one of the factors that can be effective in increasing the vegetative and nutritional characteristics of the plant. The presence of a layer with large pores filled with air on the surface of the soil can act as thermal insulation and prevent the transfer of heat to the bottom layers of the pot and water evaporation. The use of two combined mulches, Pistachio-PAM and Pistachio-PVAC, had an effective role in plant water relations, vegetative growth, and improving the nutrition of the plant. Considering that, in order to increase the effectiveness of mulching areas sensitive to erosion or fine dust production, resistant plants suitable for biological control are usually cultivated. Therefore, it seems that the use of Pistachio-PAM and Pistachio-PVAC mulches can play an effective role in improving the growth of Haloxylon plants and it is possible to use the mulching-crown cultivation system in sand fields to stabilize flowing sands, control wind erosion and produce fine dust.

Waste tire rubber (WTR) contain significant amounts of zinc (Zn) and they are potential sources of Zn for plants. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Zn-dissolving Pseudomonas isolates and WTR on growth characteristics and Zn and Fe concentrations of the corn plant. An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with three replications in a sterile sand -culture in green house condition. The experimental factors include Pseudomonas bacteria at six levels (without inoculation (C) and inoculation with five isolates (B1 to B5)) and Zn treatment from the WTR source at four levels of 0 (C), 100 (T1), 200 (T2) and 300 (T3) mg Zn per kg (equivalent to 0, 9, 18 and 27 g WTR per kg of sand respectively). The results showed that the main effects of the treatments on Photosynthetic performance index, chlorophyll content of leaves, Chlorophyll fluorescence and shoot dry weight were significant. The amount of each of these parameters increased in all bacterial and WTR treatments. The use of WTR (18 g/kg) along with inoculation of isolates increased all measured parameters compared to the control. Root dry weight and zinc concentration in shoots and roots, were affected by the interaction of treatments. The highest amount of plant dry weight was observed in B3+T3 treatment (2.14 fold increase compared to the control (. The concentration of zinc in the plant shoots was the highest in the B4+T3 treatment, which was 20 times higher than the control. The highest concentration of zinc in the root was observed in the presence of isolates B3 and B2 in WTR (18 g/kg) treatment which was 25 and 22 times higher than the control, respectively. The highest concentration of iron in the shoots and roots of the plant was related to the WTR (18 g/kg) treatment with the amount of 28.3 and 30.7 mg kg-1, respectively. The bacterial isolates increased the iron concentration of shoot compared to the control, but no significant difference was observed between the isolates.

The most common method to supply phosphorus for plants is the use of phosphate chemical fertilizers that have low efficiency, high cost and harmful environmental effects. If the availability of phosphorus can be increased by using phosphorus-soluble bacteria and mycorrhiza, the phosphorus concentration and plant growth parameters may also increase and make a major change in the phosphorus nutrition of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using superior strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of pistachio trees, mycorrhiza and phosphate sources on the growth and phosphorus uptake of pistachio seedlings in greenhouse conditions. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2019. Treatments included four sources of phosphorus (control, monocalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and soil phosphate), four levels of bacteria (control, Serratia odorifera, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas brassicacearum) and two levels of mycorrhiza (control and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intradices, Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus caledonium)). Analysis of variance of the data showed significant interactions between phosphorus-soluble bacteria, phosphate sources and mycorrhiza on pistachio growth indices. All three bacterial isolates had positive effects on increasing vegetative indices. Also, mycorrhiza inoculation along with bacterial inoculation showed a significant increase of 44% in root dry weight. The highest shoot to root ratio was observed with application of soil phosphate and tricalcium phosphate which increased by 19% and 37% compared to control respectively. Inoculation of pistachio seedlings by mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf P concentration by 90%, 104% and 122% respectively. Therefore, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria especially Pseudomonas SP and mycorrhizal fungi played an important role in increasing the efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers and reducing fertilizer use, increasing growth and phosphorus uptake of pistachio seedlings.

The present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of silicate solubilizing bacteria in the release of elements of sepiolite. The greenhouse test was performed as factorial with completely randomized design with three repetitions. This experiment consisted of three bacterial strains (B7, B8, and D1) and pistachio (two cultivars Badami Riz Zarand and Qazvini) and four drought levels (including 90% (control), 75%, 60% and 45% of FC). The seedlings were fed with Hoagland's magnesium-free nutrient solution over a five-month growth period. The vegetative and biochemical traits of the seedlings were studied. The results showed that at the highest level of drought stress, application of strains B1 and B2 increased the rate of root Si uptake in Qazvini seedlings by 77% and 97%, respectively, and in seedlings of Badami Riz Zarand by an average of 2.75 times compared to non-drought stress conditions. Application of B7 strain increased Mg uptake in Qazvini seedlings from 6.91 mg per pot under non-drought stress conditions to 13.9 mg per pot at the highest level of drought stress. In Badami Riz Zarand, the application of the mentioned strain increased the uptake of Mg in the shoot at three stress levels of 75%, 60% and 45% of the field capacity by 74%, 67% and 66%, respectively, compared to non-drought stress conditions. Presence of these bacterial strains in symbiosis with plants will have a significant effect on the release of elements from minerals and its absorption by the plant and thus improve plant nutrition and change the mineral structure.

Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for plant growth and increase in the availability of indigenous phosphorus have an effective role in reducing the chemical fertilizers consumption. This study was conducted to investigate some inoculant formulations for phosphate-solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads for agricultural and environmental uses. For this purpose, 30 isolates belong to fluorescent pseudomonad group were collected from microbial bank of Faculty of Agriculture of Vali-e-asr University of Rarsanjan. Then ability of all isolates for solubilizing tricalcium phosphate were studied. In addition, the ability of those isolates for increasing phosphorus availability in soil amended with and without phosphate rock at 15, 30 and 60 days was inspected. Finally, the persistence of the selected isolate was evaluated in some inoculant formulations. The results indicated that all isolates were able to increase the solubility of tricalcium phosphate in solid and liquid media of PKV and the pH of culture medium also decreased significantly. The maximum and minimum phosphate solubilization in solid media of PKV were related to isolates D33 and D24 and in liquid media, it was related to isolates D6 and D4 respectively. The results showed that isolates D33 and D35 increased the soil phosphorus bioavailability in 15, 30, 60 day after inoculation by 48, 25, 75% and 72, 50, 26% respectively. The cell numbers of D33 and D35 isolates in three inoculant formulations including talcum powder, talcum+rice bran and talcum+sawdust (180 days after inoculation) indicated that maximum and minimum of cell numbers of D33 were occurred in talcum powder and talcum+rice bran (105 cfu/g) and talcum+sawdust (8×103 cfu/g)  respectively. Maximum and minimum of cell numbers of D35 were observed in talcum+rice bran (105 cfu/g) and talcum+sawdust (10 cfu/g) respectively. Finally, inoculant formulation of talcum+rice bran was able to maintained an acceptable cell numbers of both isolates D33 and D35 (106 cfu/g) at the end of 150 days.

Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria metabolism and metabolic processes to increase plant efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seeds hydropriming and inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluoresense, Pseudomonas p < /em>utida) to soil as biological stimulative on some physiological traits of Melissa officinalis. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions and laboratory of Medicinal Plants Department of Arak University. The first factor was hydropriming at different times (12, 24, 48 and 72 hours), and the second factor was two bacterial species (Pseudomonas fluoresense, Pseudomonas putida), control (without inoculation). The results showed that seed hydropriming at different times and growth promoters increased the photosynthetic pigments, phenol, flavonoids, percentage and essential oil yield. Also, hydropriming for 48 hours with Pseudomonas putida bacteria resulted in a significant increase in flavonoid content and a significant effect on phenol content during 12 hours with Pseudomonas fluoresensebacteria. According to the positive and additive effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on Melissa officinalis, the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria could be recommended as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and guaranty the production of medicinal plants, free of chemicals.

Remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils by plants is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods. In some cases, useful soil microorganisms are used to increase the plants efficiency in heavy metal remediation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rhizospheric pseudomonads on increasing the phytoremediation efficiency in copper (Cu)-contaminated soils. The first experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in three replications with 11 plant treatments (Maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica napus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Amaranth (Amaranthus), Salvia (Salvia officinalis), Zygophyllum (Zygophyllum), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and pumkin (Cucurbita)). The highest Cu concentration and uptake  were related to Zygophyllum with 173 mg kg-1 and pumkin with 222 µg pot-1, respectively. Five plants including pumpkin, maize, wheat, canola, and Zygophyllum were selected based on the highest Cu concentration and uptake of  for the second experiment. The second experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with two factors including plant types at five levels (pumkin, maize, canola, wheat and Zygophyllum) and three levels of bacteria (non-bacterial inoculation, Pseudomonas putida PA2 strain, Pseudomonas fluorescence PA3) in three replications. In this section, the shoots and roots dry weight; Cu concentration and uptake in shoots and roots, as well as the chemical changes of the Cu in the rhizosphere were investigated. The use of both strains of the bacteria significantly increased the dry weight, concentration and uptake of Cu in shoots and roots compared to the control. Among the plants, pumpkin had the highest uptake of Cu in shoots due to high biomass (90.2 µg pot-1) (the most effective in phytoextraction) and maize due to its high root weight had the highest Cu uptake (428 µg pot-1) (effective in high Phytostabilization). Investigation of the chemical forms of Cu in the rhizosphere showed that inoculation by PA2 and PA3 growth-promoting bacteria increased 41.9 and 37% of soluble and exchangeable forms of Cu respectively, and decreased the residual form of copper up to 7.05 and 6.41%. The overall results showed that the growth-promoting bacteria play an effective role in increasing the phytoremediation, especially the phytoextraction and pumpkin with the highest Cu uptake was the most efficient plant in the Cu phytoremediation in this study.

