فهرست مطالب آذر افشار

Recording, processing and identifying the parameters of independent earthquakes larger than Mw = 4 using advanced equipment, software and professional experts, can be calculated nowadays in less than 10 minutes automatically in the Iranian plateau. Double earthquake of November 14, 2021 with a small time difference (less than 90 seconds) occurred at a very close distance with magnitudes of 6.1 and 6.4, respectively. The calculation of the parameters of location, time and magnitude of the first event, in addition to the calculation of its focal mechanism parameters, was made possible with the help of semi-automatic or automatic software. However, the interference of the seismic phases of the first event with the second one in farther stations poses a serious challenge to the automatic and semi-automatic calculation of location, origin time, magnitude, as well as the parameters of the focal mechanism of the second event. In this study, by merging recorded seismograms and accelerograms in seismic stations within the country, the parameters of this double earthquake and their two main aftershocks with magnitudes of 5.1 and 5.4 have been calculated. In addition, the calculation of the focal mechanism of these four events is carried out based on the polarization method of the first P-wave polarity, the amplitude ratio of P and S waves and the modeling of seismic moment tensor. The results of this study show that according to the locations and focal mechanisms calculated for the double earthquake and both major aftershocks, the activity of the Handun basement fault, which is probably related to the formation of the Handun salt dome, caused double earthquakes of November 14, 2021 and its two main aftershocks in the northwest of Bandar-Abbas, south of Iran.

The testicular artery is a branch of the abdominal aorta that originates below the origin of the renal artery at the level of the second lumbar spine. This artery has variations in its origin and pathway and may originate from the renal artery, internal or common iliac, higher levels of the abdominal aorta .The main artery is the testis feeder and plays an important role in the physiology of the testes, testicular surgery and the kidney. Testicular artery variation is associated with renal anomalies and variations.

During a posterior abdominal wall dissection, a 45-year-old man was observed in the department of biology and anatomy of shahid beheshti university of medical sciences after separating the parietal peritoneum from the posterior wall elements. the left testicular artery is separated from the left renal artery.

Knowing these variations during testicular, kidney, abdominal and pelvic surgery is important to prevent complications such as kidney hypoperfusion.

Skeletal remains play an important role in forensic and anthropological studies and investigations to determine the individuals’ sex and age. The Mandibular bone is the largest and strongest skull bone that remains almost intact after death. Due to the varying size and shape of the mandible in men and women, the researchers use the morphometric properties of this bone to determine sex. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the morphometric parameters of the mandible in Tehran population.

In the present descriptive study, 100 orthopantomographs (from 50 males and 50 females) were used to measure three parameters of mandible including ramus length, ramus width, and body length. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25.0 software running T-test with the significance level set at <0.05 (P <0.05).

The mean length of ramus in men and women were 74 and 67 mm, respectively (P <0.05). The mean length of ramus was longer in men on both right and left sides as compared with the women. Also, the mean parameter measure on the left side was found to be greater than that of the right side in both sexes. There was no significant difference between the width of the ramus and the length of the mandibular body between men and women.

It can be concluded that the measurement of mandibular ramus parameters is an important indicator of gender determination in forensics and anthropology.

The median nerve is one of the most important branches of the brachial plexus. Due to the role of the median nerve in sensory and motor innervation of the forearm and hand in the upper limbs, its blood supply is very important. Awareness of variations in the blood supply pattern to this nerve reduces the incidence of necrosis and ischemia of the nerve during surgical and diagnostic procedures.

During routine dissection of the cadaver of a 65-year-old man fixed in formalin (10%), in the Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, a rare variation was observed in the median nerve nutritional artery at the distal end of the left forearm. After dissection of the skin, superficial and deep fascia, anterior compartment forearm muscles, nerves and blood vessels were exposed from surrounding tissues. The median nerve passed through the two heads of the pronator teres muscle and left the cubital fossa in the depth of the flexor digitorum superficialis and the surface of the flexor digitorum profundus in the forearm. It was observed that at the distal end of the left forearm between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor digitorum superficialis, a relatively thick branch originates from the radial artery and supplies blood to the median nerve. This branch was separated from the radial artery (before the artery enters the anatomical snuffbox) and crossed the surface of the flexor carpi radialis muscle and inserted into the median nerve sheath. In the forearm, this branch was the only artery supplying blood to the median nerve.

