فهرست مطالب آزاده ملکزاده شفارودی

Arc copper mine is located about 55 km northwest of Birjand city in South Khorasan Province. The rock units at this area include thin to medium-bedded flysch sandstones in red and gray colors with Eocene age. Copper mineralization occurred in the upper part of bleached gray sandstones in a lenticular shape. There are at least two revitalization beds. Each of the horizons consists of three zones: Red Zone, Bleached Zone, and Mineralized Zone.The mineraliztion zone has occurred within the bleached and reductant zone. The texture in this deposit is replacement and scattered grains. The presence of framboidal pyrites in the ore horizons and the intactness of cellular structures replaced by sulfides indicate that this deposit was formed during the early stages of diagenesis prior to deep burial. Based on lithology (host rock from sandstone greywacke to litharnite), mineralogy of mineral (chalcocite, covelite), structure and texture, stratigraphy and factors controlling mineralization (presence of traces and remains of plants as the main factor regenerative environment, appropriate permeability of the host rock) suggest that this deposit is the similar to Red Bed type sedimentary copper deposits.

The Kimia copper area is located in the Eocene volcano-sedimentary complex northwest of Bardskan in Razavi Khorasan Province. The geology of the area includes volcanic rocks with andesite-basalt composition, conglomerate with andesite fragments, nummulitic limestone and tuffaceous sandstone. Mineralization is found in andesite and conglomerate units as well as at the border between these units in the form of vein-veinlets, disseminated, replacement and open space filling. Primary minerals are chalcocite, pyrite, and secondary minerals are malachite, caveolite, and iron oxide. The faults in this region are formed in two directions, northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast, with a slope of 45 degrees. The main veins in this zone are calcite-quartz-pyrite, calcite-chalcocite and calcite-barite-pyrite. Alterations related to veins are siliceous and carbonate and are related to igneous, propylitic, carbonate and chloritic units. The amount of copper element ranges between 6950 and 47935 ppm and other elements have low values. Based on fluid inclusion study, the minimum formation temperature ranges between 228 and 368 °C and the salinity is between 10.4 and 16.9 percent. Based on the evidence of the host rock, structure, textures and existing alterations, copper mineralization in Kimia area is Manto type.

Kalateh Pialeh prospect area is located in the Kopeh Dagh zone, approximately 15 km northeastern of Esfarayen city. The area is composed of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary periods, which include microconglomerate, dolomitic limestone, sandy limestone, limestone, conglomerate, and marl. Mineralization occurs as epigenetic deposits hosted by dolomitic limestone and limestone. Two mineralization stages were identified. The first stage consists of a pyrite-galena-sphalerite assemblage with replacement and breccia textures, and the second stage comprising a galena-sphalerite assemblage with vein-veinlet, open space filling, and replacement textures. Dolomite and calcite are the most abundant gangue minerals associated with lesser amount of quartz and barite. Main alterations consist of calcitization and dolomitization. Galena mineral exhibits maximum geochemical anomalies of 1843 ppm for zinc, 7 ppm for arsenic, and 11 ppm for copper. Microthermometric studies on primary fluid inclusions (LV) reveal homogenization temperatures ranging from 180°C to 265°C for stage 1, and from 167°C to 214°C for stage 2. Salinities for these stages were found to be between 7.8 wt.% to 14.5 wt.% NaCl equiv., and 11.7 wt.% to 12.2 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. Based on evidence such as structurally controlled mineralization, the type of alterations and their linear expansion, simple mineralogy of ore, geochemistry, and fluid inclusion data, Kalateh Pialeh prospect area is similar to lead-zinc epithermal deposits.

Chah-Nar Pb-Zn deposit is located south of Rutchun plain, 110 km SW Baft, within Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone. Mineralization occurs at calitic-dolomitic marble of Rutchun complex  as epigenetic with structural control. Paragenetic minerals are galena and minor sphalerite  and pyrite associated with quartz, and minor calcite and dolomite,  as gangue minerals. These minerals show veinlets, open space filling, breccia, and disseminated textures. Galena can be seen in the form of coarse grain crystal and cuboctahedral texture and fine grain crystal. Silicification and carbonatization are the most important alteration zones. Galena chemistry indicates galena is Ag, As, Cd and Zn -rich and Sn, Bi-poor. Sb/Bi ratio in galena is close to 3, which is indicator of low temperature deposits. Host rock type, stratabound and epigenetic mineralization, postsedimentary fault controlling, texture, ore types and gangue minerals, and lack of significant correlation between mineralization and igneous activities, chemistry of galena, indicate that Chah-Nar deposit is similar to MVT deposits, although it has some differences with this deposits type.

Bahariyeh deposit is located in the central segment of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt (KKBMB), NE Iran. This belt is dominated by plutons of Kashmar batholith and associated volcanic rocks along the northern side of the Dorouneh Fault and is one of the most important metallogenic provinces in Iran. Based on geochemical data carried out for the purpose of the present study, the expansion of Cu and other metals mineralization is determined, and on the basis of investigation of trace and rare earth elements behavior, the genetic-lithological relationship of the intrusive rocks is determined in the North of Bahariyeh region.