Fluorescent pseudomonads are one of the most effective microorganisms among the plant growth-promoting bacteria. They have attracted many researchers attention due to their unique properties such as motility in the rhizosphere, high growth rate, and potential for the root colonization of various plants. In most studies, rhizospheric soils were used for isolation but Pseudomonas bacteria also have been isolated from various organic fertilizers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate plant-growth promotion and biocontrol characteristics of fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from vermicompost. Then, the ability of isolates was evaluated for auxin and siderophore production, tricalcium phosphate dissolution, and secretion of growth inhibitor metabolites. Total of 43 fluorescent pseudomonads isolates were isolated and purified based on irradiation under a UV lamp and fluorescence properties. Results of the PGP characteristics revealed that all the isolates were able to produce auxin and solubilize inorganic phosphorous. The average of auxin production was 2.51 mg/l. The highest (708 mg/l) and lowest (203 mg/l) amount of soluble phosphate belonged to P15 and P43 isolates, respectively. P35 isolate showed the most efficient in terms of siderophore production in which the ratio of halo zone diameter: colony diameter was 2.04 mm (after 48 hours) and 2.12 mm (after 72 hours). The results of the hydrogen cyanide production test showed that 88.35% of isolates could secrete this metabolite. In this research, all isolates were not able to produce protease enzymes. In terms of production of this enzyme, the P17 isolate showed the highest ratio of halo zone diameter: colony diameter (2.7 mm), was the most efficient one. None of the isolates were able to produce cellulase enzymes.

physicochemical properties and plant growth is to use biological fertilizers such as plant growth-promoting fungi. Biological fertilizers could be used as a supplement or alternative to the chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture. Accordingly, to investigate the effect of Trichoderma fungi on the nutrition and growth of pistachio trees, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, in which each block contains four treatments, control (T0) (no inoculation), Trichoderma harzianum (T1), Trichoderma viride (T2) and treatment of an equal mixture of T1 and T2 (T3) in three replications under common garden conditions. The results showed that all three fungal treatments significantly increased growth parameters including branch length (up to 60%), the number of vegetative buds (up to 30%), leaf area (up to 50%), and chlorophyll index (up to 171%) in pistachio trees in comparison with control. The use of fungal treatments significantly increased the concentration of potassium and zinc in pistachio leaves up to 20 and 70%, respectively, compared to the control. T2 treatment significantly increased the phosphorus concentration by 14% and the calcium by 40% in pistachio leaves. The application of  T1 and T3 treatments significantly increased the magnesium concentration up to 25%, in pistachio leaves compared to the control. T1 treatment significantly increased the leaf iron concentration by 28% compared to the control. The application of T1, T2, and T3 treatments significantly increased the content of total chlorophyll up to 73.2, 171, and 59.2% of and carotenoids up to 77.6, 3.80, and 64.8% in pistachio leaves respectively, compared to the control. According to the results of this study and after further field experiments, it can be expected that the studied fungi can be used as biofertilizers (alone or in combination) to reduce the utilization of chemical fertilizers in the future.

Success of the phytoremediation technique depends not only on plant species, but also largely on the interactions of plant roots with the rhizosphere microorganisms. These microorganisms, especially bacteria with plant growth promoting traits, can improve efficiency of phytoremediation by helping to proper plant establishment, increasing root system growth and, consequently, increasing plant growth and enhancing heavy metal uptake. Considering the important role of soil microbial community in increasing the remediation of polluted soil with plants, this research was conducted with the aim of isolating, screening, investigating the traits of cadmium and lead-resistant bacteria and introducing superior isolates. Soil samples were taken from Cd and Pb contaminated soils of the Shahid Tondguyan oil refinery and after measuring some physical and chemical properties, heavy metals resistant microorganisms were isolated from them. Resistance to cadmium and lead was determined in the isolates, and then the ability of the superior isolates to produce phytohormones of auxin, secretion of growth inhibitor metabolites and solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphate were evaluated. In this study, thirty microorganisms were isolated from contaminated soils. After examining the appearance of the colony, its color and margin, as well as the growth rate, at the end, 20 different isolates were selected. 70% of the studied isolates showed a very good growth in culture medium up to a concentration of 8 mM l-1 of lead and cadmium. The results of evaluation of plant growth promoting traits in the top 10 isolates in terms of resistance to heavy metals of lead and cadmium showed that all of these isolates had the ability to produce auxins and dissolve insoluble inorganic phosphates. The highest (10.20 mg l-1) and the lowest (0.64 mg l-1) auxin production were observed for C4 and C2 isolates, respectively. The average solubility of tricalcium phosphate by isolates was 106.91 mg l-1. 80% of isolates had the same ability to produce siderophore. The highest rate of production of this metabolite was observed in the isolate C1 with a halo to colony ratio of 23.3. Among 10 studied isolates, three isolates, K2, K5 and C8, were able to produce hydrogen cyanide, protease and cellulase enzymes.

