آرمان حمیدی

Nowadays, a significant aspect of citizens' environmental conduct is intertwined with their connection and emotional bond to the city. This attachment to the urban environment is regarded as a critical element in fostering environmentally conscientious citizens. The present research adopts a descriptive-quantitative approach. A total of 402 questionnaires were completed by residents of Rasht city to collect data, aimed at assessing the influence of city attachment levels and personal characteristics on the manifestation of environmentally supportive behaviors among citizens. The data gathered from the questionnaires were then quantitatively inputted into SPSS software for modeling and analysis, subsequently employing Smart PLS3 software. The research findings, contrary to initial expectations, indicate a lack of significant correlation between indicators such as individual place attachment, city of birth, duration of residence, and educational level, and the environmentally supportive behaviors exhibited by citizens. However, the modeling results reveal that, initially, the environmentally supportive behaviors of citizens are most closely linked to and impacted by their social attachment to the city or place of residence. Subsequently, certain personal characteristics of citizens, including age and marital status, were found to directly influence these environmentally supportive behaviors, indicating a significant relationship between them.

In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. The current research is practical in terms of purpose. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on the dependence of citizens on cars, a questionnaire was designed and the information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analyzed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by residents of Rasht. According to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. However, the index of "public transportation" with an average of 2.49 has the lowest average among all indicators. Finally, the results of this research showed that the three indicators of corona pandemic, environmental attitude and health of citizens, and lifestyle and tendencies have the greatest effect on citizens' dependence on cars.

In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing in order to prevent this disease have had many social and economic consequences that have brought about a change in lifestyle and even urban structures, including in the field of urban transportation. He pointed out that the increasing dependence on the car in contrast to the less use of the public transportation system has caused urban planners and management to face a serious challenge in recent years. Environmental, social and economic trends also follow, which have faced urban policy makers with a serious challenge in solving this problem. 

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the method of answering research questions and the method of answering is descriptive-quantitative. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on citizens' dependence on cars, a questionnaire with a 5-level Likert scale was designed and data was collected using this method. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analysed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analysed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, in order to increase the confidence factor, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Rasht, and then the questionnaire link was deactivated.

According to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. And at the end, the index of "public transportation" has the lowest average among all indices, with an average of 2.49. On the other hand, the items "increasing the use of private cars during the Corona era" with an average of 4.29 and "decreasing the desire to use public transportation during the Corona pandemic" with an average of 4.10, respectively, have the highest average in among other subjects. Finally, according to the test of the regression results, the "corona pandemic" index has had the greatest impact on the dependence of citizens on personal cars in such a way that with a correlation coefficient of 0.387, it alone accounted for 14.8% of the variance share of the "dependence on cars" index. predict Also, in the seventh model, where all the effective indicators are included in the model, the model has a correlation coefficient of 0.629, which shows the high correlation of these factors and dependence on automobile citizens; It was able to form 38.5% of the share of variance of the variable "Dependence on the car". 

According to the results obtained from the average indicators, "Corona Pandemic" has the highest average, which shows the importance of the issue of Corona disease and its impact on all aspects of people's lives. Also, on the other hand, the two indices "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" respectively have the lowest average among the indices, which shows the lack of attention of the city officials of Rasht to the issue of the city. It is without a car, which has led to the dissatisfaction of citizens due to the lack of a suitable platform for walking and cycling in the city, as well as the inefficiency of the public transportation system of this city. In this regard, according to the correlation between indicators, the indicators of "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" have the highest correlation among all research indicators, which shows the importance of paying more attention. According to these two indicators in the city of Rasht. In the continuation of the results of this research, based on the step-by-step regression test, the "corona pandemic" index is able to predict 14.8% of the variance share of the "car dependence" index. Therefore, with the emergence of this emerging phenomenon and its spread throughout the world, cities have faced new challenges that have never existed before, and one of these challenges is less use of public transportation during the outbreak of this disease and relying on Most of the citizens have a personal car for their health and their families. In the next step, the "environmental attitude and health of citizens" index has had the greatest effect on citizens' reliance on private cars. Based on this, it is possible to take an important step towards this goal by building culture in the society and increasing the environmental sensitivities of citizens and increasing people's awareness of environmental trends and the negative impact of using private cars on the health of citizens. In the next stage, the index of "Citizens' Lifestyle and Desires" has had the greatest impact on the citizens' use of private cars. In line with this, it is possible to change the citizens' lifestyles by taking advantage of collective communication spaces and appropriate culture in order to correct incorrect social patterns and an attitude in citizens can lead the society to less use of private cars. In the fourth stage of this modeling, we see the impact of "laws restricting car traffic" on the use of personal cars, which can be used to prevent more cars from moving around the city and downtown by applying physical restrictions. In the following, among the demographic and descriptive indicators of citizens, the indicators of "number of cars in each household" and "marital status" have an effect on the use of private cars by more and more citizens. In the last stage, the index of "public transportation" has an undeniable effect on the state of citizens' dependence on private cars, and finally, all the mentioned indicators together have been able to explain 38.5% of the variance of the dependence on cars among citizens. slow, which is a very significant amount, and paying attention to these indicators and improving the quality level of each of them can play a significant role in changing the pattern of citizens' use of private cars.