Due to the superficial position of the median nerve at the distal end of the forearm, physical damage to the nerve and its nutritional artery leads to necrosis and ischemia of the nerve, and ultimately disturbed the transmission of sensory and motor messages.

Kidneys are the vital organs of the body. Left and right renal arteries supply blood to them. Variations are common in the pattern of kidney vessels and this variety includes the accessory and aberrant renal artery.

During routine dissection of an approximately 65-year-old male cadaver, we observed that below the origin of the left main renal artery, an accessory renal artery originates from the abdominal aorta and enters the left renal hilum. Also, the left main renal artery is divided into anterior and posterior trunks before entering the hilum, that the anterior and posterior trunks are divided into three and two branches, respectively.

Awareness of anatomy and variations associated with the kidney, such as the presence of an accessory renal artery, is of great clinical importance and helps surgeons and specialists during surgical and medical procedures.

Four of the most important morphometric parameters of distal end radius (DER) are Radial inclination, Ulnar variance, Palmar tilt, and Radial length. Measurement of these parameters are applicable in the diagnosis and treatment of the injuries around the wrist and distal part of the forearm, namely fractures and dislocations. The current study was designed and executed to measure the morphometric parameters of the DER in patients referred to Aban hospital located in Tehran.

A single hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients (50 male and 50 female) referred to ’Aban’ Hospital in Tehran from July 2017 to August 2017 for the radiography of the wrist and DER. Since the data was not normally distributed, Mann-Whitney test was used for data analysis, and the level of significance was considered less than 0.05.

A total of 100 radiographic images were included in the present study (male= 50, female= 50). Participants' age range was between 18-62 years with an average of 38/5 years. The average values of radial inclination, radial length, and ulnar variance were 17.5° ± 5.3, 10.04 mm ± 2.6, and 3.6 mm ±1.8, respectively.

No significant difference was found between the average size of the distal radius end morphometric parameters between the right and left side and the two sexes.

The ulna bone is one of the most important bones of the upper limb. Ulceranon fractures of this bone are very common. The proximal ulna dorsal angulation is part of the normal proximal anatomy of ulna that may cause functional elbow problems in the future if the puda is not reconstructed. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence and size of proximal ulna dorsal angulation (Puda) and tip to apex distances with respect to age and sex, which can be used in surgical interventions and can be used in proximal ulna platinum designs.

This study is descriptive - sectional which has been performed on the 109 bilateral elbow graphy and two variables puda and Tip to apex distance were evaluated. furthermore, the test of t - test was done at 0.05 level. spss software was analyzed using spss 26.

data analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the sexes and between the sexes  independent in each gender. the tip to apex distance   between the two sexes and among men showed a significant difference.

The results of this study showed that tip to apex distance may be different for different reasons for different societies and genders and may be due to the variety of anatomical platinum used in ulna bone fractures.

One of the solutions proposed to reduce energy consumption in large cities is the construction of a green roof. This research aims to introduce the green roofing system and its role in reducing the thermal energy transfer and the phenomenon of urban Thermal Island, to study the thermal effect of using green roofs Compared to conventional conventional roofing. The research method has been quantitative and analytical research in the areas related to the green, descriptive and qualitative research, and in the software-related areas of quantitative research and analytical method, and to prove the hypothesis that "green roof and its design play an effective role in Reducing heat transfer "has been used to simulate the design of the 1-sheet. A typical roofed roof with some specific details (polystyrene and polyethylene) is analyzed and their heat transfer in four cities representing major climates In Iran (Tehran, Tabriz, Bandar Abbas and Ramsar) has been studied. The results of the research show that green roofs have the most impact on the cold and humid climate (Ramsar) with 22% and the least impact in cold and mountainous climate (Tabriz) with a 14% reduction in energy consumption. In addition, the amount of cooling loss in hot and humid climate (Bandar Abbas) was lower than other three climates of Iran (Tehran, Tabriz, Ramsar) and in cold and mountainous climate (Tabriz) compared to other three climates (Tehran, Ramsar, Bandar Abbas) And also the most reduction in the heating load in the cold and humid climate (Ramsar) and the lowest in warm and dry climate (Tehran).