Nowadays the application of organic and biological fertilizers has increased regarding to the destructive environmental impacts of applying chemical fertilizers and the high cost of production of them. One of the essential components to achieve the sustainable agriculture is integrated plant nutrition through using organic and biological fertilizers. An experiment was conducted as completely randomized factorial design in the greenhouse of University of Vali-e-Asr to evaluate the effect fluorescent pseudomonads and vermicompost on growth and nutrition of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. var. Qazvini) seedlings. In this experiment Factors included vermicompost at 3 levels (0, 2 and 4 % w/w) and 3 levels of bacteria (Inoculation with two strains of fluorescent pseudomonads and without bacteria). The results showed that use of bacterial isolates significantly increased shoot dry weight, uptake of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and micro elements compared to control. Application of strain D12 increased phosphorus and calcium uptake in shoot respectively 18 and 23 percent compared to control. Also the application of vermicompost significantly increased phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc upkake in shoot compared to control. using vermicompost (4%) increased uptake of potassium and magnesium respectively 20 and 28 percent in shoot. The combined use of D12 and vermicompost (4%) increased iron uptake equivalent 85%. Altogether the results indicated that use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and vermicompost  as an organic fertilizer and also their combined application could be effective on growth and nutrition of Pistachio seedlings.

Plant inoculation with effective plant growth promoting and heavy metal resistant rhizobacteria is an efficient method to improve the phytoremediation efficiency and extraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils. With respect to this reason, astudy was conducted to isolate, identify and evaluate the growth stimulating traits of copper-resistant bacteria from a Cu-contaminated soil. Six rhizospheric soil samples of indigenous plants were collected in Sarcheshmeh Khatoonabad, Kerman province. After screening, six strains were selected. Phenotypic, biochemical and genetic identification data showed that five and one isolates were belong to Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera respectively. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration of copper, siderophore production, auxin and hydrogen cyanide production, the ability to solubilize mineral phosphate in solid and liquid medium, the ability to solubilize Zn low soluble compounds in solid and liquid medium and production of ACC-deaminase were investigated. The results indicated that all of the isolates were resistant to various concentrations of copper. The maximum resistance to inhibitory concentration of copper was related to K4 and K5 strains at a concentration of 400 mg L-1 of copper. All of the strains were able to produce siderophore in CAS medium except for K6 strains and strain K5 was also the superior in siderophore production. Among the strains, K4 and K6 were not able to produce auxin. There was also a significant difference between auxin productions by isolates K1 with the other isolates, with the highest auxin production (2.07 mg L-1). The results also demonstrated that among the strains, only K4 strain was capable of producing hydrogen cyanide (degree: four=relatively high) and the other isolates were reported as non-production of hydrogen cyanide (degree: one). The results of Three Calcium Phosphate (TCP) solubilizing by isolates in PKV broth medium showed that K1, K2, and K3 strains had the most phosphorus solubility (706, 661 and 588 mg L-1) respectively and there wasn’t significant difference between them. The results demonstrated that K4 and K5 isolates with 0.910 and 0.850 halos to colony diameter had a significant difference with other isolates in solid medium containing ZnCO3 and the rest of the strains, K1, K2, K3 and K6 did not show the ability to solubilize the zinc carbonate as well. The solubilizing of solid zinc oxide in solid medium by K4 strain (halo:colony, 2.11) was the highest solubility of zinc oxide and K1, K2, K3 and K6 strains were not able to dissolve the zinc oxide in the solid medium. They did not show the ability to dissolve the low soluble zinc oxide nor the zinc carbonate compounds. K4 strain had the highest zinc carbonate solubility in the broth (12.5 mg L-1) and the highest solubility of zinc oxide in the broth was attributed to K4 strain (9.76 mg L-1). According to the results, these isolates can be used for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency of this element in contaminated soils.