The topic of creative city is one of the theories proposed in the postmodern and late paradigm, which has caused huge transformations and developments in cities and has provided the growth and sustainable development of cities. However, the most important element and requirement for realizing this issue depends on urban branding and creating a favorable mental image; for this purpose, cities can be successful in the global arena and competition with each other for globalization and raising their name at the international level. Cities are the main places where creativity and innovation emerge, and this creativity is considered vital for their economic success. In recent years, counter-development has received much attention in the theoretical literature and urban planning practice. The creative development of cities requires different fields, the most important of which are urban branding and the development of citizen participation. 

Considering the nature and method of answering the research questions, this research is descriptive-quantitative and applied in terms of the type of goal. In this research, information has been collected through surveys and documents. The information obtained from these questionnaires was quantitatively entered into the SPSS software first to check the Cronbach's alpha value in order to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire. This coefficient, with a value of 0.97, indicates good and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. Then, in the next step, using Smart PLS3 software, the findings were modeled and analyzed. Also, in order to evaluate the collected data, methods of reliability (composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha and average variance) and validity (confirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity) were used. In the current research, the views and opinions of citizens have been used to investigate the impact of indicators on the realization of a creative city. Therefore, the statistical population in this research includes all citizens living in Rasht. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size, which is 382. In this research, 410 questionnaires were distributed online among citizens and residents of Rasht. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the impact of Rasht's urban management measures in different areas on the realization of the creative food city brand of this city. Finally, for this purpose, appropriate solutions have been provided to achieve this goal. Also, this research aims to answer these questions:-Which index is the most important index in the realization of the creative city brand of Rasht?-In which areas has the performance of urban management been weak? 

From the analysis of the research data, several key categories are obtained. In this section, we will only mention these items. The “Economic Development” index, with the highest average (3.21) and the “Financial Support and Facilitation” index, with an average of 2.56, has the lowest average among the research indicators. Also, the lowest average among the subjects of this research is related to the two indicators of “setting up an electronic system to manage requests” and “a suitable platform for two-way interaction between officials and people.” On the other hand, according to the results of the significance test of the indicators, only the influence of the indicators “use of cultural and historical capacities,” “economic transformation,” and “networking and participation” are confirmed and significant. Finally, the two indicators of “economic transformation” and “networking and participation” have had the greatest impact on the realization of the branding of Rasht in the current conditions. 

