فهرست مطالب آناهیتا جلیلیان

Despite the adverse consequences of cesarean delivery, its incidence rate is increasing in many provinces of the country, especially Ilam city. For this reason, it is important to identify the causes of the increase in cesarean delivery in order to reduce it. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the frequency of cesarean section and its causes in primiparous women in Ilam city in 2016.

The present study was conducted cross-sectionally in the second half of 2016 in Ilam city, and the study population was all primiparous women referred to a single specialty maternity hospital (Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital). The sampling method was census and all cesarean deliveries were recorded in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital. The inclusion criteria included all primiparous women. The data of the study was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic and midwifery information. After collecting the data, the data was entered into the SPSS version 16 software Central indices were used to describe data in quantitative variables, and absolute and cumulative frequency and percentage of dispersion frequency were used for qualitative variables.

According to the findings of this study, out of 1738 births, 867 (49.88%) were natural births and 871 (50.12%) were cesarean. Among the natural births, 427 (49.25%) and among the cesarean births, 296 (33.98%) were primiparous. Among the maternal factors, lack of progress and among the fetal factors, fetal distress and among the maternal-fetal factors, head-to-pelvis disproportion was one of the most important causes of cesarean delivery in primiparous women. In general, fetal factors with more than 67% were the most important causes of caesarean section in primiparous women.

According to the findings of the study, 33.98% of cesarean births were primiparous. Considering the high statistics of caesarean section, especially cesarean section for first births , It is necessary to reduce the number of elective cesarean sections by increasing the number of physiological births and painless births, as well as increasing the awareness of families about birthing methods and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them.

Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal diseases in humans. This disease is caused by a fungus، yeast called Candida. Candida vaginitis is the most important fungal disease in wo-men. Traditionally، in western Iran for the treatment of vaginal infections، many diff-erent plant extracts are used. In this study، the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of Summer Bulbs was studied on isolated sam-ples of Candida albicans fungal vaginitis.

The plant samples were dried in a warm، dry and away from direct sunlight condition. And the extract was prepared by standard herbal extraction method. The samples were collected from pediatrics clinics and stored in incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. The effects of extract were evaluated through disk diffusion and the diffusion embedding sink method، and every sample was tested three times.

The aqueous extract of the plant at the concentrations of 5، 10، 20، and 40 mg/mL had the least effects on Candida al-bicans، however at the concentration of 80 mg/mL the diameter of the Candia growth zone on agar was very small. Discussion &

Given the prese-nce of saponins in the plant، it was expected to have significant inhibitory effect on the fungus. The aqueous extract of this plant has probably lesser amount of antifungal material; therefore the phenolic or alcoholic extract of this plant should be used.

Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal diseases in humans, candida vaginitis being the most important fungal disease in women. Traditionally, different plant extracts are used in Western Iran for treatment of vaginal infections. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Scrophularia striata on Candida albicans isolated from patients with vaginitis.

Scrophularia striata plants collected from the Zagross Mountains were dried in shade. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Scrophularia striata were prepared by rotary evaluation. Inhibitory effect of extracts was studied by disk diffusion and embedding sink diffusion.

This experiment indicated that no concentration of the alcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata had an inhibitory effect on candida albicans but the aqueous extract in maximum concentrations of 100 mg/ml had some inhibitory effect on this fungus.

Since people in Western Iran use this plant for treatment of infections, we expected these extracts to have significant inhibitory effect on candida albicans but the result was contrary to our expectations. Keywords: Scrophularia striata, Aqueous extracts, Alcoholic extract, Inhibitory effect, Candida albicans.