Method of study:

 About 80 thin sections of intrusive rocks were prepared and 10 least altered 10 samples were selected and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF; PHILIPS PW 1480) at the Analytical Laboratory of the Kansaran Binaloud Institute of Mashhad, Iran. Also, 10 samples were selected for geochemical analysis by (ICP-OES) at the Zarazma Mineral Studies Co., Mashhad, Iran. Regional Geology Based on field observations a 1:10,000 geological map prepared from the study area, the existing rock outcrops mainly include an alternative of pyroclastic units, Eocene-Oligocene lavas, as well as subvolcanic and intrusive rocks. Field observations show the North of Bahariyeh area is composed of dacite-rhyodacite and andesite volcanic units, and has been intruded by granodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzodiorite-diorite porphyry. These acidic-intermediate intrusive masses have a granular texture and are mainly porphyroid, which have been affected by propylitic, siliceous, argillic, and sericitic alterations. Copper mineralization is observed in the form of veins in different parts of the region, the thickness of these veins varies from about 5 mm to more than 10 cm. Two types of vein-veinlets can be distinguished in the mineralization zone of North of Bahariyeh: 1) vein-veinlets containing quartz + chalcopyrite + specularite + pyrite; 2) specularite-rich veins. Petrography Granodiorite: Granodiorite shows a coarse-grained granular texture with graphic and myrmekitic intergrowths. The main minerals consist of plagioclase, K-feldspar (orthoclase), quartz, hornblende, and opaque minerals. The euhedral-subhedral plagioclase and K-feldspar phenocrysts have been altered to sericite, clay minerals, epidote, and chlorite.Monzodiorite porphyry: This unit has porphyritic and glomeroporphyritic textures with medium-grained groundmass. The monzodiorite porphyry contains up to 45-50 vol.% phenocrysts, consisting of plagioclase (15–20 vol.%), K-feldspar (10–15 vol.%), hornblende (5–7 vol.%), clinopyroxene (5–8 vol.%), and biotite (2–5 vol.%). The same minerals are also present in groundmass. Hornblende and biotite are replaced by chlorite in some places. Also, some plagioclase and feldspar phenocrysts have been altered to sericite, chlorite, and epidote.Quartz monzonite porphyry: The quartz monzonite porphyry has a porphyritic texture (0.1–0.2 mm) with a fine-grained groundmass and normally contains 40–45 vol.% phenocrysts that are 0.1–4 mm in diameter. It is mainly composed of plagioclase (30-35 vol.%), K-feldspar (25-30 vol.%), quartz (15–20 vol.%), and hornblende (5-10 vol.%). The same minerals are also present in groundmass.Diorite porphyry: This unit has porphyritic and glomeroporphyritic textures, with medium-grained groundmass with phenocrysts 0.1–5 mm across, and 40-50 vol.% phenocrysts including 25-30 vol.% plagioclase and 15-20 vol.% clinopyroxene and hornblende with minor biotite and alkali feldspar. The same minerals are also present in groundmass. Its accessory minerals are quartz, zircon, and magnetite (2–3 vol.% and 0.5 mm).

North of Bahariyeh provides important insights for reconstructing the Middle Eocene tectono-magmatic evolution of the NE of Iran. Significant outcomes of this work are:The intrusive sequence in the North of Bahariyeh is inferred as monzodiorite porphyry, diorite porphyry, quartz monzonite, and granodiorite of middle Eocene. and all intrusive rocks belong to I-type metaluminous-peraluminous granites. Major and trace element geochemistry indicate the acidic-intermediate intrusive rocks in the North of Bahariyeh were likely generated by partial melting from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle affected by both slab-derived fluids and lower continental crustal components.The enrichment of LILE (Ba, K, and Cs), depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ti), and the enrichment of LREE relative to HREE indicate crustal contamination and formation of the source magmas in a subduction environment zone by low degrees of partial melting. Trace element geochemistry confirms the evolution of dioritic rocks by a partial melting process (1-5%). Geochemical results, combined with regional geological data, demonstrate a shallow mantle with a clear subduction imprint (metasomatized mantle wedge melts). The post-collisional transtensional tectonic regime favored magma genesis with decompression melting and magma rise through the well-developed fault system and the subvolcanic and intrusive units in the North of Bahariyeh area form the active continental margin-related subduction zone.Overall, the data of the rare earth elements of acidic-intermediate units in the area of study shows that the rocks under investigation were originated by partial melting of enriched mantle under the influence of the fluids released from the subduction blade and then under the contamination of the crust.

Ruchun-Mazar region is located in southern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, southwest of Baft city in Kerman province, Iran. Seh Chah, Chah Sorbi, Chah Nar, Zardbazi Dar, and Chah Sorbi Arjmand Pb-Zn deposits located in this region were investigated. The most outcrops of the geological units in the area include the Paleozoic metamorphic complexes of Gol Ghohar (amphibolite, gneiss and micaschist), Ruchun (schist, marble, calcschist, black chert, slate and phyllite), and Khabar (marble, calcschist). Microdioritic, monzodioritic and diabasic dykes have intruded into the metamorphic units. Dolomitic and calcitic marble of Ruchun complex is the host rock for Pb-Zn mineralization. Primary mineralization in Seh Chah, Chah Sorbi, and Chah Nar deposits includes galena, sphalerite, and pyrite ± chalcopyrite along with quartz, calcite, and dolomite ± barite. Vein-veinlet, open space filling, brecciated ± disseminated ± laminate structures and textures can be seen in these deposits. The most important alterations in these deposits are silicification and carbonitization (calcitic and dolomitic alterations). Primary sulfide ore in Zardbazi Dar and Chah Sorbi Arjmand deposits has been weathered and mining has been carried out on nonsulfide ore (supergene ore). The nonsulfide ore formed at the expense of sulfides, and mainly consists of smithsonite, hydrozincite, hemimorphite, and cerussite. It seems that these deposits belong to the direct replacement and, to a lesser extent, wall rock replacement nonsulfide zinc deposits. Based on the geological, mineralogical and alteration evidence, the primary mineralization in the region can be divided into two groups of SEDEX type (Chah Sorbi deposit) and vein type (Chah Nar and Seh Chah deposits). It was concluded that under supergene conditions in some deposits, nonsulfide ore was also formed. Moreover, the deposits of this region can be categorized into primary sulfide (hydrothermal) and nonsulfide (supergene).