Soil structure stability refers to the ability of a soil to hold up the solid particle arrangement and the spaces among them when face to different stresses. According to the important role of organic matters in formation and stability of soil aggregates; it appears that the different fractions of them may also have significant effects on soil aggregate stability. Furthermore, separating the different fractions of organic matter helps the identification of the sensitive and sustainable parts and their locations in aggregate structure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different fractions of organic matters on the soil macro (>0.25 mm) and micro (
Fifteen soil samples were taken from the surface (0-10 cm) using a supervised random method in three different land uses including forest, range, and agricultural lands (totally, 45 points) in Rabor region, Kerman province. After air-drying the samples and passing them through a 4 mm sieve, mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates was measured using the wet sieve method for the macro and micro aggregates. Then, different fractionations of organic matters in the macro and micro aggregates were determined using the density method. Finally, the amount of organic carbon in different fractions of organic materials and also the total amount of soil organic carbon were identified using the Walkley-Black method and then the percentage of total organic matter existed in each fraction was calculated by considering the weight and percentage of organic matter in each fraction,. Afterward, the organic matter data were used as input to the artificial neural network model. Besides, the regression relationships among the variables and soil aggregate stability were investigated.
The results showed that the free light fraction of organic matter (F1) in the macro-aggregates was greater than in the micro-aggregates. Also, the F1-amount in the forest was greater than the other two investigated land uses due to the higher organic matter content. The amounts of occluded light fraction of organic matter (F2) in the agricultural lands were lower than other land uses which might be due to tillage operation, soil aggregate destruction, and release of the trapped organic matter inside of them. The parts of organic matter which were associated with mineral fractions (F3) were allocated with the largest percentage of the total soil organic matter as compared to the other two fractions. The amount of last mentioned fraction was higher in the micro-aggregates than the macro-aggregates in all three investigated land uses. Results also revealed that the linear regression was not able to identify the interrelationship between the studied variables and aggregates stability index. In contrast, the diagrams related to artificial neural network model showed that all input variables to the model have influenced the MWD, although the important coefficients of the input variables were different.
Different fractions of soil organic matter were more sensitive to the land use type than the total organic matter. The macro and micro aggregate percentages were different depending to the land use type; however, the micro aggregates with greater organic matter contents were more stable against entered stresses than the macro aggregates. Artificial neural network model had more efficiency in estimating the soil aggregate stability than the linear regression method indicating that there is a non-linear relationship between different fractions of organic matter and MWD. By considering the accuracy and efficiency of artificial network model, it appears that this method can be used to determine the linear and non-linear relationship among different soil properties, with higher precision and lower cost and time.

In order to evaluate the effect of bacterial isolates on growth parameters and nutrient uptake in two varieties of maize (such as SC704 & TWC645), two experiments were separately conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replication in greenhouse of University of Vali-e-Asr in 2014. The experimental treatments consist of four isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonads (P7, P15, P24 and P29) and control (without bacteria inoculation). The results showed that the inoculation with isolates P29, P15, P7, P15, P29 and p24 respectively increased shoot dry weight (42.9 percent), shoot length (23.7 percent), leaf area (43.6 percent), chlorophyll content (15.9 percent), root dry weight (49.8 percent) and root mass in variety of SC704 compared to the control (no inoculation). of SC704 significantly compared to the control. The examined isolates increased the uptake of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in root and shoot in variety of TWC645 significantly compared to the control. The highest uptake of Zn was observed in treatment P29 which raised the uptake of Zn in root and shoot 66.2 and 41.8 respectively in variety of TWC645 in comparison with control. All isolates had significant effect on SC704 root zinc uptake and largest increase in shoot Zn uptake was related to isolate P29 with 60.2% increase compared to the control. Overall, our observations revealed that the inoculation of maize with selected isolates had effective role on the growth and uptake of nutrients in maize.

