آمنه نادری

Eryngium caucasicum from the Apiaceae family, is native to the northern regions of Iran and has significant medicinal and nutritional properties. This paper has provided detailed morpho-anatomical characteristics of the leaves, peduncles, leaf tail, stem, and roots of Eryngium caucasicum by bright-field light microscopy. Also, the amount of phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity with a spectrophotometer and the analysis of essential compounds of the aerial part with GC and GCMS have been presented. Morpho-anatomical features include the dicot-like leaves with palmate venation, isolateral mesophyll with palisade tissue on the upper and lower regions of the leaf, and much reduced spongy parenchyma; characteristic arrangement of the mechanical collenchyma tissue, especially in leaves; and characteristic wrinkles in the leaf cuticle. The stem and peduncle with longitudinal ribs contain collenchyma; there is a presence of aerenchyma in the peduncle and root; calcium oxalate druses and secretory channels in all the studied plant parts; and an absence of sclerenchyma in all investigated parts of the plant. The aerial parts of E. caucasicum had 37% essential oil, 53.9 mg of flavonoids per gram of dry matter, 48.79 mg per gram of dry matter, and 62.97 percent antioxidant activity. The main compounds in the essential oil of the aerial part include Piperitone (48.78%), ß-Sesquiphellandrene (12.64%), and (Z)-Falcarinol (7.85%), and (Z) ß-Farnesene (6.36 percent).

Regarding to water deficit issue in our country, it is essential to find innovative methods to alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress on plants. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of 3 levels of irrigation intervals (1, 2, 3 days) and 5 levels of CuO NPs (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/L) on fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Results showed that increasing irrigation intervals reduced fresh and dry weights of plants, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and relative water content (RWC) and increased lipid peroxidation, proline content, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. The foliar application of CuO NPs influenced all the above-mentioned parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Foliar application of CuO NPs till 10 mg/L improved plant growth, the content of photosynthetic pigments, RWC, and proline accumulation, and reduced lipid peroxidation level through up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. In contrast, 20 mg/L CuO NPs, decreased growth parameters and chlorophyll content and significantly increased lipid peroxidation under both normal and drought stress conditions, which suggests the high dose of CuO NPs induced stressful situations for the plants. Therefore, low concentrations of CuO NPs moderated water deficit-induced osmotic and oxidative stresses but, the application of high concentrations of CuO NPs was not recommended for fennel cultivation.

Today, humanism is one of the most important themes in world poetry. Humanism or the school of humanism is an attitude or philosophy that gives originality to the growth and prosperity of man and it considers man as the existential truth of everything. The creator of "Superman", Friedrich Nietzsche, claims the transition from humanism and leaving man behind as the goal of existence and reaching higher levels. The present article examines humanism and superhumanism based on Nietzsche's ideas in the poetry of two contemporary Iranian and Egyptian poets, Ahmad Shamloo and Raf’at Salam, in an analytical-descriptive way, in the field of comparative literature, in relation to the ideas of these two poets that deal with the theory of creator. Among the collections of poems of these two poets, two collections of unblemished praises Biseleh va Hakaza Takalam al Karkadan Sermons have been the subject of research. The results show that the man included in this series has gone beyond the stage of a fighting man and it has been replaced by a wise man, a man who has lost his heart from heaven and he is now relying on his earthly forces and hope for the future. In Raf’at Salam's poem, the two components of "naturalism" and "human orientation" are more prominent than the other components after the interpretation of "God's death".