Amir Abad prospect area is located in northwestern Neyshabur, Khorasan Razavi Province. Geology of the area includes post-Eocene subvolcanic igneous (diorite porphyry), Paleogene volcanic (andesite) and sedimentary (sandstone and conglomerate) units. Sedimentary units of the area consist of layers of oxidized red sandstone, gray sandstone and conglomerate. Sandstones deposited in a continental to oceanic island arc tectonic setting within sedimentary basin. Copper mineralization, as layer and lens (syndiagenetic), occurs in sections with mostly lithic arenite composition (coarse grain) and abundant plant fossil. Primary minerals (with disseminated, veinlet and replacement textures) include pyrite and chalcocite, which during secondary stages chalcocite, covellite, malachite, hematite and goethite were formed. Maximum geochemical anomalies in the horizons of mineralization for copper, silver, and zinc are %6, 14 ppm and 99 ppm respectively.. Based on type of host rock, sulfide minerals, texture and mineralization controlling agen (presence of plant traces as reducing factor and host rock permeability), mineralization type is similar to sedimentary copper deposits of Red Bed type.

Siajak area is located within the Sistan suture zone in the south Zahedan. The rock units of the area include metamorphic, sedimentary and intrusive. The amphibolite unit is the most lithologic unit present in this area. The most important alterations in the area are silicification and propylitic alterations. Mineralization is seen with NW-SE and E-W trending in the amohibolite host rock as quartzite + chalcopyrite + pyrite veinlet and quartz + goethite vein. The chalcopyrite and pyrite are primery minerals and covellite, chalcocite, malachite, azurite, hematite and gotite are secondary. Based on the results of geochemical analysis, the highest amount of copper is 3.2%, lead and zinc are 218 and 150 ppm and gold is 174 ppb. Based on the fluid inclusion microthermametry, the homogenization temperature is 163-300 °C and salinity is 10-13.5 wt.% equivalent NaCl. Temperature decreasing is the most important factor for deposition of sulfide minerals. Based on the temperature and salinity of the ore-fluid, the structural control of the mineralization, the type of alteration and its development, and simple mineralogy, the Siajak area is copper vein type.

Zardkooh procpect area is located in Sistan and Baluchestan Province in southeast of Iranshahr city. In terms of structural location, the study area is located on the boundary of Makran Arc Basin with the flysch zone of eastern Iran. The geology of the area is Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary rocks, which is intruded by pyroxene diorite to monzodioritic units. The dioritic intrusion contains abundant quartz veinlets with a highly altered appearance. Mineralization in this area is mostly associated with silicification and argillic alterations with a large gossan zone surrounded by propylitic alteration. The primary minerals are pyrite and chalcopyrite and secondary minerals are goethite, hematite, limonite, jarosite, chalcocite, covellite, malachite and azurite, which seen as veinlet, disseminated, colloform, and replacement textures. The maximum amount of Au, Cu, Ag, As, and Zn elements are 1.1 ppm, 5%, 3.7 ppm, more than 100 ppm, and 759 ppm, respectively. Fluids inclusion study on quartz shows that the homogenization temperature is in the range of 188° to 365 °C and the salinity is between 14.5 to 18.2% eq. NaCl. Temperature and salinity data show the role of the mixing process of high temperature and salinity fluid (probable magmatic water) with meteoric low temperature and salinity fluid in the formation of mineral reserves. The type of alterations and their development, geochemical anomalies, temperature and salinity range, geological position, lithology, and mineralogy indicate that the mineralization of Zardkooh prospect area can be the upper part of a porphyry copper-gold type system.

The Ghoochi area is a part of volcanic-plutonic zone of the Lut block and is located in eastern Bajestan city in the Razavi Khorasan Province. The geology of the area includes Jurassic metamorphic (slate and metasandstone), Early Cretaceous sedimentary (limstone, conglomerate and sandstone) and Late Cretaceous subvolcanic (pyroxene diorite porphyry) rocks. Mineralization is formed along faults with northwest-southeast and east-west trends in the reduced pyroxene diorite porphyry host rock (Late Cretaceous). Hypogene minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite and quartz with lesser amounts of chlorite. Mineralization is seen along with the structures and textures of vein-veinlet, open space filling, disseminated, replacement and exsolution. Main alterations consist of propylitic-sericitic, sericitic-carbonate-silicification and carbonate-silicification±chlorite. Maximum geochemical anomalies observed include for gold with 2639 ppb, arsenic 11065 ppm, lead 45400 ppm, zinc 19400 ppm, silver 12 ppm, and copper 725 ppm. Based on geology, alteration, mineralogy, texture and geochemistical studies, Ghoochi area can be probably classified in reduced-intrusion related gold systems (RIRGS).