According to the results obtained from the model, the index of economic development has had the most significant impact on Rasht's urban branding. After that, the indicators of networking, participation, and the use of historical and cultural capacities have had the greatest impact, respectively. Based on this, economic development in the city, especially in the field of food and feed, and as a result, the improvement of the economic situation is one of the most important factors in improving and realizing the branding of this city. But one of the most important factors for the realization of urban branding is proper networking and infrastructure improvement to increase the level of citizens' participation. In this regard, according to the feedback received from the citizens, setting up an electronic system in order to create a suitable platform for interaction between citizens and city management to take advantage of people's ideas and the creative class can be a fundamental step in improving this index and ultimately improving the image and brand of this city in the national and international arena. On the other hand, the indicator of the use of cultural and historical capacities is another influential factor that requires additional attention from the urban management of this city. Based on this, urban management can play an impressive role in branding this city by improving educational and cultural infrastructures to promote creativity and transfer the cultural and historical assets of Gilan province to the young generation, along with the revival and recreation of historical buildings. However, among the noteworthy results of this research is the low impact and lack of meaning of policy indicators in the field of the creative city, the creation of creative and eventful urban spaces, and especially the indicator of financial support and promotion of the activities of the creative class. This indicator even has a negative impact on branding. Considering the low average of these indicators in Rasht, which is based on the views and evaluation of the citizens, it is not far from the expectation that these indicators have the least or even a negative impact. In this regard, Rasht's urban management policies require special attention regarding financial support for the creative class and providing facilities and facilities to encourage and facilitate the activities of this class so that an effective step can be taken to realize the creative city brand of Rasht. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The aim of the present research is to identify the most effective indigenous identity components in order to brand the creative city of Rasht. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical, and data collection was done through a survey. Five (5) indicators were extracted from the theoretical foundations. The statistical population in this research was the tourists of Rasht City. In calculating the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, and its number was calculated as 384. Also, the information obtained from the questionnaire has been analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS3 software. The findings of the research indicate that the average of all indicators is higher than the average (number 3), and among them, natural attractions and food culture had the highest averages, making them more attractive to tourists. In this regard, according to the averages obtained for all research subjects, the level of interest in the natural attractions of this city and choosing this city as a tourist destination is of the utmost importance considering its tourist attractions and it has been assigned to itself among tourists. On the other hand, the results of modeling and the impact of the indicators mentioned in this research on the branding of Rasht City indicate the importance and high impact of the food culture of this area on the branding of Rasht City. Based on this, in order to promote the branding of the creative city, after the index of food culture, native customs have the greatest effect on branding, and then local architecture and urbanism are also placed in the next place of influence on the branding of Rasht City; in contrast to the natural attractions of this city, due to its very low route coefficient, it has a very small effect on the branding of this city, which is very significant from the point of view of tourists, despite the high capacity of natural attractions, due to not paying enough attention to the natural capacities of the city, this index does not have much effect on the branding of the city of Rasht. Since the city of Rasht has been mentioned as a creative city of food and food and this title is considered as a brand of the city, it was determined by the surveys conducted in the field of branding index that the citizens consider the city of Rasht worthy of this title. They know the brand, but the brand of the destination has not been a reason for them to visit. Also, in the investigation of the index of the local custom, according to the statistical results, although this component is known as the main symbol of the city after the natural attractions, the level of familiarity with the customs and The customs of the city is at a low level, which can be concluded that the management of the city of Rasht has performed poorly in introducing and presenting a favourable image of the native and cultural components of the city at the national level.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the indicators of a healthy city in Rasht in and finally to examine the relationships between the indicators of a healthy city, including identifying the most important factors affecting the realization of a healthy city. For this purpose, the city of Rasht has been chosen as a case study in this research.

The current research is considered an applied research in terms of purpose and, according to the method of answering research questions, it is considered a descriptive-quantitative research. In this study, the information was collected through surveys and documents. In order to investigate and evaluate the indicators of a healthy city, a questionnaire with a 5-level Likert scale was designed. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS software. First, in order to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire, the value of Cronbach’s alpha was checked, and this value with a coefficient of 0.913 indicated the very favorable and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analyzed step by step. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula of 384, according to the population of Rasht in the latest population and the housing census in 2015, that was reported to be 679,995 people.

According to the average results of the indicators, the “housing quality” index has the highest average value of 3.12. On the other hand, the “organizational-managerial” index has the lowest average among the indices, with an average of 2.52. Also, according to the average results of the research items, the item of “residential unit’s access to facilities such as water, electricity and gas” from the housing quality index has the highest average with a number of 4.15, as well as the item “the existence of special bicycle paths in the place of residence”. The environmental and physical index with an average of 1.93, they have the lowest average among all items. And finally, the average of all items in the current research is equal to 2.86. Then, a step-by-step regression test was used to investigate the relationship between the “health and hygiene” index and other research indicators. At first, by entering the index of “health and sanitation” as a dependent index and 5 other research indices as independent indices, the effective indices identified by this test are entered into the model in order of effect. According to findings, “organization and management” index had the greatest impact on the health and hygiene of the citizens, as it was able to predict 34.4% of the variance share of the “health and hygiene” index alone with a correlation coefficient of 0.586. Also, in the fourth model, where all the effective indicators are included in the model, the model has a correlation coefficient of 0.704, which shows the high correlation between these factors and the health of the citizens; It could form 49.5% of the share of the variance of the “health and sanitation” variable. Finally, only the “economic” index has been removed from the model due to its insignificant effect on the “health and sanitation” index.