Aggregate, as the basic unit of soil structure,represents a collection of primary particles which their adherence to each other is more than their connection to environ soilparticles. Aggregate stability is a highly complex parameter influencing a wide range of soil properties, including carbon stabilization, soil porosity, water infiltration, aeration, compatibility, water retention, hydraulic conductivity andresistance to erosion by water and overland flows. Maintaining high stability of soil aggregate is essential for preserving soil productivity, minimizing soil erosion and degradation and thus minimizing environmental pollution as well. Nevertheless, aggregate stability is described as one of the soil properties that can serve as an indicator of soil quality.The main purpose of this study is to determine the most important component of soil aggregate (macro and/ormicro) in estimating the soil structural stability in the Rabor region, Kerman province, using geostatistical method.
Ninetysurface soil samples (0 to 10 cm) were taken on a 200 m square sampling grid in the study area for the geostatistical studies.After air drying the soil samples and passing them through a 4 mm sieve, the percentage of aggregates belong tothree parts of total, macro, and micro classes and aggregate staility were calculated in both dry and wet conditions.Some stability indices were calculated and their spatial variabilities were investigated using two variography and estimation stages methods. Finally, the kriged map of each aggregate stability indicator was produced. To determine the compatibility of kriged maps of the soil aggregates stability indices calculated for the macro and micro aggregates with aggregates stability index (i.e., AS index) calculated forthe total aggregates, the overall accuracy related to each aggregate component (i.e., macro and micro) was calculatedafter creating an error matrix.
The results showed that total aggregate stability in the dry condition and macro aggregate stability in the wet condition had the lowest and highest coefficients of variability,respectively. The highest percentage of total aggregate stability (i.e., 89.90 %)was observed in the north and southeast positions of the study areain the dryconditionwhich had the highest amount of organic matter(i.e., 2.30 %). Also, the variograms of all investigated variables were exponentially and their ranges were varied between 380 to 450 m. Although the obtainedranges were different, a sampling distance more or less equal to 420 m is reasonable to study the most of the variables in the area. This can be a good indicator to decrease the sampling tasks for monitoring of these parameters in future.An overall look at the obtained root mean square standardized error (RMSSE) values indicated a high correlation between the measured and estimated values of all investigatedvariables (except for macro aggregate stability in the wet condition). However, all variables had a strong spatial correlation class. The percentage of overall accuracy obtained from crossing the total and macro aggregate kriged maps in the dry condition (i.e., 51.75 %), was more than its percentage for similar maps in the wet condition (i.e., 32.17 %). In return, the percentage of overall accuracy obtained from crossing the total and micro aggregate kriged maps in the wet condition (i.e., 17.31 %)was greater than its percentage for the mentioned maps in the dry condition (i.e., 10.93 %). Because of macro aggregate sensitivities to the amount of pressure imposed on them (as in the wet sieving method, the aggregates are under pressure caused by water energyin addition to tensions related to mechanical motion of sieving), the conformities of above two mentioned maps were less than those in the dry sieving method.
In general, the soil aggregates stability depends strongly on the amount of pressure imposed on them. Besides, the study of spatial variability of macro and micro aggregate stabilities and relative effects of each on the soil structure stability can be useful for choosing proper land management activities in future studies. According to theeffect of aggregation on nutrient cycling, capture, storage and water movement, and also other soil characteristics affecting plant growth and sustainable agriculture on one hand, and the effect of organic matter on aggregation on the other hand, it can be concluded thatall human activities that have a role in reducing or removing organic matter from the soil (e.g., grazing, deforestation, and intensive cultivation etc.) may reduce soil aggregate stability and finally can jeopardize human life in a near future.

One of the vital components to achieve sustainable agriculture is integrated plant nutrition through using organic and biofertilizers in. A lot of researches have been conducted regarding the tolerance of different varieties of pistachio (Pistacia vera) to drought and salinity; however, limited researches are focused on the reaction of various varieties to organic and biofertilizers. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was performed in Vali-e- Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2015 as a completely randomized factorial design in three replications. In this study, treatments included surface sterilized and germinated seeds of pistachio in two varieties (Badamie-riz Zarand and Qazvini), three levels of bacteria (inoculated with D6 and D12 isolates of Fluorescent pseudomonads and non-inoculated) and three organic manure application rates (0, 2 and 4 % w/w). The treatments were replicated three times and arranged totally in 54 pots. Application of cow manure and fluorescent psudomonads increased growth and nutrient uptake Badamie-riz Zarand and Qazvini pistachio varieties. In this research the increment of measured parameters in two pistachio varieties in comparison with controls (with no application of organic and biofertilizers) were considered as response and then two varieties responses were statistically compared together. The application of manure and Fluorescent pseudomonads promoted the growth and nutrient uptake in both varieties. Comparing of two varieties showed that using bacteria compared with significantly increased phosphorus, iron and zinc uptake in Qazvini (Q) variety in comparison with Badami-rizZarand (B) variety. Response of Qazvini to application of cow manure was better and the applied manure treatments could significantly enhance nitrogen, phosphorus and copper uptake up to 61, 189 and 490 percent (P