Fadiheh copper-gold prospect area in northwest of Torbat-e Heydariyeh in Khorasan Razavi Province is located in the central part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt. This area includes outcrops of Eocene volcanic-pyroclastic units with felsicintermediate nature. The lavas are andesite and latite, and pyroclastic units include rhyodacitic tuff, andesitic lithic tuff and ignimbrite. Intrusive rocks consist of hornblende monzogranite, synogranite, pyroxene diorite porphyry and quartz monzonite porphyry. Mineralization has structural control and formed as vein-veinlets in accordance with the main trend of NW-SE and NE-SW faults in the region. Mineralization veins have generally N45 ° -75 ° E and N15 ° -30 ° W trending, 2 to 25 m length and 0.2 to 2 m width. The most important veins in the area include quartz + specularite ± pyrite and quartz + specularite ± chalcopyrite. The host rocks are pyroxene diorite porphyry, quartz monzonite porphyry and hornblende monzogranit. The structure and texture of mineralization includes vein-veinlet, open space filling, breccia, secondary replacement, colloform and disseminated. The alteration associated with veins are silicification and chloritization. The propylitic, silicification, chloritization and argillic alteration zones are observed within host rocks and other units in the area. Primary mineralization are specularite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena and secondary minerals are malachite, chalcocite, covellite, goethite, hematite, limonite, azurite and chrysocolla. Maximum of geochemical anomalies in veins are up to 5% Cu, up to 3% Pb, 50 g/t Ag, 100 g /t As and up to 791 ppb Au. The geological setting, lithology, mineralogy of mineralized veins, structure and texture, extent and type of alteration zones show that the mineralization in Fadiheh prospect area is iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) type.

Bijvard prospect area is located in the northern part of Central Iran zone, Sabzevar zone, about 40 km north of Bardaskan. The rock units exposed in the area include Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary rocks (andesite, basalt, graywacke and conglomerate) that syenogranite porphyry unit has intruded into them.  Mineralization has structural control, with N35E trending, and has altered the andesitic rock unit. Mineralization in this area has occurred in two parts: 1- Gold-bearing ores, that are mostly associated with silica and argillic alterations within gossan zone, which is surrounded by propylitic alteration 2- Manganese mineralization has occurred within gray wacke unit. Mineralogy is simple and primary minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrolusite and braunite and secondary minerals include goethite, hematite, covellite, chalcocite, malachite and various Mn-bearing minerals. Quartz and clay minerals associated with minor calcite are the most important gangue minerals. The maximum value of gold is 1.4 ppm and the minimum value of gold is 0.01 ppm. In addition, the amount of copper is ranging between 88 ppm and 2.2%, arsenic is 21 to 100 ppm, and zinc is 162 to 495 ppm. Based on tectonic setting, host rock, structural control, type of alteration and the absence of high and low sulfide index minerals, Bijvard prospect area is probably an intermediate sulfidation epithermal type.

The Zangalou mine area, a part of NW Bardaskan magmatic assemblage, located south of Sabzevar and northwest of Bardaskan cities in Khorasan Razavi province. The rock units of the area are dominated by sedimentary and volcanic racks (andesite, trachyandesite, latite and andesitic tuff). The dominant minerals are plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene and alkali feldspar locally affected by argillic and propylitic alterations and the main textures are porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic, amygdaloidal and fine grain. The rocks under study formed in continental volcanic arc related to subduction zone, are calcalkaline in nature, metaluminous in composition and classified as shoshoite series. LREE and LILE enrichment compared to HREE and HFSE of the investigated rocks indicate their magma generation in subduction setting. Both Zr/Ba and Sm/Yb ratios point to lithospheric mantle origin and the rare or the absence of garnet in the origin respectively. The parent magma formed from partial melting of an enriched phlogopite spinel lherzolite. The geochemical properties of Zangalou share many signatures with those of the volacic rocks distributed in other parts of NW Bardaskan volcanic assemblage indicate high similarity in geochemical signatures of volcanic rocks. Studying geochemistry of volcanic rocks in these areas indicates formation of these rocks in a subduction setting.

About 75% of world copper, 50% of molybdenum, and 20% of gold are produced from porphyry copper deposits (Sillitoe, 2010) with an average ore grade of 0.45–1.5% Cu, 0.007–0.04% Mo and up to 1.5 ppm Au. Porphyry copper deposits are commonly associated with intermediate composition arc-related igneous rocks with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios (Richards, 2011). Igneous rocks having ratios of Sr/ Y > 25 and Y < 10 ppm are considered adakitic type.The aim of this work is to modify the name of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB), petrological studies of granitoids from Saveh to Jiroft, determination of the genetic relationship between porphyry copper deposits and adakitic and non-adakitic granitoids, and comparison of Miocene-Pliocene adakitic volcanic rock in different parts of Iran with barren adakitic granitoids. The role of a thermal gradient, depth of dehydration, water content, source rock, partial melting percentage, and oxygen fugacity in the formation or non-formation of mineralization, grade, and reserve of porphyry copper deposits are also investigated.

The information used can be divided into three parts: 1) data related to I-type magnetite series granitoids related to porphyry copper deposits of Miocene age in Saveh-Nain-Jiroft magmatic belt (SNJMB) which in Table 2 are presented, 2) data related to barren I-type magnetite series granitoids of Miocene age of SNJBM are reported in Table 3. In addition, radiogenic isotope information of barren and fertile SNJMB granitoids and volcanic rocks is presented in Table 4. 3) Information related to Miocene-Pliocene adakitic volcanic rocks, which is shown in Table 5.

Granitoids show the characteristics of subduction zone magmas. So that the enrichment of LILE elements and the depletion of HFSE elements can be seen. Also, enrichment of LILE elements and depletion of HFSE elements of fertile granitoids is more than barren units. Dalli deposit samples show a moderate pattern between barren and fertile granitoids (Fig. 3). All the evidence presented shows that all granitoids are I-type and magnetite series.In the fertile granitoids, the ratio of (La/Yb)n is between 15 and 38. However, this is between 2 and 14 (mostly below 10) in barren granitoids (Tables 2 and 3, Figs. 5A and 5B). Negative anomalous values ​​of Eu are seen in Miocene barren granitoids (Eu /Eu* value between 0.43 and 1 with an average of 0.65) (Table 3). While fertile granitoids have positive to slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu / Eu* value between 0.82 and 1.3 with an average of 1.2).The initial values of 87Sr/86Sr of Miocene fertile granitoids vary between 0.704253 and 0.704702; while in barren granitoids, it is between 0.705 and 0.7085. Fertile Miocene granitoids have positive εNd (i) (0.29 to 3.39 mean 2.15) and in barren units is between 3- and 2.6 (Table 4).The value of the ratio (La/Yb)n of all volcanic units is between 13 and 78 and mostly above 20. They have positive to slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu * values between 0.89 and 1.72) (Table 5). Figure 9 shows the fertile granitoids of the SNJMB similar to adakite volcanic rocks are located in the adakite field. In addition, Figure 11 show that all samples are high silica adakitic type. However, barren granitoids, which are mainly located between Saveh and Nain, are non-adakitic and are plotted within the normal arc range (Fig. 