Based on the step-by-step regression test, firstly, the “management and organizational” index alone is able to predict 34.4% of the variance share of the “health and hygiene” index. Also, these two indicators have the highest correlation among all the indicators of this research, which indicates the continuity and high influence of these two indicators on each other. Therefore, Rasht’s urban management can place special emphasis on the topic of a healthy city and the health indicators of the citizens in its planning, in order to ultimately improve the health and health status of the city and its citizens. In the next step, the indicators of “housing quality” and then “environmental and physical” have the greatest effect on the health status of citizens, which indicates the importance of physical issues and the quality of life of citizens in addition to environmental issues. But at the last stage, the “social” index has an undeniable effect on the health index. Based on this, it is possible to improve the indicators of a healthy city with proper planning in order to increase interactions between citizens and raise the level of people’s participation in urban affairs and provide a suitable platform for the direct relationship between citizens and city officials to increase two-way interaction between them. The point to be pondered in this research is the exclusion of the economic index from the final model, which shows the insignificant and negligible impact of this index on the health status of the citizens, which indicates that this index has a lower priority than other indices, and can be a suitable subject for future research in this city.

Attachment to a specific place shows the significance and importance of that place for citizens and has positive consequences. Belonging causes citizens to be concerned about improving the condition of their neighborhood or place of residence, which becomes the basis for the formation of neighborhood activities and citizens' participation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of citizens' attachment on their participation. In this regard, in order to collect research data, 384 questionnaires were distributed and completed among the residents of the Shahidan neighborhood located in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. SPSS and Smart PLS3 software were used to analyze the obtained data. According to the findings of the research, the indexes of "Citizens' attachment to the neighborhood" and "Citizens' participation" have an average of 3.08 and 3.03 respectively, which shows the favorable status of both of these indicators in this neighborhood. Moreover, the residents of this neighborhood have a high desire to interact with their neighbors, and on the other hand, they have the lowest desire to participate in financial affairs in their neighborhood. Additionally, paying attention to the modeling results, the index of citizens' attachment to their neighborhood has succeeded in predicting 38.1% of the citizens' participation index, which means that there is a direct relationship between the attachment of the people of this neighborhood and their participation in their urban and local affairs. In other words, citizens' participation and civil participation are a function of citizens' attachment, and it is possible to increase the amount of this participation by increasing citizens' attachment to their place of residence.

In the recent decade, the views of planners and theorists have changed from simple physical aspects to social, environment and interactive aspects. Considering the increasing development of cities and the tendency of citizens to use private vehicle, serious challenges for urban planners have emerged. The study of people's behaviors and attitudes is important because knowing these attitudes can make changes in related policies. The data of the descriptive-quantitative study was done through documentary and survey studies. In order to study the attitude of citizens and its impact on the use of public transportation system, questions were designed in the form of a questionnaire with a five-level Likert scale. Considering the population of Tehran, the size of the sample was calculated to be 384 people using the Cochran's formula. Due to the epidemic of Covid-19 and in order to observe the health protocols, an online questionnaire was used. To increase the reliability, 443 questionnaires were distributed online among the residents of Tehran. Data analysis of this study showed that the "environmental attitude" index was ranked as the first with an average of 3.69 and the following were "social attitudes", "economic attitudes" and "use public transportation" with an average of 3.58, 3.20 and 2.94, respectively. According to the modeling results, the economic attitude of citizens with a path coefficient of 0.475 has the main and most significant impact on the use of public transport.

Tourism development leads to the economic and social development in the tourism destinations resulting sustainable economic development, creating jobs for residents and increasing their income levels. Paying attention to the social dimensions of tourism brings cultural and social cohesion as well as strengthening local identity. Each tourist destination has two types of attractions for tourists which are tangible and intangible. Tangible attractions include features that are objectively and directly visible to tourists. Intangible attractions include the socio-cultural potentials of the destination, which are usually special and unique. The image of the destination, which is mainly formed in tourists’ minds on the bases of socio-cultural attractions, has a great impact on the acceptance of a tourist destination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of destination image and tourist attractions on the attractiveness of Rasht as a tourist destination. To collect research information, according to Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires have been distributed and completed among tourists. The sampling method of the present study is non-random, which has been done in the historical and cultural monuments, hotels, terminals, etc. SPSS and Smart PLS3 software were used to analyze the obtained data. According to the research findings, the "destination image" index with an average of 4.09 has the highest average among the indices. Also, the indices of "tourist destination attraction" and "tourist destination attractiveness" are in the next positions with averages of 4.07 and 3.47, respectively. Based on the average obtained by the research indices, the average of the two independent indices (destination image and destination attraction) are very close to each other and above average. This shows the special attention and interest of tourists of this destination to cultural attractions beside of physical attractions. The average attractiveness index of Rasht tourist destination indicates the special place of this city in the minds of tourists. Therefore, by emphasizing the importance of the socio-cultural potentials of this city, we can hope for a bright future and the further flourishing of the potential capacities of this tourist destination. According to the modeling results, the image of the tourist destination with a path coefficient of 0.371 has the greatest impact on the attractiveness of the tourist destination. Based on this, the existing socio-cultural attractions are prior to the physical attractions and creating a favorable mental image in the minds of tourists requires more attention to local culture and social capital. The city management can provide cultural events based on the special traditions of the city, to attract more tourists. Today, the innovation of creating events has an important share of strengthening tourism in the global tourism market, and the city of Rasht has the necessary socio-cultural bases. In order to create events, more attention should be paid to the local culture and social capital of the city, which in the first step requires accurate study of customs and culture of Rasht. The next step needs the support of officials to provide the manifestations of creativity in tourism.