Nowadays the application of organic and microbial fertilizers has increased regarding the destructive environmental impacts of applying chemical fertilizers and the high cost of production of them. One of the essential components to achieve the sustainable agriculture is integrated plant nutrition through using organic and microbial fertilizers. An experiment was done in a completely randomized factorial design in the greenhouse of University of Vali-e-Asr to evaluate the effect of organic and microbial fertilizers on growth and nutrition of pistachio seedlings. In this experiment two variety of pistachio seeds, Badami-riz Zarand and Qazvini, after sterilization and germination were planted In two separate experiments and were inoculated in 3 level of bacteria (uninoculated (D0) and inoculated with 2 different strains of Fluorescent Pseudomonads (D6 and D12)) and 3 level of manure (0 (M0), 2 (M2) and 4 (M4) W/W%) in 3 replications (54 pots). The results indicated that the combined effect of bacteria and manure could rise leaf dry weight (28.1 %), stem dry weight (77.6 %) and shoot dry weight (37.0%) in Badami-riz Zarand variety and 60.4%, 48.6% and 55.0% in Qazvini variety in comparison to control respectively. The application of fertilizer and Bacteria in all of the treatments increased macronutrients and micronutrients uptake. The uptake of Ca raised more than 160% in both of the varieties as well. The uptake of N and P in Qazvini variety was related to M0D6 and M2D6 which soared 114% and 115% respectively compared to the control. The maximum uptake of Mn in Badami- riz Zarand and Qazvini varieties was indicated in M2D6 and M2D12 which boosted 91.7% and 100% respectively in comparison with the control. M4D12 demonstrated the highest Fe and Zn uptake (94.4% and 88.1% respectively) compared to the control. Regarding the results, environmental problems and high costs of chemical fertilizers, manure and microbial Fertilizers are recommended for improving growth and nutrition of pistachio.

In this study an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design in research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2014. Treatments consisted of inoculated seeds by Pseudomonas putida strains 1, 10, 19 and 150, Pseudomonas fluorescence strains 69 and 159, combination of strain 19 from Pseudomonas putida and strain 69 from Pseudomonas fluorescence and control (without inoculation). Plants were kept in greenhouse until six-leaf stage then exposed to low temperature stress (8 ºC temperature for 270 minutes during five consecutive days). After exposing plants to low temperature stress, traits such as seedling height and dry weight, photosynthetetic pigments, total carbohydrates, proline, membrane integrity, protein amount, catalase, peroxidase and poly phenol oxidase enzymes were measured. Results indicated that primingof okra seeds with plant growth promoting bacteria increased seedling height and dry weight, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescence increased cell membrane integrity via increase in leaf proline content, total soluble carbohydrates and antioxidant enzymes. The greatest promotion of seedling growth under low temperature was obtained by priming of seeds with Pseudomonas putida strain 150 and of Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 69.

Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses which affects plant growth and yield. Application of the mycorrhizal fungi and plant hormones are fundamental for controlling of water deficit. For this purpose a factorial pot experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was carried out. Experimental treatments included three levels of water deficit as 0.0, 40 and 70% of field capacity and inoculation of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum and no inoculation and also foliar spraying of the plants with 100 and 200 mg L-1 concentrations of salicylic acid and control plants sprayed with water, in two stages after exposing of plants to drought stress. Results indicated that by increasing the water deficit severity, the vegetative growth parameters, relative water content, stomatal conductance and phosphorus uptake were reduced and the proline accumulation and potassium uptake were increased, while drought stress had no significant effect on root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. Fungal inoculation and salicylic acid foliar spraying both significantly increased the vegetative growth parameters and relative water content of plants. Stomatal conductance and phosphorus and potassium uptake were increased by mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. Maximum phosphorus and potassium concentrations (0.466 and 3.14 percent) were obtained in plants inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum respectively. In general, results of this research revealed that mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and salicylic acid foliar spraying could play important roles in enhancing of growth and nutrient uptake in basil plants under water deficit conditions.

Nowadays, the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural land causes numerous environmental problems such as water pollution, soil pollution and reduction of soil fertility. Using biological resources have important role in soil biological activity and fertility, improvement of product quality and safety of agricultural ecosystems. Hence, to investigate the effects of vermicompost and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB)on the growth and nutrient uptake of Sesame seedlings, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Treatments were included four levels of vermicompost (zero (V0), 1 (V1), 2 (V2) and 4 percent (V3)) and three levels of bacterial treatments (inoculation with Azospirillum (B1) and Azotobacter (B2) and without bacteria (B0)). The results showed that the application of vermicompost and NBF, each one alone, significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, phosphorus and zinc uptake. Also, simultaneous application of vermicompost and NFB significantly enhanced shoot dry weight, leaf surface area and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese and copper. The maximum shoot dry weight, leaf surface and uptake of nitrogen, potassium, iron and manganese were obtained from 4 % vermicompost treatment with Azotobacter inoculation. The highest copper content in the shoot was found in 2% vermicompost treatment without bacteria inoculation.