In this paper, the name of UDMB was changed to Saveh-Nain-Jiroft magmatic belt (SNJMB) based on the evidence of lack of magmatism between Saveh to the extent of Takab and absence of air magnet anomaly. Magmatism of Urumieh to Takab is a continuation of the western Alborz magmatic belt. Based on the characteristics of magmatism and mineralization, SNJMB can be divided into two distinct belts: 1) Saveh-Nain Magmatic Belt (SNMB), which mainly consists of non-adakitic barren I-type magnetic granitoids. Based on the ratio (La/Yb)n, these granitoids originate from a depth of 60 to 80 km, and a mantle wedge and based on the amount of Eu/Eu*, conditions were oxidant. The initial 87Sr / 86Sr ratio indicates that they had a lot of contamination with the continental crust. The crustal thickness in SNMB is less than 48 km, 2) Nain-Jiroft Magmatic Belt (NJMB) which hosts porphyry copper deposits. The Miocene granitoids of this belt are magnetite series and I-type adakite. Based on the ratio (La/Yb)n, these granitoids originate from the depth of garnet stability (more than 90 km) and partial melting of slabs and are based on Eu/Eu* Oxidizing conditions have been established at the place of origin. The initial 87Sr / 86Sr ratio indicates slight contamination with the continental crust. The crustal thickness in NJMB is 48 to more than 52 km.Geochemically, adakitic volcanic rocks are similar to the fertile adakitic granitoids of NJMB, but these units do not contain any mineralization. The characteristics of the oceanic slabs of Neo-Tethys varied considerably during the SNJMB, leading to various magmatism and mineralization. The thermal gradient, depth of dehydration, amount of water, source rock, and the percentage of partial melting along the belt control the type of magmatism and the formation of mineralization. Note Figure 15.

Kalatepiale prospect area is located in northeastern Esfarayen, North Khorasan Province. Geology of the area includes sequence of sedimentary units of dolomitic limestone (Upper Jurassic), microconglomerate, limestone, sandy limestone, conglomerate (Cretaceous) and marl (Tertiary). The mineralogy of ore is simple and include pyrite, galena and sphalerite. Mineralization is formed as vein-veinlet, breccia and primary replacement textures in dolomitic limestone and limestone units. Galena occurred as fine (in breccia texture) and coarse-grains (in replacement texture) with cubic-octahedral form. Also, minerals of sphalerite and pyrite (with approximately 100 microns in size) are present within galena as inclusions. Due to the great influence of oxidation and weathering processes on the primary ore, secondary carbonate, silicate and oxide mineralization extensively scatared and formed smithsonite, hemimorphite, cerussite, hematite and goethite. Calcite and dolomite are dominant gangue mineral associated with mineralization, with lesser amounts of barite and quartz. Main alterations consist of calcitization and dolomitization. Mineralized veins are clearly epigenetic and occurred along fault zones with trending northwest–southeast/vertical dip. The range of variation in the geochemical analysis is as follows: Pb from 73 to 42000 ppm, Zn from 128 to 57000 ppm, As from 2 to 254 ppm and Cu from 4 to 172 ppm. Host rock, mineralization, properties of galena mineral, type of wall rock alteration, lack of relation with igneous activities and also, the geochemical evidence of Kalatepiale prospect area is similar to the Mississippi valley-type deposits.

The Chah Noghreh is a part of volcanic-intrusive zone of Lut block and is located in southwestern of Seh Qaleh city in South Khorasan province. The area comprises outcrops of Eocene volcanic rocks (rhyolitic to dacitic tuff breccia, andesitic tuff breccia and andesite), which was intruded by subvolcanic unit with pyroxene diorite porphyry composition. The mineralization as vein type (with trending NW-SE) with breccia and open space filling textures was formed in four stages, including: (1) quartz-sulfide, (2) barite-sulfide, (3) calcite-sulfide and (4) dolomite- sulfide. Alterations of argillic, silicification, calcite and dolomitization were formed in margins of vein with linear trend. Hypogene sulfide minerals in veins contain galena, sphalerite, fahlore and pyrite. Due to the influence of oxidation processes on the primary ore, secondary minerals of cerussite, anglesite, rhodochrosite, covellite, malachite, hematite and goethite are developed. Maximum geochemical anomalies of veins decrese from lead (158000 ppm) to zinc (25507 ppm) and copper (1295 ppm). Microthermometric measurements show temperatures of 210 to 281, 195 to 225 and 145 to 180ºC and salinity of 16.8 to 19.2, 11.7 to 17.2 and 13.4 to 15.8 NaCl wt. % equivalent, respectively. Temperature decreasing, mixing between magmatic derived hot and saline ore fluids with cold and low saline meteoric waters and boiling lead to the metal deposition. Based on evidences such as structurally controled mineralization, type of alterations and heir linear expansion, simple mineralogy of ore, depth of formation (700 meter) and thermometry data, Chah Noghreh deposit seem to be similar to lead-zinc epithermal deposits.