The concept of sustainability in environmental protection was introduced in the 1970s. However, the first formal definition of sustainability was presented in the late 1980s in the form of our common Future Report (Bratland Report), which in defininig the framework of sustainable development, pays special attention to public participation which focused on environmental sustainability and emphasized the improvement of urban health and the reduction of environmental hazards. The concept has become a prominent urban planning trend and emphasizes the critical role of ecological considerations in the planning process. The present study is of applied and descriptive-quantitative type. Three hundred ten questionnaires have been completed through residents to collect information. The data were analyzed using binomial tests, Pearson correlation, and exploratory factor analysis. Results of the findings of this study showed that the satisfaction of Rasht citizens with urban management in the fields of waste management, especially urban river management, is at a low and undesirable level. Urban management in the field of green infrastructure has had relatively satisfactory performance. After this index is waste management and finally river management index; The urban river management index has a very unfavorable situation. Therefore, Rasht urban managers must first solve problems of urban rivers and improve the municipal waste disposal system to take an essential step towards creating an environmentally sound and healthy environment for citizens.

In recent decades, due to the rapid growth of the population and irregular expansion of the cities and the dominance of the vehicle in the streets, the pedestrian role in the urban spaces has been neglected. This issue led to the formation of tedious spaces and away from social interactions. Therefore, to create the vital and human-centered spaces and provide a ground to establish social interactions, the urban managers and planners sought to design and construct the streets with the maximum social role. Nowadays, these streets are called pedestrian streets and are among the principal public and vital spaces of the city. The access to these streets in the form of walking provides social interactions and relationships for the individuals and plays a significant role in creating urban vitality. The current study aims to investigate the effect of the quality of the pedestrian streets in the vitality and social interactions among the citizens as well as explaining the relationships among these factors by studying the physical quality, vitality, and social interactions in the pedestrian street of the Rasht city center.

Rasht was selected as a creative gastronomy city in 2015 and became a UNESCO Creative Cities network member. Despite several years since winning this title, the path to realizing the brand of Rasht creative city has faced challenges, and the relevant institutions have not been able to achieve significant success in urban branding at the national and international levels. However, Rasht city can become a global brand due to its appropriate historical and cultural capacities. This study's primary purpose is to evaluate urban management's performance in urban branding and provide suggestions to promote the brand of the creative city of Rasht. The present study is descriptive-quantitative and applied research. Residents and citizens of this city have completed 410 questionnaires. The obtained data were evaluated and analyzed using Pearson correlation, binomial test, and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software. The analysis results showed that the index of financial support for the creative class activity and facilitation of urban management has the lowest level among other indicators. Bilateral interaction and citizen participation in realizing this brand in the city is another issue that city management has ignored. Therefore, allocating the necessary financial support and facilities for the creative class, creating an influential communication institution, and using the Internet and cyberspace's capacity will be priorities in branding Rasht as a creative city.

Investing in projects, according to the industrial development guide of United Nations, is the use and allocation of economic resources to achieve long-term benefits. The use of the word profit instead of resources is due to the fact that the purpose of investing is not limited to net profit and loss, but also has other benefits. One of these benefits includes the use of the tourism industry, which has developed in the world, especially in developed countries, as a large sector along with other economic ones. And it can become a basic industry along with other fundamental ones such as agriculture, industry and services. The city of Rasht is located as one of the largest urban centers on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, which has natural features, topographic features, river-valleys, forests, sea and historical sites. In recent years, despite holding various exhibitions and urban events and using the environmental protection force and special attention to sustainable development, management of Rasht city has not been able to make appropriate exploit of the city's potential. Absence of strategic vision and lack of attention to the rich cultural characteristics of the people of Rasht, has caused the city to lose its balance of strategic planning structures. The city of Rasht is considered as an attractive and cheap destination for tourists, but there is still no suitable place to compete in the world. Therefore, the explanation of creative urban tourism development strategies is as a concern in the field of urban planning that can increase GDP.