Soil salinity and Zn deficiency are among the most important limiting factors for growth and yields of pistachio trees in many regions of Iran, especially in the Rafsanjan area. The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is new strategies to reduce destructive effects of salinity and improvement of nutrient availability. This study investigated the interactive effect of the fluorescent pseudomonads rhizobacteria and Zn on the fractionation and availability of Zn in the rhizosphere soil and uptake of Zn by shoot of pistachio seedlings (cv. Badami) under salinity condition.
Material and A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in order to evaluate the interactive effect of fluorescent pseudomonads rhizobacteria (pf0 (non-inoculated control), pf1, pf2 and pf3) and Zn application (0 and 5 mg Zn kg-1) on the Zn fractionation in the different levels of soil salinity {0 (1.46 dS m-1), 1000 (7.32 dS m-1) and 2000 (12.0 dS m-1) mg NaCl kg-1 soil} and its relationship with concentration and uptake of Zn in the pistachio seedlings (Pistacia Vera L. cv. Badami) shoot.
The results indicated that salinity and inoculation with fluorescent pseudomonads increased the DTPA- extractable Zn (DTPA-Zn) content and the forms of water soluble plus exchangeable (WSEXC) Zn, carbonate-bound (CA) Zn and organic matter-bound (OM) Zn, while decreased Fe-Mn oxide-bound (FeMnOX) Zn and residual (RES) Zn in the rhizosphere soil. Inoculation by fluorescent pseudomonads increased the DTPA-Zn, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and OM-Zn contents by 52, 26, 29 and 35%, respectively but decreased FeMnOX-Zn and RES-Zn contents by 24 and 3 %, respectively. Also, Zn application significantly increased all forms of Zn (except residual form) in the soil. The results showed that salinity reduced the concentration and uptake of Zn in the pistachio seedlings shoot, while inoculation with fluorescent pseudomonads and treatment with Zn incrased its contents at all salinity levels. However, the combined application of the fluorescent pseudomonads and Zn were more effective. There was a positive and significant correlation between Zn uptakes by shoot and DTPA-Zn, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and FeMnOX-Zn. As well as, soil salinity and inoculation by fluorescent pseudomonads reduced pH value of rhizosphere soil from 7.73 to 7.46 and 7.59, respectively.
The results showed that soil salinity increased Zn availability in the rhizosphere soil, while reduced the concentration and uptake of Zn by pistachio seedlings shoot due to reduce of root volume, water availability and high content of Na ion. Thus, the use of superior isolates-especially Zn solubilizing bacteria- can effectively increase the availability of Zn in soil and uptake of Zn by plants through increasing root growth. However, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and FeMnOX-Zn could be used as available fractions of pistachio seedlings.

In order to investigate the effects of the inoculation with P. putida, R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and F. mosseae on yield and nutrient uptake of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a greenhouse experiment in a completely randomized factorial design with 3 treatment including a: microorganism in four level (no inoculation, P. putida, F. mosseae and mix inoculation of fungi and bacteria), B: Zn in two level (0 and 10 mg.kg-1) and C: Nitrogen in two leve (inoculation with R. leguminosarum and adding 70 mg.kg-1 nitrogen in form of NH4NO3) with four replication was conducted. The results of experiment indicated that the concentration of P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn in shoots of plants and shoot dry matter, shoot wet matter, seed dry weight, seed number and thousand seed weight affected by simultaneous inoculation of F. mosseae and P. putida. The concurrent inoculation of F. mosseae P. putida R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli significantly increased the Mn concentration in shoots of plants and seed number. Uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn significantly affected by synchronous inoculation of F. mosseae and P. putida. The concurrent inoculation of F. mosseae P. putida R. leguminosarum bv. Phaseoli had no significant effect on nutrient uptake. Maximum thousand seed weight was obtained in rhizobium treatment which represents the role of effective and efficient rhizobium bacteria in reduction of nitrogen fertilizers use without yield loss.

In order to study the effect of Synorhizobium meliloti on growth and nutrients uptake of sesame, a greenhouse test was carried out. The first isolates investigated in IAA and siderophore producing and their ability in solubilizing inorganic phosphates. The results showed that all of isolates were able to produce auxin with different among. The maximum amount of IAA production was 59.5 g ml-1 that was related to SR24 isolate. All isolates could solubilize tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) in Sperber medium, and SR18 with 139 µg ml-1 had the highest ability to solubilize tricalcium phosphate. Also SR3 and SR32 isolates produced the highest amont of siderophore. According to the results, five isolates that were better in IAA and siderophore producing and solubilizing inorganic phosphates were selected and used in a greenhouse test. This experiment was conducted base on completely randomized design with five treatment including four isolates of Synorhizobium meliloti and one treatment without bacteria as control and four replications. The results indicated that inoculation of isolates enhanced Sesame shoot dry weight compared to control and this increasing was significant for SR18, SR16 and SR3. Application of most isolates also increased measured nutrients uptake in Sesame shoot. However only isolate SR18 significantly increased the nutrients uptake including P, Zn, Cu and Fe compared to control.