Sangan prospect area is located northeast of Torbat-e-Heydarieh in Khorasan Razavi Province and in relation to regional geology, it is situated in eastern section of Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt. Metamorphosed sediments of the Shemshak Formation (slate, schist, quartzite) is the oldest unit, which is intruded by Kafardoogh granitic intrusion. The dikes of quartz monzosyenitic and dioritic composition in the last magmatism stage have intruded into the fore mentioned units. Structurally-controlled mineralization has formed along subsidiary faults, branching from the Doruneh major fault, with general trends of NNW-SSE to WNW-ESE (dipping 60-90 degrees southerly and westerly) and NE-SE (dipping 50-70 degrees easterly). The major parts of mineral deposit has occurred in fault zones of metamorphosed Shemshak Formation due to deposition of mineralizing hydrothermal fluid in open spaces of faults as cement of fault breccia fragments. The hypogene mineralization is characterized by chalcopyrite as the main ore mineral and minor amount of pyrite together with quartz and barite as gangue minerals. Malachite, chrysocolla, chalcocite, neotocite and secondary iron oxides constitute the mineralization of oxidation and supergene zone. The occurrence of structures and textures as vein-breccia, open space filling, veinlets and secondary replacement are characteristics of mineralized veins in this area. Silicification is the principal alteration associated with mineralization. The geochemical survey of veins indicates not only high content of Cu (more than 5 percent), but also considerable anomaly of Au up to 0.4 ppm while other significant metallic elements are not anomalous. Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Mo have good positive geochemical correlation but Au does not show correlation with other elements (except Ag). Studying two phase liquid-rich primary fluid inclusions of quartz and barite along with mineralographic studies demonstrate two phase of hypogene mineralization. Accordingly, the main phase of primary mineralization has formed from a hypogene hydrothermal fluid at temperature of 274°C to 318°C and salinity of 7.3 to 12 wt% NaCl equivalent. The late phase, which is related to barite mineralization, has been derived from a fluid at temperatures between 200°C to 259°C and salinity of 10.2 to 11.4 wt% NaCl equivalent. The temperature and salinity data represents the role of fluid mixing and dilution by cool-dilute meteoric fluids as ore-forming processes. Based on mineralogy, structure, texture, alteration, vein geochemistry and fluid inclusion studies, the Sangan mineral occurrence most resembles vein-hydrothermal deposits of epithermal Cu±Au type.

Mashkan copper prospect area is located in northeastern Sabzevar and southern Ghochan-Sabzevar magmatic belt. Geology of the area includes Eocene volcanic unit (hornblende andesite) and sedimentary units (conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale and sandy limestone). Copper mineralization, as vein-type, mostly occurs with northeast-southwest trend in sedimentary units. Primary minerals include quartz, barite, pyrite, chalcocite, and bornite, which are oxidized to malachite, azurite, chalcocite, covellite, goethite, and hematite. Maximum geochemical anomalies in veins are 4.6% Cu (with an average of 2.1%), 100 ppm As (with an average 55.1 ppm), and 65 Sb ppm (with average 28.6 ppm). On the basis of fluid inclusion studies of quartz and barite, minimum formation temperature for mineralization is 170 to 240ºC with salinity of 10.7 to 13.51 NaCl wt. % equivalent. Decreasing temperature and dilution by meteoric water can be the most important factors for sulfide deposition. Structural control of mineralization, limited alteration to vein margin, low temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions and simple mineralogy are similar to epithermal-type deposit.

Kuh-e-Shuru prospect area is located in the southern Ferdows, South Khorasan Province, and is one of the vein-type mineralization, related to the Tertiary magmatic activities of Lut block. Mineralization, as epigenetic, is formed in host rocks of shale-siltstone (Jurassic), dacite, and diorite porphyry (Tertiary). Mineralization with open space filling, breccia, and replacment textures is formed in fault zones and can be divided into two main stage including: 1. Quartz-galena-pyrite-realgare with argillic-sericitic alteration and 2. Quartz-stibnite-pyrite-realgar with silicified alteration. Maximum geochemical anomalies in veins are for antimony with 14%, lead 293 ppm, arcenic 98 ppm, and zinc 168 ppm. Microthermometric measurements show quartz-sulfide veins are formed from a fluid with temperature of 160 to 224ºC and salinity of 13.7 to 22.8 NaCl wt. % equivalent. The mixing of hot and brine magmatic ore fluid with cold and low salinity meteoric fluid and boiling can be casued metal deposition. Based on geological studies, mineralogy, texture and structure, geochemistry, and fluid inclusion data, Kuh-e-Shuru prospect area can be classified as epithermal deposits.

Mashkan barite prospect area is located in the northeastern Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi Province. Geology of the area includes sedimentary rocks of conglomerate, sandstone, limestone with interbeds of shale and shale with interbeds of sandstone and Eocene volcanic units of andesite and trachyandesite. Barite with open space filling, massive, radial, and planar textures occurs as vein-type with mostly northwest-southeast trend. Mineralogy of deposit includes barite, quartz, and calcite and secondary minerals are malachite, azurite, goethite and hematite. The vein mineralization was formed in two stages, including: 1. main stage (barite+quartz) and 2. late stage (calcite). Fluid inclusions in the quartz and barite samples are anhedral to subhedral forms (conical and rod) with a size of about 4 to 12 microns. Maximum  geochemical anomalies in veins are 394 ppm Zn, 52 ppm Sb, and 90 Pb ppm. Based on fluid inclusion studies of quartz and barite samples of the main stage, minimum formation temperature of mineralization is about 181 to 370ºC and with salinity of 6.5 to 13.6 NaCl wt. % equivalent. Based on evidence such as structural control (fault) of mineralization, geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and fluid inclusion, veins are hydrothermal type. Temperature decreasing and mixing with high salinity fluid during the evolution of hydrothermal fluids are effective during the formation of vein.