In order to achieve the method and methodology of this study, a qualitative study has been conducted with the grounded theory approach. The reason for choosing the grounded theory is that executive techniques can be achieved based on this one. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the situation of Rasht city in the aspect of creative city indicators. At first, it reviews the indicators used in the world, and after selecting the indicators in accordance with the background conditions of this city, it measures and quantifies them. The purpose of this study is not only to evaluate the creative city indicators of Rasht, but also the main goal of this research is to exploit the potentials of Rasht city, to provide solutions for urban creativity and to apply practical strategies to attract domestic and foreign investment based on achieved strategies of the research results. According to the above, it can be said that the present study seeks to answer the questions as follow:-What is the situation of the creative city indicators in Rasht city?
-What are the appropriate strategies for the development of creative tourism of Rasht city?The present research is descriptive-quantitative one with applied nature. In order to collect information, 393 questionnaires were completed through residents. The data were analyzed by using of binomial tests, correlation and exploratory factor analysis(EFA). Then, after analyzing the statistical data, the proposed strategies are presented through the SOAR strategic model.

From the data analysis, several central categories have been obtained: Restrictions of Rasht city, popular culture, undesirable social structure, uneven and dysfunctional management, lack of urban infrastructure, dysfunctional transportation system, weakness of education, overlapping tasks of organizations and poor advertising in underdeveloped tourism have cause confusion and imbalance in urban sustainable development and also have influenced strategies.

According to the consequences of the adopted strategies and based on the definitions of events, tourism and sustainable development, it can be argued that the city of Rasht does not have thorough cultural facilities and it is not possible to hold various events. One of the considered and inferred strategies, is the creation of food festivals during different seasons, which can be useful for the development of tourism and introducing the local food of this city to domestic and foreign tourists. Teaching traditional foods of this city to tourists is another achieved strategy of the research. Because in today's modern world, tourists are not just looking for entertainment; their basic need is to acquire the indigenous culture of cities and countries and to spread it in their own country. According to the research and the results of the analysis in order to achieve the objectives of the research, there is a basic need to create valuable and educational places. Establishing guidance centers in the city and holding training courses are other strategies that we have witnessed a lack of them. Considering the capacities of Rasht city in the field of creative gastronomy city and suitable cultural contexts among the people of Rasht city, it can be expected the development of tourism with increasing the quality of services and products based on providing the necessary training as one of the requirements of sustainable development, in addition to creating the platform for people to benefit from the brand of creative gastronomy city.

Biodiesel is a renewable and sustainable alternative fuel that is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. In this paper an experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the use of soybean oil methyl ester (biodiesel) in the diesel fuel at blend ratios of B0, B2, B5 and B10. In this study, the performance and emissions characteristics of conventional diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel blends were compared. The tests were performed at steady-state conditions in a direct injection diesel engine with 90 kW power that was equipped with EGR and with no modification of calibration. The experimental results of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque and exhaust temperature as well as carbon dioxide (CO2), smoke, nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions were presented and discussed. The results of engine performance parameters at different conditions (different load and engine speed) showed that a negligible loss of engine power and a significant increase in brake specific fuel consumption due to lower heating value of biodiesel. Smoke, CO and HC emissions were decreased by increasing blends of soybean oil as compared to pure diesel. However the increase in engine NOx and CO2 emissions were observed with the increase of biodiesel percentage in the blended fuel.

Biodiesel is one of renewable and environmentally friendly biofuels that can be used in the diesel engine with little or no modification in the engine. In the present paper، the performance and emission characteristics of conventional diesel fuel and biodiesel blends produced from soybean oil (B2، B5 and B10) were compared. Tests were performed at steady-state conditions in a direct injection diesel engine with 90 kW power. During the test، the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions were measured. Experimental results showed that relative to diesel، biodiesel had an approximately 5-8% increase in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) due to the lower heating value (LHV) of biodiesel. However، biodiesel significantly reduced carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC)، while nitric oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increased slightly. Observations showed that the smoke decreased significantly، due to the oxygen availability of the biodiesel fuel.