The Cheshmeh Zagh area is located on Khorasan Razavi Province, the southern parts of the Sabzevar zone, which is one of the most important metallogeny zones of Iran. Lithologically, the area includes a variety of Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks (dacite to basalt), intrusions (gabbro to synogranite), Oligo-Miocene sedimentary rocks, and Quaternary sediments. Alteration zones of propylitic, chloritization, and epidotization well developed but the main mineralization zones can be seen in the form of two lens-shaped zones which are surrounded by argillic and silicification-sericitization alterations. Hypogene minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite; while secondary minerals contain malachite, covellite, and iron oxides. The maximum content of the main elements in the main mineralization zones includes 1.5% Cu, 2230 ppb Au, 40 ppm Mo, 363 ppm Pb, and 738 ppm of Zn. Factors, such as the tectonic setting of the Sabzevar zone, the presence of a large number of Cu-Mn and deposits in relation to the submarine volcanic activities in the region, and the accompanying mineralization with dacitic volcanic rocks containing specific alterations in the Cheshmeh Zagh area, all indicate a probablity of the Bimodal Felsic-type (Kuroko) volcanic massive sulfide origin for these deposits. The Sabzevar structural zone has a great potential for exploration of this type of deposit, which should be taken into consideration.

The Robaie copper area is located 95 kilometers South of Damghan in the Semnan province. The study area has coordinates between 54˚30΄37˝to 54˚30΄42.71˝ latitude and 35˚22΄29.41˝ to 35˚23΄47.54˝ longitude. Geotectonically, the study area is located in the central Iran and in the northern part of the Torud-Chahshirin volcanic-plutonic belt (Houshmandzadeh et al., 1978). The Torud-Chahshirin volcanic-plutonic belt is a Tertiary magmatism in central Iran which is composed of volcanic rocks with dominant andesite composition and granodiorite intrusive with dominant diorite composition (Fard et al., 2001). Torud-Chahshirin volcanic-plutonic belt has created a favorable geological situation for base metals such as copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver and other precious and base metals, such as the Robaie copper area, Chah Messi (Cu±Pb-Zn; Imamjome et al., 2009), Kuh-Zar (Cu-Au; Rohbakhsh et al., 2018) and other instances. The main objective of this study is geology, petrography, U-Pb zircon dating and Sr-Nd isotope and also alteration, mineralization, geochemistry and fluid inclusion in the study area.

60 samples were collected from the study area. Petrographic studies were done on 40 thin sections. Mineralization and paragnesis of the system were studied based on 10 polished-thin sections and 6 polished sections. The measurements were conducted on a Linkam THMSG 600 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. REE (ICP-MS method-ACME Laboratory in Vancouver, Canada) elements were analyzed for 3 samples of diorite dykes. Eight  sampels for geochemistry and four samples for fire assay were analyzed at the Zar Azma Company. U-Pb dating in zircon of diorite dyke was conducted by the ICP-MS method in the Arizona LaserChron Center. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions were determined at the Laboratório de Geologia Isotópica da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.

The geology of the area is dominated by volcanic rocks (andesite and trachyandesite), which were intruded by diorite dykes. Alteration zones are propylitic, argillic, sericitic and carbonate. The Copper deposit in the study area occurs as ore veins situated along fault zone with NS-SW trending. Vein thickness varies from 1-5m. Vein thickness varies from 1-5m. The primary minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite and chalcocite, covellite, bornite, malachite, azurite, hematite, goethite and limonite are secondary minerals. The amount of Cu is between 0.01 to 5.6 % and amount of Ag, Sb, Pb, Zn, As elements is low. The homogenization temperature (Th) values ranged from 165 to 300 oC. Salinities of ore-forming fluids ranged from 7 to 16 wt. % NaCl equivalents. Diorite dykes in the Robaie area have characteristics of enrichment in LREE versus HREE, enrichment of LILE and depletion in HFSE. The initial 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios of biotite-hornblende diorite are 0.705664 and 0.512486, respectively. The εNdI value is -1.7. In the εNdI versus initial 87Sr/86Sr diagram diorite dykes of the Robaie area plot to the right part of the mantle array. The mean age of diorite dyke is 50.49±0.49 Ma. Therefore, the U-Th-Pb zircon dating indicates that diorite dyke formed in the early Eocene (Ypresian) era.

Diorite dykes originated from mantle-derived magmas. The parental melt would have originated in a non-depleted mantle source. Isotopic data from diorite dykes show that subduction source with contamination to continental crust. In tectonic setting diagrams (Pearce et al., 1984) diorite dykes plot on the fields of the volcanic arc granites (VAG). In the Dy/Yb vs. Dy system (Shaw, 1970) diorite dykes of Robaie area were formed by 15-20% partial melting of spinel-phlogopite lherzolite. According to Yh/Yb vs. Ta/Yb (Pearce et al., 1984) and Ba/La vs. Th/Nd diagrams (Shaw, 1970) diorite dykes were formed from slab-drive fluid in the active continental margins.Fluid inclusions data of the Robaie area manifest that the ore-forming fluids were medium to low temperature and medium to low salinity. The pressure determined for the Robaie area was approximately < 10 MPa, which is equivalent to a depth of approximately < 1 km assuming lithostatic pressure. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that there is a positive correlation between homogenization temperature and fluid salinity, similar to the process of fluid mixing. The decrease in salinity has been the most important factor in the precipitation of copper in the area. All of evidence shows that mineralization in the Robaie area is of epithermal type deposit.

The Rashidi area, which comprises a part of the north Khur in eastern Iran is located at 120 km northwest of Birjand city. Preliminary prospecting in the area using the image processing of ASTER data by Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm resulted in the identification of propylitic and argillic alteration zones together with iron oxy-hydroxide minerals. The area consist of outcrops of Eocene pyroclastic rocks ranging from andesitic to rhyolitic in composition, intruded by diorite porphyry dikes. Vein mineralization in the area was mainly occurred along a fracture system hosted by andesitic tuff breccia unit. Vein copper mineralization was formed during two stages including the: (1) quartz-pyrite-chalcocite-tennantite assemblage, and (2) quartz-chalcocite-pyrite-sphalerite assemblage. The values of δ18O for quartz in the first and second stages of vein mineralization was 19.26 and 14.94 and the amount of δ18O water in equilibrium with quartz was 10.96 and 4.94 respectively that shows a magmatic origin and mixing with meteoric water in the second stage. Based on geology, vein geometry, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope geochemistry, the Rashidi Cu deposit can be classified as vein-type copper deposits, which has been formed along fault zones.

Nakhlak Pb-(Ag) deposit, one of the oldest and largest Iranian lead deposits, is located at the Nakhlak Mountain about 55 km NE of Anarak, a town in Isfahan Province, Iran. Lead ores are mainly hosted by open space of fractures and normal faults in the Upper Cretaceous carbonate (Sadr unit). The style of mineralization is stratabound and epigenetic, as shown by steeply east-west veins. Ore deposition in the Nakhlak deposit was controlled by three main factors: 1) lithology, 2) stratigraphy, and 3) structure. These can be viewed as fundamental controls of fluid transmissivity, either at the district or mine scale, that allowed the focusing of fluid flow and created opportunities for depositional processes to occur (Leach et al., 2005).

The Nakhlak Pb-(Ag) deposit is situated in the northwest corner of the Central Iran Structural Zone, which contains the Anarak region. The Nakhlak deposit is on the eastern fringe of Nakhlak Mountain. This mountain consists of pre-Triassic? ophiolites (Holzer and Ghasemipour, 1973; Alavi et al., 1997) and a Triassic sedimentary succession (Nakhlak Group, which comprises the Alam, Baqoroq, and Ashin formations), Upper Cretaceous (Sadr unit), and Paleocene (Khaaled unit) sedimentary cover. The Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks (Cenomanian to Campanian), crop out across a large area of Nakhlak and reach a thickness of 258 m (Khosrow-Tehrani, 1977; Vaziri et al., 2005; Vaziri et al., 2012). The Sadr unit consists of conglomerates, sandy limestones, calcareous sandstones, sandy dolostones, sandy-argillaceous limestones, sandy dolomitic limestones, and reefal limestones that have been subdivided into five subunits based on their facies characteristics (Rasa, 1987). The Sadr unit rocks exposed on Nakhlak Mountain represent marginal-marine, shallow-shelf, and moderately deep marine environments (Vaziri et al., 2012).

The Sadr unit displays suitable characteristics for mineralization such as the presence of reef and dolostone facies and limestone to dolostone transition. The alteration of wall rock in the Nakhlak deposit is represented by the dissolution of carbonate and hydrothermal carbonates deposition that widespread close to ore-body and occurred from pre to syn- mineralization. There are three types of dolomite concerning mineralization, which saddle dolomite is the most important type of them. MgO, Fe2O3(Fe total), MnO as well as Pb, Ba, and Zn are enriched in altered wall rock and contrast with CaO is depleted. The positive relationship observed between the intensity of the dolomitization process, concentration of ore- metals, and sulfide mineralization in carbonate host rocks; suggesting that the migration of metal-bearing fluids was linked to hydrothermal processes. The estimate of hydrothermal fluid nature of the Nakhlak Pb-(Ag) deposits hydrothermal dolomite indicate a basinal brines (average 14.11 wt% NaCl eq.) and low temperatures (average 174 C), relatively equivalent with ore-forming fluid. In the Nakhlak deposit, interaction of carbonate host rock with the ore-forming fluid of mineralization process performed by feedback mechanisms. The suitable carbonate host rock (chemically and physically) is main factor entering of hydrothermal fluid into the host rocks and mineralization causing the dissolution of carbonate host rocks and increased formation of hydrothermal dolomite in the host rock, and consequently, that dissolution and dolomitization increased permeability of the host rock for ore fluids and allowed the deposition of additional ore minerals.

The Narm iron mine located in the north of Tabas, the South Khorasan province in the north east of Iran. Magnetite is the main mineral, is associated with actinolite as the most abundant silicate mineral as well as apatite as the micro crystalline localized aggregations in the mineralization zone. The iron ore grade ranges from 50 to 55 wt% and 3% sulfur content. On the base of field observation, geochemical investigation, the rare earth elements pattern and their distribution there are many similarities between the mineralization of Narm mine and some magnetite-apatite iron oxide (IOA) deposits. Lithologically, the area mainly includes limestone-dolomite units of the Rizu formation in which gabbroic-dioritic magma is intruded. The dominant texture of these intrusive rocks is hypidiomorphic granular, dominated by plagioclase, amphibole (hornblende), pyroxene (mostly diopside), apatite as an important accessory mineral and opaque minerals mainly magnetite and pyrite. The rocks under study are alkaline in nature formed in within plate zone. These gabbroic-dioritic rocks were produced as a result of low degree partial melting of mantle wedge with garnet lherzolite composition. Any geochemical evidence indicating of crustal contamination is not observed. .